1、 1 外文翻译 译文 Rising labor costs, the impact on China Material Source: The impact of rising labor costs in China Author: By Amy Wang While Chinas role as a global manufacturer remains solid, the big question looming over cities such as Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen is what happens when factories reloc
2、ate in more remote areas. Labor costs are rising even in some of the lesser-known cities, but not nearly as fast as in the tier-one cities, which experienced labor increases of 500 percent between 2001 and 2006. “Labor costs increased an average of three times in our factory during the last 10 years
3、,“ says David He of Hong Kongs Ling Tin Capacitor. The company set up shop in Dongguang, Guangdong province, a decade ago because of cheaper labor and land resources. Since then, the average monthly income for workers in Hes factory increased from (US) $40 to $120, while salaries for engineers and m
4、anagement increased from $200 to $600or more. The company is still doing well, but He is worried about the upward trend line in labor costs. So far the company has no plans to relocate because of its proximity to customers and international shipping, yet for the first time the company is beginning t
5、o watch the cost increases. International companies looking to set up manufacturing or expand their capabilities within China already are looking at lesser-known cities. Foxconn, a leading contract manufacturer, capitalized on low labor costs in Shenzhen 15 years ago, but it recently expanded into Y
6、antai, Shandong province. Foxconn is the registered trade name of Hon Hai. The company contributes one third of Shenzhens total electronics exportan estimated (US) $21 billion in 2006and employs 200,000 laborers. It negotiated a low-cost land deal and a very low corporate tax rate. Its recent push i
7、nto Yantai, one of Chinas fastest-growing commercial ports where labor is significantly cheaper, signals a shift in thinking. 2 In 2006, Hon Hai Group completed its deployment for the production of motherboards and printed circuit boards in northern China. Yantai Science a social insurance and housi
8、ng fee that averages 30 percent; and other social fees, says Keith Lomason, executive director of Magna China. That means that a manager in Shanghai earning the white-collar average salary of $30,000 a year actually will cost a company $60,000 a year. A factory worker earning a base salary of $3,000
9、 ends up costing $6,000. Jack Perkowski, CEO of Asimco Technologies, says Shanghai in particular has become uncompetitive for manufacturing, especially for export. The company manufactures camshafts, cylinder blocks, brake systems, fuel pumps and rubber noise and vibration components for the China m
10、arket and for export. for example， According to the French “Textile News“ reported that from the United Kingdom and the United States economy, Citibank Breaking views the latest information in 2008, the average level of Chinas minimum wage will increase 21%. If the information is accurate and, under
11、 the authority of the United States Werner International Textile Statistics, textile and service industries within a year, breaking the record of the past five years, the Chinese mainland wages will rise up to 34% rise in coastal areas up to 23%. According to observers, this phenomenon will change b
12、ased on the following three points and the speed that is, the new labor contract law implementation; inflation, high prices and a large number of workers seeking higher salaries have strong appeal. The paper said, the increase in low-wage labor force change is to the end of last year, and there is n
13、o significant influence on Chinas competitiveness. Nevertheless, with Chinas labor force increase in wages, some European and French enterprises suppliers and subcontractors, has been alert to the precautions to be taken, started to look more attractive places, such as Vietnam, Bangladesh and India.
14、 Vietnams garment exports progressed very quickly in 2007 exports increased by more than Mexicos second-largest U.S. apparel imports into the country, the same year, French exports of clothing increased to a value of 50%. There are plans to develop new business areas, such as Turkeys Kurdish region
15、and in sub-Saharan African countries as the textile and clothing factory. 4 Small and medium firms (with capital under $US3 million) in Chinas light industries, such as shoes and textiles, have been hard hit. The Financial Times (FT) on March 2 reported that one in six Chinese textile companies lost
16、 money last year, even though export prices increased 8 percent. According to the China National Textile and Apparel Council, growing wages and a weaker US dollar are squeezing the textile industrys profit margins. Zhu Yongxin, a shoe factory owner in Foshan, Guangdong province, complained that the
17、cost of steel for buttons had trebled from 20,000 yuan a tonne in 2004 to more than 60,000 yuan. Oil for sewing machines cost 75 yuan a barrelup from 60 yuan a year ago. The cost of unskilled labour had risen to around 1,200 yuan ($US168) a month from 800 yuan two years ago. Skilled workers must now
18、 be paid 1,500-2,000 yuan. Zhu said he planned to move the factory to inland Hunan province. Under these conditions, Chinese workers are demanding higher wages. In an interview with Newsweek on February 14, Auret Van Heerden, head of the Washington-based Fair Labor Association, offered his impressio
19、ns from a recent visit to China. He commented on the new labour law: “At the factory level people are talking about it everywhere. One of the things about the law is it doesnt rely on outside labour enforcement. There have already been strikes about it; there have been employers who have been panick
20、ed by the commitment the law would require, so theyve tried to lay off or outsource workers. The workers struck, saying, No, were not going to accept that. There have been a couple of high profile cases of strikes against dismissal involving Hong Kong-listed companies. Take the richest woman in Chin
21、a Zhang Yin, CEO of Nine Dragon Papers, who owns a huge paper company. She tried to outsource guards and security cleaning services, and didnt want to give contracts. The workers struck. Its been an emblematic case: if one of the richest and most powerful businesswomen in China couldnt sidestep the
22、law, its a good indication of the signal the government wants to send.” While sections of manufacturers are leaving China for countries such as Vietnam, they face similar problems. A wave of unrest among Vietnamese workers demanding higher pay has shaken foreign investors, amid escalating inflation.
