1、外文文献翻译译文原文ACTIVITYBASEDCOSTINGANDMANAGEMENTSOLUTIONSTOTRADITIONALSHORTCOMINGSOFCOSTACCOUNTINGABSTRACTTRADITIONALCOSTACCOUNTINGHASBEENONEMAIN,WIDELYUSEDAPPROACHTOCOSTINGBOTHINTERNALLYANDEXTERNALLYTHISGENERALLEDGERSYSTEMACTSASTHECOMPANYSTHERMOMETERMEASURINGTHEHEALTHANDWEALTHOFTHEOVERALLBUSINESSTHECONV
2、ENTIONALMETHODOLOGYTHOUGHCANONLYSUMMARIZETHEBUSINESSEXPENSESPERTHECHARTOFACCOUNTSIE,LABOR,MATERIALANDOTHERASARESULT,THECOMPANYLACKSTHEABILITYTOEVALUATETHEINTERNALEFFICIENCY,QUALITYANDPROFITABILITYPERPRODUCTORSERVICELINEASARESULT,THECOMPANYLACKSTHEABILITYTOEVALUATETHEINTERNALEFFICIENCY,QUALITYANDPROF
3、ITABILITYPERPRODUCTORSERVICELINETHEABC/MAPPROACHRECORDS,SUMMARIZESANDREPORTSTHESPENDINGINTOCOSTSOFACTIVITIESORPROCESSESANDEVENTUALLYASSOCIATEDTOEACHPRODUCT,SERVICEANDCUSTOMERS“UNLIKETRADITIONALACCOUNTINGREPORTSTHATMAKEMANAGERSREACTTOBYBEINGHAPPYORSAD,ABC/MDATAMAKESTHEMSMARTER”3KEYWORDSACCOUNTING,BUD
4、GETING,COST,ESTIMATING,FORECASTING,LIFECYCLE,ANDPLANNINGTRADITIONALLYQUALITYCOSTACCOUNTINGHASBEENBASEDONALLOCATINGASUBJECTIVEORCALCULATEDRANGEOFINDIRECTEXPENSESTODIRECTCOSTSBECAUSEOFTHEINCREASEOFINDIRECTANDOVERHEADEXPENSESINRECENTDECADES,THECONVENTIONALCOSTINGMETHODHASBECOMEINEFFECTIVEFORQUALITYPRAC
5、TITIONERSANDMANAGERSTOILLUSTRATE,ONEPRODUCTORSERVICELINEMAYREQUIREMORERESOURCESORTIMETHANANOTHERBUTBECAUSETHECOSTOFINDIRECTCOSTSAREBASEDONAFIXEDPERCENTAGEOFDIRECTCOSTSIE,LABORANDMATERIALS,THEOVERHEADEXPENSESAREMISREPRESENTEDORRECOGNIZEDCORRECTLYTOTHEFINALPRODUCTSORSERVICESWITHTHECONVENTIONALMEANSTOC
6、OSTACCOUNTINGANDCOSTOFQUALITY,ITISVERYDIFFICULTTOIDENTIFYIFSUCHPRODUCTORSERVICENISPROFITABLEANDPRODUCEDVIAQUALITYPROCESSESORWITHLESSWASTES14THECONCEPTOFACTIVITYBASEDCOSTINGANDMANAGEMENTABC/MWASINTRODUCEDINTHEUS,INITIALLYINTHEMANUFACTURINGSECTORDURING1970SAND1980SROBINCOOPERANDROBERTKAPLANBROUGHTTHEA
