1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文STOCKREPURCHASESAFURTHERTESTOFTHEFREECASHFLOWHYPOTHESIS1INTRODUCTIONEMPIRICALTESTSOFFIRMSREPURCHASINGTHEIRSTOCKGENERALLYCONCLUDETHATTHEOBSERVEDPOSITIVESTOCKPRICEREACTIONAROUNDTHEANNOUNCEMENTOFREPURCHASESELFTENDEROFFERSISCONSISTENTWITHTHESIGNALLINGTHEORYSEEMASULIS1980,VERMAELEN1981,19
2、84,DANN1981,SINHA1991,COMMENTANDJARRELL1991,ANDHOWE,HEANDKAO1992THISTHEORYARGUESTHATCASHOUTFLOWSCASHDIVIDENDS,SPECIALLYDESIGNATEDDIVIDENDS,ORREPURCHASESAREUSEDBYMANAGEMENTTODISSEMINATEPOSITIVEASYMMETRICINFORMATIONTOSHAREHOLDERSABOUTTHEFUTUREPROFITPOTENTIALOFTHEFIRMSPECIFICALLY,VERMAELENCONCLUDESTHAT
3、WITHSTOCKREPURCHASES,FIRMSOFFERAPREMIUMFORTHEIROWNSHARESINORDERTOSIGNALTHATTHEFIRMISUNDERVALUEDTHISSIGNALISCREDIBLESINCETHEPREMIUMIMPOSESACOSTONNONTENDERINGSHAREHOLDERSWHICHINCLUDESMANAGEMENTWHOISGENERALLYPRECLUDEDFROMPARTICIPATINGINTHEOFFERIFTHETENDEROFFERPREMIUMISGREATERTHANTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEFIRM
4、ISUNDERVALUED,THENTHIS“FALSE“SIGNALWILLRESULTINAREDUCTIONINTHEWEALTHOFNONTENDERINGSHAREHOLDERSMANAGEMENTANALTERNATIVETHEORY,ANDTHEONEINVESTIGATEDINTHISARTICLE,ISJENSENS1986,1989FREECASHFLOWOVERINVESTMENTHYPOTHESISJENSENPOINTSOUTTHATAFIRMACCUMULATINGFREECASHFLOWCANEITHERINCREASEITSCASHDIVIDENDS,REPUR
5、CHASESOMEOFITSSTOCK,OROVERINVESTHEARGUESTHATFIRMSWITHSUBSTANTIALFREECASHFLOWTENDTOOVERINVESTANDUNDERTAKEPROJECTSWITHNEGATIVENETPRESENTVALUESFURTHERMORE,WHENAFIRMWITHFREECASHFLOWINCREASESITSCASHDIVIDENDS,ITSVALUEISEXPECTEDTOINCREASESINCEFEWERNEGATIVENETPRESENTVALUEPROJECTSARENOWTAKENOFCOURSE,JENSENSA
6、RGUMENTASSUMESTHATMANAGERSARENOTMAXIMIZINGFIRMVALUEIFACOMPENSATIONSCHEMECANBEDEVISEDWHICHENSURESTHATVALUEWILLBEMAXIMIZED,THENFREECASHFLOWWILLNOTEXISTTHEFREECASHFLOWOVERINVESTMENTHYPOTHESISHASBEENINVESTIGATEDBYLANGANDLITZENBERGER1989ANDRECENTLYBYHOWE,HEANDKAO1992USINGTOBINSQASAMEASUREOFTHEINTENSITYOF
7、OVERINVESTMENT,LANGANDLITZENBERGERFINDEVIDENCESUPPORTINGTHEFREECASHFLOWTHEORYINRELATIONTOCASHDIVIDENDSTHEIREMPIRICALRESULTSARECONSISTENTWITHTHEHYPOTHESISTHATDIVIDENDCHANGESBYOVERINVESTINGFIRMSINFORMSTOCKHOLDERSOFTHEFIRMSINVESTMENTPOLICYRATHERTHANSIGNALLINGPOSITIVEASYMMETRICINFORMATIONREGARDINGTHEFIR