23、 The annualised rate was more than 15 percent in February. On February 28, 1,500 workers went on strike at a South Korean garment factory in Long An province, demanding $10 more a month. On March 5, 10,000 workers at Tae Kwang Vina, a South Korean shoe contractor for Nike in Dong Nai province, struc
24、k for higher 5 wagesalthough they were already paid 20 percent more than the minimum wage. Xu Jiangchang, general manager of a Ningbo-based garment exporter that employs 4,000 workers, told Reuters: “Each percentage point rise in yuan against the dollar means a half percentage point loss in our fore
25、ign exchange earnings”. Zhou Dewen, head of the Wenzhou Small and Medium-Size Enterprise Development Promotion Association, pointed out that Wenzhou, which is famous for its small to medium factories, saw half the companies that started in 2007 suspend operations before the end of the year. “The ave
26、rage profitability of Wenzhou enterprises stands at only 3 to 5 percent of assets. A 3-percent yuan rise will wipe out profits in many firms here, in particular textile and shoe companies with low profitability,” Zhou said. 译文 人工成本上升对中国的影响 资料来源： 上升的人工成本的冲击在中 国 作者：艾米 旺 当中国作为一位全球性制造商的角色依然坚实 的 时 侯 ，隐约的
27、大问题出现在城市 ， 例如上海、北京和深圳 。 发 生了什么 ： 当工厂在偏远地区调迁 ， 人工成本 甚至 在某些几乎较少人知的城市一样快速地上升，但是 像 在 前面的大 城市，体验 着 在 2001年和 2006年之间的 500%辛苦增量。 在最近 10年期间 ， “在我们的工厂人工成本平均增加了三次 ”，大卫说他香港的陵罐子电容器。广东省 东莞市， 一个十年前由于更加廉价的劳力和土地资源的公司设定商店。 从那以后，工厂工作者的平均月收入从 40 美元 增加到 120 美元 ，而工程师的薪金和管理从 200美元 更增加到 600美元更多 。 公司仍然很好 地 做着，但是他在担心上升人工成本趋
28、势线。 到目前为止公司没有计 划调迁由于它的与顾客和国际运输的接近度，公司第一次开始观看费用增量。 在中国范围内国际的公司设定制造业或扩展他们的能力已经 着眼于 较少人知的城市。 Foxconn，一个主导的合同制造商，在 15年前 的 深圳 就 利用低人工成本，但是它最近扩展了入山东省烟台。 Foxconn是 Hon Hai登记的商标。公司 在 深圳的贡献 达到 总电子 exportan的三分之一 ， 估计 (美国 ) $21十亿在 2006and雇用 200,000个民工。 它谈判了 获得 一个便宜的土地成交和非常低税率 的公司 。 但是 最近它推挤到烟台，其中一个 地方是 显着更 加便宜的