7、BC/MCONCEPTTOLIGHTANDPUBLISHEDTHEBODYOFKNOWLEDGEINTHEHARVARDBUSINESSREVIEWIN1988COOPERANDKAPLANDEFINEDTHEABC/MMETHODAS“ANAPPROACHTOSOLVETHEPROBLEMSOFTRADITIONALCOSTMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS”THATIS,THECONVENTIONALCOSTACCOUNTINGSYSTEMSAREOFTENUNABLETOIDENTIFYCORRECTLYTHETRUECOSTSOFPROCESSESCONSEQUENTLY,MANAGE
8、MENTANDQUALITYPROFESSIONALSAREUNABLETOMAKESOUNDDECISIONSORMAKEDECISIONSBASEDONTHEMISREPRESENTEDDATA14ONTHEOTHERHAND,THEACTIVITYBASEDCOSTINGANDMANAGEMENTAPPROACHOBJECTIVELYASSIGNSCOSTSBASEDONTHE“COSTANDEFFECTRELATIONSHIPS”THECOSTOFACTIVITYISIDENTIFIEDANDALLOCATEDTOEACHPRODUCTORSERVICEIFANDONLYIFTHEPR
9、ODUCTORSERVICEUSESTHEACTIVITYANDIN1987,ROBERTKAPLANANDWBRUNSPUBLISHEDINTHEIRBOOK,ACCOUNTINGANDMANAGEMENTFIELDSTUDYPERSPECTIVE,THEABCBODYOFKNOWLEDGEWITHTHEINITIALFOCUSONMANUFACTURINGWHERETECHNOLOGYANDPRODUCTIVITYIMPROVEMENTHAVEREDUCEDTHEDIRECTCOSTSANDINCREASEDINDIRECTANDOVERHEADEXPENSES14STATEMENTOFT
10、HEPROBLEMINTODAYSGLOBALCOMPETITION,QUALITYPRACTITIONERSANDMANAGEMENTCANNOTAFFORDTHERISKOFMAKINGDECISIONSBASEDONINACCURATEORINCOMPLETEDATAPROVIDEDBYTHETRADITIONALACCOUNTINGLEDGERSYSTEMSTHEINTRODUCTIONANDEXPOSUREOFMODERNAPPROACHTOQUALITYANDACCOUNTINGCOSTISNECESSARYANDAPPLICABLEINBOTHMANUFACTURINGPRODU
11、CTSANDSERVICEDELIVERYPURPOSEOFTHESTUDYTHETHESISWORKWILLGUIDETHEQUALITYPRACTITIONERSANDDECISIONMAKERSTHROUGHTHEUNIQUE,MOREEFFECTIVEAPPROACHINDEFININGTRUECOSTSINTHECROSSFUNCTIONALPROCESSESTHISINCLUDESTHEREVIEWOFTHEACTIVITYBASEDCOSTINGANDMANAGEMENTAPPROACHANDAPPLICATIONWITHINTHETOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTFR
12、AMEWORKFURTHERMORE,ABC/MWILLBEINCORPORATEASTHEQUALITYSOLUTIONTOCONVENTIONALCOSTACCOUNTINGSYSTEMVIATHECONCEPTSOFLEAN,COSTOFQUALITYANDFORECASTINGANDBUDGETINGTHROUGHTHESTUDY,THEQUALITYPROFESSIONALSANDAUDIENCESCANGAINANDWILLBEABLETOEXPANDTHEIRPERSPECTIVESANDROLESINCOSTDRIVERSANDALLOCATIONFORPROCESSCOSTC
13、ONTROLANDIMPROVEMENTOPPORTUNITIESLIMITATIONSOFTHESTUDYTHETHESISEFFORTISLIMITEDTOTHESTUDYOFBOTHTRADITIONALANDACTIVITYBASEDAPPROACHESTOTRUECOSTSFORMANAGEMENTANDQUALITYPROFESSIONALSTOMEASUREEXISTINGQUALITYANDEFFECTIVENESSANDMAKESOUNDDECISIONSANDFORWITHINTHECOMPANY,ORGANIZATIONORDEPARTMENTTHEREVIEWANDAN