8、MSFUTUREPROFITABILITYHOWE,HEANDKAO1992EXTENDTHESTUDYOFLANGANDLITZENBERGERBYEXAMININGTHEFREECASHFLOWHYPOTHESISINRELATIONTOBOTHTENDEROFFERREPURCHASESANDSPECIALLYDESIGNEDDIVIDENDSSDDUNLIKELANGANDLITZENBERGER,HOWEVER,THEYFINDTHATTHEREISNODIFFERENTIALANNOUNCEMENTEFFECTFORHIGHQVALUEMAXIMIZINGANDLOWQOVERIN
9、VESTINGFIRMSINRELATIONTOEITHERSTOCKREPURCHASESORSDDSINCECASHDIVIDENDS,SDD,ANDREPURCHASESREPRESENTALTERNATIVECASHDISBURSEMENTMETHODS,THECONFLICTINGRESULTSOFLANGANDLITZENBERGERANDHOWE,HEANDKAOPRESENTANEMPIRICALPUZZLETOSHEDLIGHTONTHISPUZZLE,WEPARTITIONOURSAMPLEOFFIRMSREPURCHASINGTHEIRSTOCKVIAASELFTENDE
10、ROFFERINTOTHREEGROUPSBASEDONTHESOURCEOFTHEFIRMSFREECASHFLOWSEVIDENCECONSISTENTWITHTHEFREECASHFLOWHYPOTHESISISFOUNDTHEARTICLEISSTRUCTUREDASFOLLOWSSECTION2DESCRIBESTHEMETHODOLOGYFORDETERMININGTHESOURCEOFTHEFREECASHFLOWOVERINVESTMENTPROBLEMANDCOMPETINGEXPLANATIONSSECTION3DESCRIBESTHEDATATHEEMPIRICALRES
11、ULTSAREGIVENINSECTION4CONCLUDINGREMARKSAREPRESENTEDINSECTION5ANALTERNATIVETESTOFTHESIGNALLINGTHEORYISPRESENTEDINTHEAPPENDIX2METHODOLOGYTOCLARIFYTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHEFREECASHFLOWOVERINVESTMENTANDSIGNALLINGTHEORIES,DENOTETHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMBYVANDTHEINVESTEDCAPITALBYKVALUEMAXIMNIZATIONOCCURSWHENEVERDV/DK1
12、OVERINVESTINGIMPLIESTHATDV/DK1SUPPOSETHATAFIRMRANKSITSINVESTMENTPROJECTSINTERMSOFPROFITABILITY,FOREXAMPLE,BYTHEEXPECTEDINTERNALRATEOFRETURNIRRTHENDV/DK1IMPLIESTHATATTHEMARGINPR,WHEREPISTHEFIRMSCOSTOFCAPITALANDRISTHEEXPECTEDINTERNALRATEOFRETURNSUCHANEQUILIBRIUMDICTATESHOWMUCHOFTHEFIRMSAVAILABLERESOUR
13、CESSHOULDBEMAINTAINEDFORREINVESTMENTANDHOWMUCHSHOULDBEDISTRIBUTEDTOSTOCKHOLDERSFREECASHFLOWSAREPRECLUDEDINSUCHANEQUILIBRIUMFORSIMPLICITYANDWITHOUTLOSSOFGENERALITY,ASSUMEAONEPERIODMODELWHERETHEFIRMINVESTSATTOANDATT1THEFIRMREINVESTSANDDISTRIBUTESDIVIDENDSCONSIDERTHEFOLLOWINGTHREESCENARIOSAATTIMETWHERE