29、中国的最迅速发展的商业口岸， 被 认为 是 发信号转移。 在 2006 年， Hon Hai 小组在中国北部完成了它的主板和电路板的生产部6 署。 烟台科学 那平均 30%的 社会保险和住房费 ; 并且 还有 其他社会费，说基思 Lomason，优秀大学毕业生中国的执行董事。 那意味着在上海赢得白领平均薪金 30000美元 的一位经理一年实际上将花费公司 60000 美元 一年。 赢得一份基本工资 3000 美元 的工厂劳工结果费用6000美元 。 杰克 Perkowski， Asimco 技术的 CEO，说上海特别是变得无竞争性为制造业，特别是出口的。 公司制造凹轮轴、气缸座、制动系统、供给
30、燃料泵和橡7 胶噪声和振动组分中国市场的和出口的。 例如根据法国 的 “纺织品新闻 ” ，报道从英国和美国经济，最新的信息在2008 年打破看法的 Citibank，中国的最低工资的平均水平将增加 21%。 如果信息是准确，并且，在美国 Werner国际纺织品统计、纺织品 和服务行业特许之下， 载 一年之内的打破过去五年的纪录，中国大陆薪水在海岸地区将上升 23%到 34%。 即根据观察员，这种现象将改变基于以下三点和速度新的劳资协议法律实施 ; 通货膨胀、高寻找更高的薪金的价和很大数量的工作者有强的呼吁。 与中国的在薪水的劳动力增量，一些欧洲和法国企业供应商和转承包商，是机敏的对将被采取的防
31、备措施，开始看更加有吸引力的地方，例如越南、孟加拉国和印度。 越南的服装出口在更多增加的 2007出口比墨西哥的第二大美国服装进口入国家，同年，衣物法国出口非常迅速进步了增加到值为 50%。 有开发新 的商业区的计划，例如土耳其的库尔德人的地区和在撒哈拉大沙漠下的非洲国家作为纺织品和服装工厂。 资本在 中国的 轻工业中小型的企业，例如鞋子和纺织品，是受打击大的。 金融时代 (FT)在 3 月 2 日报道一个去年在六家中国纺织品公司中 亏损了钱 ， 其原因是 出口价格增加了 8%。 根据中国全国纺织品和服装委员会 表明 ，生长薪水和一 些 微弱的美元 因素 紧压纺织品 的 利润率。 朱 勇行 ，
32、 在 广东省 佛山拥有一个鞋厂 ，在 2004年抱怨钢的费用 价格 从 20000元成了 60000元 ， 每吨 价格 超过三倍。 缝纫机的油花费 从一年钱的 60元上涨到了 75元 。 而 非 熟练劳动的费用 从两年一个月钱的 800元 上升了到大约 1,200元。 熟练工现在 必须 是 1500到 2000元。 朱说他计划 把 工厂向内地 的 湖南省移动 。 在这些条件下，中国 的 工作者要求高薪水。 在 2月 14日与 Newsweek的一次采访 中 ， Auret Van Heerden，华盛顿的市场劳方协会的头，提供了从 他的一次最近参观 中国 的印象。 他对新的劳工法评论： “在
33、工厂 中 人民 到处在 谈论它。 其中一件关于法律的事是它 不是 依靠外部劳工执行 已经有 专门设立的法律对 罢工 提出 承诺 和 要求，因此 他们 恐慌 被 外购工作者的雇主 所解雇 。 工 作被侵犯者 称 ，不 ， 我们不会去接受那里。 ”有是两三个高姿态 罢工 案件反对涉及Hong Kong列出的公司的解雇。 在中国 张 音 ，九张龙纸的 总经理 拥有一个巨大的纸行 最富有的妇女， 她 采取的是 设法外购卫兵和安全清洁服务，并且 愿意给 工作者 合同。 工作者 不 被 侵犯 。 它是 案件 的象征 ： 如果其中一名最富有和最强有力的女实业家在中国 没有 回避法律，政府要对 其感谢。这个
34、信号 是 一个好征兆 。 当 部分 制造商离开中国 去其他国家 例如越南时，他们 也 面对相似的问题。 在越南工作者一系列的过分要求更高的薪水之中不安 地 震动了外国投资者，在升级的通 货膨胀之中。 按年计算的率在 2月是超过 15%。 在 2月 28日， 15008 名 工作者在南韩服装工厂举行了 长期 罢工，更要求 增加 10 美元 一个月。 在 3月 5日， Tae Kwang Vina，耐克的南韩 德 鞋子承包商 ，有 10000名工作者在东南 省 实行罢工，但是他们的工资已经对比最高时增加了 20%。 徐建昌 ， 是一个在宁波拥有 雇用 了 4000名工作者服装 出口企业 的总经理，告诉路透社： “由于人民币对美元的百分比上升，所以 意味在我们的外汇 中损失半百分点。 周德文，温州中小 企业发展促进协会的 会长 ，指出了那 温州是因为它的 中小 工厂 而 著名 的，在 2007开始暂停操作在 大约 一半 的 公 司到 年底之前。 温州 企业的平均有利财产的只 占总体的 3%到 5%。 百分 三的人民币 上升 将 许多企业中 的 赢利 消除 ，特别是低 利润企业。 ”周的纺织品和鞋子公司说。