14、YRECOMMENDATIONOFTHEQUALITYCOSTAPPROACHANDSYSTEMWILLNOTDISPLACETHECONVENTIONALCOSTACCOUNTINGMETHODINANYMEANORCAPACITY,ASTHEGENERALLEDGERSYSTEMISTHESOLE,STANDARDTOOLANDCOMMUNICATIONINSTRUMENTWIDELYACCEPTEDAMONGCOMPANIESDEFINITIONOFTERMSAACEINTERNATIONALISTHEASSOCIATIONFORTHEADVANCEMENTOFCOSTENGINEERI
15、NGINTERNATIONALAACEINTERNATIONALISTHELARGEST,INDUSTRYINDEPENDENTPROFESSIONALSOCIETYSERVINGTHEENTIRESPECTRUMOFCOSTMANAGEMENTPROFESSIONALS,INCLUDINGCOSTESTIMATORS,ENGINEERS,SCHEDULERS,PROJECTMANAGERSANDPROJECTCONTROLSAACEINTERNATIONALHASOVER7,000MEMBERSFROM78COUNTRIESAROUNDTHEWORLDMOREDETAILSANDINFORM
16、ATIONABOUTAACEINTERNATIONALCANBEOBTAINEDVIAWWWAACEIORGACTIVITYISANELEMENTOFWORKTOBEPERFORMEDTOCOMPLETEAPROJECTITISPROCESSOROPERATIONREQUIRINGTIMEANDASSOCIATEDRESOURCESACTIVITYBASEDCOSTINGABCISATOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTTOOLFORCOSTANDPERFORMANCEMEASUREMENTOFACTIVITIES,RESOURCES,ANDCOSTOBJECTIE,PRODUCTSAN
17、DSERVICESABCISALSOKNOWNASTHE“HORIZONTAL”ORCROSSFUNCTIONALCOSTVIEWANDCANPROVIDEFACTBASEDINSIGHTINTOTHESPENDINGANDPROFITABILITYOFPRODUCTS,SERVICES,CUSTOMERS,DISTRICTS,DISTRIBUTIONLINES,ANDETCACTIVITYBASEDMANAGEMENTABMISATOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTDISCIPLINEONTHEMANAGEMENTOFPROCESSIMPROVEMENTACTIVITIESTOLOW
18、ERTHECOSTWITHINANORGANIZATIONABMINCLUDESSUCHACTIVITIESASCOSTDRIVERANALYSIS,PERFORMANCEMEASUREMENTANDPROCESSIMPROVEMENTOPPORTUNITIESCOSTISTHEAMOUNTMEASUREDINMONEYINCONSIDERATIONOFGOODSORSERVICESCOSTSMAYINCLUDECASHEXPENDED,LIABILITYINCURRED,ANDRESOURCESIETIME,HUMANANDCAPITAL“COSTISONEOFTHETHREEFUNDAME
19、NTALATTRIBUTESASSOCIATEDWITHPERFORMINGANACTIVITYORTHEACQUISITIONOFANASSETTHEREAREPRICECOST,FEATURESPERFORMANCE,ANDAVAILABILITYSCHEDULE”9COSTESTIMATINGISTHECOLLECTIONOFACTIVITIESTOPREDICTTHECOSTOFREQUIREDRESOURCESORQUANTITYTOCREATEORDELIVERATANGIBLEORINTANGIBLEASSETCOSTFORECASTINGISVERYSIMILARTOCOSTE