14、TOTTL,THEAGENTPOSSESSESPOSITIVEASYMMETRICINFORMATIONREGARDINGTHEFIRMSFUTUREPROFITABILITYTHISASYMMETRICINFORMATIONCANEITHERBEREGARDINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFEXISTINGCAPITALORNEWPROJECTSWHICHAREEXECUTEDATTLTHEMANAGERSIGNALSTHISPOSITIVEUNKNOWNINFORMATIONTOSTOCKHOLDERSBYREPURCHASINGSOMEOFTHEFIRMSSTOCKSIGNALLIN
15、GTHEORYBDURINGTHEPERIODTOTT1ANDPRIORTOTHESTOCKREPURCHASE,THEEXPECTEDPROFITABILITYOFTHEFIRMSPROJECTSDECREASESNAMELY,THEEXPECTEDIRRCURVESHIFTSTOTHELEFT,WHERETHEIRRCURVEISDEFINEDASADEMANDFUNCTIONFORPROJECTSRANKEDBYTHEIREXPECTEDINTERNALRATEOFRETURNINTHISCASE,THEFIRMDECIDESTOCONTRACTBYREDUCINGITSCAPITALE
16、XPENDITURESATTL,ANDUSESTHECASHFLOWTOREPURCHASEITSSTOCKFREECASHFLOWTHEORYCTHEREISNOCHANGEINTHEFIRMSIRRCURVEPRIORTOTHEREPURCHASEANNOUNCEMENTDATE,BUTTHEACTUALRETURNONITSINVESTMENTSEXECUTEDINTHEPASTEXCEEDSTHEEXPECTEDRETURNTHISISSIMPLYLIKEDRAWINGONEOBSERVATIONATRANDOMFROMAGIVENDISTRIBUTIONANDTHEOBSERVEDV
17、ALUEEXCEEDSTHEMEANINTHISCASETHEFIRMACCUMULATESFREECASHFLOWANDREPURCHASESSOMEOFITSSTOCKFREECASHFLOWTHEORYINCASEA,NOSIGNIFICANTAVERAGERISKADJUSTEDEXCESSRETURNSPRIORTOTHEREPURCHASEANNOUNCEMENTDATEAREEXPECTED,BUTONEWOULDEXPECTPOSITIVEEXCESSRETURNSONTHEANNOUNCEMENTDATEBOTHBANDCMAYINDUCEFREECASHFLOWANDHEN
18、CEINITIATEASTOCKREPURCHASE,BUTTHEYAREDIAMETRICALLYDIFFERENTEVENTSINCASEBAN“UNFAVORABLE“EVENTOCCURS,WHILEINCASECA“FAVORABLE“EVENTOCCURSTHUS,WHILETHEMOTIVEFORASTOCKREPURCHASEUNDERAISTOSIGNALPOSITIVEASYMMETRICINFORMATIONREGARDINGTHEFIRMSAVAILABLEPROJECTS,THEMOTIVEFORASTOCKREPURCHASEUNDERBANDCISTOREVISE
19、THEFIRMSINVESTMENTPOLICYIFFIRMSANNOUNCINGASELFTENDEROFFERCANBEANALYZEDINRELATIONTOSCENARIOSA,B,ANDCABOVE,INSIGHTMIGHTBEGAINEDINTOTHECURRENTEMPIRICALPUZZLEOFCOURSE,MEASURINGWHETHERAFAVORABLEORANUNFAVORABLEEVENTOCCURSPRIORTOTHESTOCKREPURCHASEMAYBEDIFFICULTHOWEVER,THEEVENTSSHOULDBEREFLECTEDINTHELONGRUN
20、FINANCIALDATAOFTHEFIRMINTHISSTUDY,WEDIVIDETHESAMPLEINTOTHREEGROUPSBASEDONATIMESERIESANALYSISOFTHEFINANCIALDATAOFEACHFIRMCORRESPONDINGTOTHREEYEARSPRIORTOTHEREPURCHASEANNOUNCEMENTDATEANDONEQUARTERPRIORTOTHEQUARTEROFTHEANNOUNCEMENTTHISPERIODISSELECTEDSINCEALTHOUGHAFIRMMAYBEABLETOWINDOWDRESSITSFINANCIAL
21、DATAINTHESHORTRUN,ITSABILITYTOCONCEALTHEFINANCIALDATAOFSEVERALSERIESFORTHREEYEARSORMOREISDIFFICULTTOANALYZEEACHFIRMINRELATIONTOTHETHREECASESABOVE,THEFOLLOWINGFINANCIALSERIESAREEXAMINEDCAPITALEXPENDITURESNETSALESNETOPERATINGINCOMEANDEARNINGSPERSHAREAMONOTONICINCREASEINALLFOURSERIESISIDENTIFIEDASAFAVO
22、RABLEEVENTCASECIFALLMONOTONICALLYDECREASE,ITISIDENTIFIEDASANUNFAVORABLEEVENTCASEBHOWEVER,SINCESUCHIDEALSCENARIOSEXISTINONLYAFEWCASES,THESAMPLEISPARTITIONEDINTOTHREEGROUPSASFOLLOWSGROUP1IFATLEASTONEOFTHEFINANCIALSERIESDECREASESMONOTONICALLYANDINADDITIONTHEREISNOSYSTEMATICINCREASEINANYOFTHEREMAININGSE
23、RIES,THENTHEFIRMISCLASSIFIEDINTOGROUP1GROUP1ISCHARACTERISTICOFFIRMSEXPERIENCINGUNFAVORABLEEVENTSINTHEPASTGROUP2IFTHEFINANCIALSERIESOFAFIRMFLUCTUATESOVERTIME,ORIFONESERIESMONOTONICALLYDECREASESANDATLEASTONESERIESMONOTONICALLYINCREASES,THENTHEFIRMISRELEGATEDTOGROUP2GROUP2CONSISTSOFFIRMSEXPERIENCINGMIX
24、EDEVENTSGROUP3FINALLY,IFONEOFTHEFINANCIALSERIESINCREASESMONOTONICALLYANDNOMONOTONICDECREASEINANYOFTHEOTHERSERIESOCCURS,THEFIRMISCLASSIFIEDINTOGROUP3GROUP3CONSISTSOFFIRMSWHEREFAVORABLEEVENTSOCCURREDINTHEPASTLIKEHOWE,HEANDKAO1992,WEEXAMINETHEAVERAGEDAILYRISKADJUSTEDRESIDUALSDURINGTHETWODAY1,0ANNOUNCEM
25、ENTPERIODTHESYSTEMATICRISKOFEACHFIRMIISESTIMATEDFROMTHEMARKETMODELUSINGTHEDAILYRETURNSSIXTYDAYSPRIORTOTHEEVENTPERIODINTERESTINGLY,UNDERRATIONALEXPECTATIONSINANEFFICIENTMARKET,NOPOSITIVEANNOUNCEMENTEFFECTISPREDICTEDUNDERTHEFREECASHFLOWOVERINVESTMENTHYPOTHESISHOWEVER,THEOBSERVEDPOSITIVEANNOUNCEMENTEFF
26、ECTCANBEEXPLAINEDBYANINHERENTSAMPLESELECTIONBIASTHISSELECTIONBIASARISESFROMTHEFACTTHATNOTALLFIRMSWHOSHOULDREPURCHASETHEIRSTOCKDOSOSPECIFICALLY,FIRMSCHARACTERIZEDBYEVENTSBORCABOVEWHICHSHOULDCONTRACT,BUTELECTNOTTO,WOULDBECHARACTERIZEDBYANEGATIVEANNOUNCEMENTEFFECTSINCETHEYOVERINVESTIFALLFIRMSEXPOSEDTOE
27、VENTSBANDCWEREINCLUDEDINTHESAMPLE,THENAZEROANNOUNCEMENTEFFECTSHOULDBEOBSERVEDUNDERRATIONALEXPECTATIONSWHILENOCLEARCUTPREDICTIONSREGARDINGTHEDAILYEXCESSRETURNSOFEACHGROUPONTHEANNOUNCEMENTOFTHEREPURCHASECANBEMADE,THERELATIVESIZEOFTHERESIDUALSFOREACHGROUPCANBEANALYZEDIFTHEMARKETEXPECTSBADINVESTMENTSAND