20、STIMATINGPROCESSAKEYDIFFERENTBETWEENCOSTFORECASTANDCOSTESTIMATEISTHATCOSTESTIMATEISCALCULATEDFORTHEFUTUREACTIVITIESWHILETHECOSTFORECASTISAPREDICTIONOFTHECOSTTOORATCOMPLETIONOFANYOUTSTANDINGCOSTELEMENTSREQUIREDTOCREATEANASSETCOSTOFCONFORMANCEISTHECOSTOFPREVENTIONANDAPPRAISALACTIVITIESTOMEETPRESETSTAN
21、DARDSORCUSTOMERSREQUIREMENTSCOSTOFNONCONFORMANCEISTHECOSTOFINTERNALOREXTERNALFAILURESALSO,SEEEXTERNALANDINTERNALFAILURECOSTSCOSTTRENDINGISESTIMATEDBASEDONTHEHISTORICALCOSTINFORMATIONCOLLECTEDFROMTHEEXPERIENCEACTUALOVERAPREDETERMINEDDURATIONTHISCOSTTRENDINFORMATIONFOCUSESONHOWBUDGETSANDEXPENDITURESWI
22、LLBEIMPACTEDRELATIVETOTHEPHYSICALACCOMPLISHMENTOREARNEDVALUEESSENTIALACTIVITIESREFERTOEITHERVALUEADDINGORNONVALUEADDINGTASKSTHATAREREQUIREDTOBEPERFORMEDINAPROCESSORACOLLECTIONOFACTIVITIESTOACHIEVEARESULTINGVALUEPRODUCTORSERVICETHATCUSTOMERSDESIREDEXTERNALFAILURECOSTSAREEXPENSESFROMPRODUCTSORSERVICES
23、FAILINGTOCONFORMTOPRESETSTANDARDSORCUSTOMERSNEEDSTHESECOSTSOCCURAFTERTHEPRODUCTORSERVICEDELIVERYTOTHECUSTOMEREXAMPLESOFEXTERNALFAILURECOSTSINCLUDEWARRANTYEXPENSES,LIABILITYCLAIMS,LEGALEXPOSURE,REPLACEMENTCOSTS,ANDCOMPLAINTANDLOSTOFCUSTOMERLOYALTYVARIABLECOSTSARECOSTELEMENTSREQUIREDINANACQUISITIONOFA
24、TANGIBLEORINTANGIBLEASSETDEPENDENTLYOFTHEVOLUMEOFWORKEFFORTSOROUTPUTSEXAMPLESOFVARIABLECOSTSINCLUDEMATERIALANDPRODUCTIONLABORCOSTS,PRODUCTIONUTILITYEXPENSESANDVOLUMEBASEDROYALTYFEESMETHODOLOGYTODAYSTRADITIONALCOSTACCOUNTINGSYSTEMSUPPORTSENTERPRISEWIDEFINANCIALREPORTINGANDMEASURETHEHEALTHOFTHEBUSINES
25、SHOWEVER,THISCONVENTIONALAPPROACHTOCOSTISSOMEWHATLITTLEVALUETOQUALITYPRACTITIONERSANDDECISIONMAKERSINTHEAREASOFCOSTALLOCATIONINAVALUESTREAMCOSTOFQUALITYORPOORQUALITYINTHEENTERPRISEANDFORECASTINGORBUDGETINGFORQUALITYTHISTHESISSTUDYWILLPROVETHEACTIVITYBASEDCOSTINGANDMANAGEMENTISTHEQUALITYTOOLANDSOLUTI
26、ONTOQUALITYCOSTSHORTCOMINGSOFTHESTANDARDACCOUNTINGWORKINTHEAREAOFTOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTTHISINCLUDESTHEINTRODUCTIONTOTHECONCEPTOFABC/MITSSIGNIFICANCEINHORIZONTALCOSTINGAPPROACHINTHEVALUESTREAMABC/MTOIDENTIFYANDREDUCECOSTOFQUALITYCOQANDBUDGETINGANDFORECASTINGEFFORTSVIAACTIVITYBASEDMODEL10THISARTICLEWI
27、LLINTRODUCETHEQUALITYPROFESSIONALSANDDECISIONMAKERSTHEDIFFERENTAPPROACHTODEFININGTRUECOSTSINTHECROSSFUNCTIONALPROCESSESTHISINCLUDESTHESTUDYANDTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHEACTIVITYBASEDCOSTINGANDMANAGEMENTAPPROACHWITHINTHETOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTFRAMEWORKINTODAYSGLOBALCOMPETITIONINADDITION,ABC/MWILLBEPROVENASTHE
28、QUALITYSOLUTIONTOCONVENTIONALCOSTACCOUNTINGSYSTEMVIATHECONCEPTSOFLEAN,COSTOFQUALITYANDFORECASTINGANDBUDGETINGTHEQUALITYPRACTITIONERSWILLGAINANDBEABLETOEXPANDTHEIRPERSPECTIVESANDROLESINCOSTDRIVERSANDALLOCATIONFORPROCESSCOSTCONTROLANDIMPROVEMENTOPPORTUNITIESACTIVITYBASEDCOSTINGANDMANAGEMENTANDTRADITIO
29、NALCOSTACCOUNTINGSYSTEMONEOFTHEIMPORTANTQUESTIONSTOBEEXPLOREDFURTHERINTHISSECTIONISHOWTRADITIONALACCOUNTINGSYSTEMTHATHASBEENWIDELYUSEDASTHEINTERNALANDEXTERNALCOSTSYSTEMISCONSIDEREDINADEQUATEINADDITION,WHYCANTHEACTIVITYBASEDCOSTINGANDMANAGEMENTBEATQMSOLUTIONOFCHOICETOQUALITYCOSTSHORTCOMINGSOFTHECONVE
30、NTIONALCOSTINGACCOUNTINGSYSTEMFEWKEYCLAIMSSHOWNBELOWWILLANSWERTHEQUESTIONSPOSTEDINDETAILSEXISTINGCOSTDATAISNOTUSELESSHOWEVER,ITAPPEARSINCOMPLETEORUNPROCESSEDFORINTERNALEFFICIENCY,PROFITORQUALITYANALYSISANDDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSTRADITIONALCOSTSYSTEMDENIESDECISIONMAKERSTHEVISIBILITYOFTHETRUECOSTSCREATE
31、DALONGTHEENDTOENDPROCESSAND,OVERHEADSAREALLOCATEDINAPPROPRIATELYANDFREQUENTLYBASEDONTHELABORORMATERIALEXPENSESVIATHECONVENTIONALCOSTINGAPPROACHMANAGERSHAVEBEENPOSTEDWITHOPERATIONALANDCOSTQUESTIONSONETIMEORTHEOTHER,IFNOTPERIODICALLYWITHTHETRADITIONALCOSTREPORTINGUNDERTHEGENERALLEDGERSCHARTOFACCOUNTS,
32、MANYOFDECISIONMAKERSARENOTABLETOEXPLAINIFTHEIRSPECIFICPRODUCTIONORSERVICEAREASOFRESPONSIBILITIESAREEFFECTIVE,PRODUCTIVITYORPROFITABLETABLES1AND2PROVIDETHEINSIGHTOFTHEPROBLEMATHANDTHATIS,THEEXPENSESAREALLOCATEDBASEDONTHECHARTOFACCOUNTESTABLISHEDBYTHECOMPANYSACCOUNTINGDEPARTMENTFORBOTHINTERNALANDEXTER
33、NALREPORTINGWITHTHECOSTBREAKDOWNBYTHECHARTOFACCOUNTS,THERECIPIENTSIE,MANAGERSORQUALITYPRACTITIONERSOFTHEINFORMATIONCANONLYTELLTHECOSTSOFLABOR,MATERIALANDOTHERINADDITION,THECONVENTIONALAPPROACHTOCOSTISCONSIDEREDAVERTICAL,ORGANIZATIONALOR“TRANSACTIONCENTRIC”COSTINGSYSTEMTOILLUSTRATE,ALLEXPENSESINCURRE
34、DAREASSOCIATEDTOTHECOSTSWITHINTHEDEPARTMENTSORCOSTCENTERSTHISMETHODLACKSTHEABILITYTOREPORTPROCESSCOSTSACROSSFUNCTIONAL,LIMITINGMANAGERSTHEVISIBILITYOFTHETRUEENDTOENDCOSTSOFEACHPROCESSANDSYSTEMFOREXAMPLE,THEPREMIXEDPOWDERDRINKPACKINGCANBEVIEWEDATDEPARTMENTLEVELSSUCHASPACKING,QUALITYCONTROL,SHIPPINGAN
35、DHANDLINGONTHEOTHERHAND,THEENDTOENDPACKAGINGPROCESSCANBELOOKEDATVIATHE“WORKCENTRIC”ABC/MASCOLLECTIVEEFFORTSANDRESOURCESTOMANUFACTUREAFINALPREMIXEDPOWDERDRINKPOUCH5ACTIVITYBASEDCOSTALLOCATIONANDLEANVALUESTREAMMAPTHESTANDARDCOSTINGAPPROACHWASDEVELOPEDINTHEMID20THCENTURYTOMEETTHEDECISIONMAKINGREQUIREME
36、NTINTHEMASSPRODUCTIONTYPEORGANIZATIONSASMANUFACTURINGANDSERVICEINDUSTRIESCHANGEFROMMASSTOLEANPRODUCTION,BECAUSEOFTHECHANGESOFTHEDEMANDSANDTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHECONSUMERGOODS,THECONVENTIONALWAYTOAPPROACHCOSTINGHASBECOMEUNSUITEDFORLEANINITIATIVESASTHERESULT,BHMASKELLSUGGESTEDAUNIQUEVIEWOFALLOCATINGEXPENSE
37、SVIATHEVALUESTEAMBASEDMETHODOLOGYTHATIS,THECOSTOFAPROCESSWILLBECOMPOSEDOFTHELABOR,MATERIALSANDASSIGNABLEOVERHEADEXPENSESFORSOLELYACTIVITIESINTHEVALUESTREAMANDTHEOPTIMIZEDFLOWOFTHEPROCESSSEEFIGURE18THEREPORTINGOFTHE“VALUESTEAMPROFITS”WASALSOADDRESSEDINTHESIMILARMANNERWITHTHEEFFORTSTOIDENTIFYBOTHCOSTA
38、NDPROFITVIATHEVALUESTREAMANDASSOCIATEDACTIVITIES,THEVALUESTREAMMANAGERSNOWCANUNDERSTAND,MEASUREANDBECOMEACCOUNTABLEFORTHEEXPENSES,EFFICIENCYANDVALUEPRODUCEDBYALLVALUEADDEDORESSENTIAL,RELATEDACTIVITIESINTHEPROCESS1SOURCEDAVIDKNARONGACTIVITYBASEDCOSTINGANDMANAGEMENTSOLUTIONSTOTRADITIONALSHORTCOMINGSOF
39、COSTACCOUNTINGJCOSTENGINEERING,200981122译文作业成本法弥补传统成本会计的缺陷摘要传统的成本会计是一种被广泛应用于成本内部及外部的主要方法。这是一种担当公司的“温度计”的总账系统,它一般被用于测量整体业务的财富和健康。传统的方法只能总结会计科目图表的帐目业务费用(即人力、物力和其他)。且任何费用和间接费用是不与任何特定的作业或过程所联系的。以至于该公司没有能力来评估每个产品或服务线的内部效率,以及质量和盈利能力。而作业成本法和作业成本管理能补充这些缺陷,并是适用于全面质量管理的解决方案。作业成本法,用于总结和报告作业或进程的花费开销并最终联系到每一个产品、
40、服务和顾客。关键词会计,预算,成本,估计,预测,生命周期,规划。传统质量成本会计是一种基于间接费用分配主观或直接成本的计算范围。由于近几年来间接费用的增加,传统的成本核算方法对于有才能的实践者和管理者来说已经变得无效了。例如,一个产品或服务可能需要更多的资源或较少的时间。但是因为间接成本的代价是基于一定固定比例的直接成本(例如劳动和材料),因而间接费用歪曲了公认的最终成品或服务。用传统的方法对成本会计和质量成本评价像这样的产品或服务是否能获利,在有品质的进程中或是更少的浪费过程中是很难鉴定的。作业成本法和作业成本管理的概念最初在在20世纪70年代和80年代期间美国的制造业中被介绍。罗宾库珀和罗
41、伯特卡普兰在1998年的哈佛商业评论中把作业成本法和作业成本管理的概念阐明了,并发表了相关知识体系。罗宾库珀和罗伯特卡普兰定义了作业成本和作业成本管理方法作为“解决传统成本管理系统问题的途径,”也就是说,传统的成本会计系统往往不能正确地识别过程的真实成本。因此,管理和质量专业人员不能合理的决策或是在不如实的数据基础上做出了决定14。另一方面,作业成本和管理在“成本和效果关系”的基础上客观地分配了成本。当且仅当产品或服务用于作业,作业成本是被确认并分配给每个产品或服务。1987年,罗伯特卡普兰和W布伦斯发表在他们的著作会计和管理中实地研究视角,作业成本法的知识体系最初在制造业种形成,作业成本法的
42、知识体系初始化的焦点定位在那些科技和生产力的改进已大大减少了直接和间接成本和日常开销费用的制造业中14。问题陈述在当今全球竞争形势下,品质从业人员和管理人员在由传统会计总账系统提供的不准确、不完整的数据的基础上有不能做出决定的风险。这种方法在现代的高质量和会计成本暴露是必要的,且在生产产品和服务水平上都适用。研究的目的本文的研究工作是引导质量从业人员和决策者通过独特的、更有效的方法,来确定真实成本的过程。这包括了作业成本法的回顾以及在全面品质管理框架下管理的方法和应用。此外,通过倾斜质量和成本预测预算,作业成本和管理将合并为解决传统质量成本核算的概念系统,并通过学习,使质量专业人员和群众可以获
43、得能够扩大他们的视野,角色和配置成本动因,控制改进工艺成本的机会。研究的不足本文限于传统的和有根基的作业之间的研究,为管理者和质量专业人员还有在公司、组织或部门内部提供真实成本的方法,去测量目前的质量和效果并作出合理的决定。评论质量成本的方法和系统的所有建议,不会取代传统的成本会计的任何手段或能力。作为总分类账系统,它是唯一的在一些公司之间被广泛接受的标准工具和通讯工具。名词解释ACCE国际组织是使国际成本工程学提升的组织。AACE国际协会是最大的,独立专业协会服务于整个成本管理体系。包括成本估量者、工程师、调度者、项目经理和项目控制等专家。AACE国际协会有超过来自世界各地的78个国家的70
44、00多个成员国。更多的关于ACCE国际协会的细节和信息可以从WWWAACEIORG网站获得。作业是一种被执行去完成计划的作业的元素,它是一个需要时间和相关资源的操作过程。作业成本法(ABC)是一个全面质量管理工具的成本和绩效评估的作业,资源,成本对象(例如,产品和服务)。作业成本法也称为“水平”或交叉功能成本,并且可以提供消费产品的盈利能力和基于事实的洞察力和产品利润率、服务、顾客、地区、配电线路等。作业管理(ABM)是一种全面的质量管理学科的管理过程的改进作业,以降低在一个组织中的成本。作业管理包括这些作业,诸如成本分析动因,绩效衡量和改善过程的机会。成本是指在产品或服务中花费的用钱测量的金
45、额。费用可能包括现金支出,债务支出和资源(即时间,人力和资本)。“成本是与执行一个作业或资产的收购相联系的三个基本属性之一。这里是价格(成本),功能(性能)和可用性(附表)“9。成本估算是作业的集合。预测所需的资源或数量,创造或提供一个有形的或无形的资产的成本。成本预测与成本估算过程相类似。成本预测与成本估算之间的关键不同点是,成本估算是为未来的作业而计算的,然而成本预测是一个预测成本或需要去创建一个有利条件才能完成未偿清的成本要素。成本的一致性指成本预防和评估作业达到预先设定的标准或客户要求。成本的不合格是指内部或外部的故障失败成本。此外,请参阅外部和内部故障成本。成本趋势是预计的,基于在实
46、际的经验中超过预定的时间收集历史信息。这个成本的重点是如何预算和支出将影响相对于物质的成就或挣值。必备作业指要么增值或不增值,并表示有需要在一个进程(或作业的集合),以实现一个客户所需执行的任务的结果值(产品或服务)。外部失败成本是指从产品或服务不符合预先设定的标准或客户需求的开支。这些费用在产品或送货服务以后发生给顾客。外在失败费用的例子包括保单费用、义务要求、法律曝光、重置成本、怨言和丢失顾客忠诚。可变成本是一个有形或无形资产的承购需要的成本因素,依赖于工作量的努力或产品。变动成本的例子包括材料和生产劳动成本、生产公用事业费用和音量基础的特许权费用。方法如今,传统的成本核算系统支持整个企业
47、的财务报告和测量系统业务的健康。然而,这种传统的成本方法对于质量从业人员和决策者在成本分配领域中是多少有点价值的;质量成本或质量差的企业,以及预测或质量预算。这篇论文研究证明作业基于费用和管理是质量工具和解答在全面质量管理区域对标准会计工作的质量成本缺点。这包括介绍作业成本法和管理的概念;它在水平成本的意义是在价值流的方法;作业成本法和管理去鉴别和降低成本质量;并且通过基于作业的模型预算和展望努力10。摘要主要介绍了质量专家和决策者去定义在跨职能的过程中的真实成本的不同的方法。在今天全球竞争形势下,在全面品质管理框架内,这包括研究和作业成本法的应用和管理方法。另外,作业成本法和管理法将被证明是
48、通过精益会计制度解决传统成本会计系统,质量成本,预测和预算。质量从业人员将增益和可扩展过程中的成本控制和改进机会的观点和成本驱动的作用和分配。作业成本管理与传统成本会计系统本节进一步探讨的重要问题之一是如何将已被广泛认为是内部和外部成本的传统的会计制度被认为是不够系统的。另外,为什么作业成本法和管理是解决传统成本会计系统的质量成本缺点的全面质量管理的首选下面几个关键点将详细回答这些问题现有的成本数据不是无用的;然而,它为内部效率、赢利或质量分析和决策过程中看起来残缺不全或未加工。传统成本制度否认决策者所创建的真实成本以及能见度的终端到终端的过程。间接费用的分配不当,以及经常以传统的成本核算方法
49、的劳动或材料费用为基础。如果没有周期性,管理人员则张贴一次或几次关于运营和成本问题。总分类账的会计科目表在传统的成本会计报告下,许多决策者都无法解释他们的特殊产品或服务区域的责任是否是有效的,有生产能力的或是有利可图的。表格1和2提供近期问题的洞察力;也就是说,费用的分配是基于会计科目表设立的公司内部和外部报告的会计部门。随着会计科目表的成本分析,信息的接受者(即,经理或有品质的实践者)只能告知人力、财力和其他的费用成本。此外,传统的方法下,成本被认为一个垂直的、组织的“交易为中心”的成本核算系统。为了说明这一点,所有的已发生的费用都与在有关部门或成本中心的成本相关。这种方法没有能力处理和报告成本的全面功能,限制了管理人员真正的终端到终端的成本各工序以及系统成本的可见性。例如,预混料的冲剂饮料包装可以被看作部门水平的包装,如质量控制、运输和处理。另一方面,终端到终端的包装过程可以通过观察“工作中心”在作业成本法和作业成本管理的集体努力和资源来制造最终的预混合粉的饮料袋。作业成本分摊和精益价值流图标准成本计算方法发展于20世纪中期,以应付大规模生产型组织的决策要求。随着制造业和服务业从质量到精益生产的转变,由于变化的要求和复杂的消费品,传统的成本计算方法已经不适应现代的精益管理。最后,BH马斯克尔提出了通过价值分配蒸汽为基础的方法费用的独特景致;也就是说,一个成本过程