28、ALOWERFUTURECASHFLOWFORFIRMSINGROUP1,THEREPURCHASESHOULDSENDAPOSITIVESIGNALTOTHEMARKETTHATUNPROFITABLEINVESTMENTSHAVEBEENELIMINATEDORREDUCEDTHESIZEOFTHEEFFECTDEPENDSONTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEFIRMSINTHISGROUPREDUCETHEOVERINVESTMENTPROBLEMFORGROUP3,THESIZEOFTHERESIDUALSDEPENDSONTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEMARKETKNO
29、WSTHATTHESEFIRMSPOSSESSFREECASHFLOWIFTHEMARKETDOESNOTKNOWTHATAFREECASHFLOWPROBLEMEXISTS,THENTHESTOCKREPURCHASEMAYINFACTSENDANEGATIVESIGNALTOTHEMARKETTHATTHEREISAFREECASHFLOWPROBLEMTHEANNOUNCEMENTEFFECTSHOULDBENEGATIVEIF,HOWEVER,THEMARKETKNOWSAFREECASHFLOWPROBLEMEXISTS,THESHAREREPURCHASESHOULDSENDAPO
30、SITIVESIGNALANDTHESIZEOFTHERESIDUALSWILLDEPENDONTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEMARKETBELIEVESTHESEFIRMSAREREDUCINGORELIMINATINGTHEIRFREECASHFLOWPROBLEMSINCEGROUP2MAYREPRESENTFIRMSCONSISTENTWITHALLTHREECASES,THEANNOUNCEMENTEFFECTDEPENDSONTHERELATIVESIZEOFEACHGROUPIFTHEDOMINANTEXPLANATIONFORFIRMSINTHEGROUPISTHESI
31、GNALINGTHEORY,HOWEVER,THENTHEANNOUNCEMENTEFFECTSHOULDBEPOSITIVESINCEINTHISARTICLEWECONCENTRATEONANALYZINGTHEPOSSIBLESOURCESOFAREPURCHASINGFIRMSFREECASHFLOW,LETUSANALYZETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEOCCURRENCEOFEITHERAFAVORABLEORUNFAVORABLEEVENT,ANDAFIRMSINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIESANDFREECASHFLOWTHEFOLLOWINGP
32、OSSIBILITIESEXISTFORGROUPS1AND3FIRST,ANUNFAVORABLEEVENTISOBSERVEDEG,ADECLINEINEARNINGSARETHEFIRMSINTHISGROUPGROUP1NECESSARILYFACINGBADINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIESWHILETHISISLIKELY,ITISNOTNECESSARILYTHECASETOANSWERTHISQUESTION,THESOURCEOFTHEUNFAVORABLENEWSMUSTBEIDENTIFIEDIFITISDUETOAREALIZEDCASHFLOWBELOWT
33、HEEXPECTEDCASHFLOWWITHNOORARIGHTWARDSHIFTINTHEFIRMSFUTUREIRRCURVE,THENTHISFIRM,INORDERTOFINANCEITSFUTUREINVESTMENTS,WILLNEEDTORAISEADDITIONALFUNDSEITHERBYCUTTINGITSDIVIDENDS,ISSUINGMORESTOCKORINCURRINGMOREDEBTANOTHERPOSSIBILITYISTHATTHEUNFAVORABLEEVENTMAYNOTBEDUETOALOWRANDOMCASHFLOW,BUTRATHERALEFTWA
34、RDSHIFTINTHEFIRMSPRESENTANDFUTUREIRRCURVEINTHISCASE,THEFIRMNEEDSLESSMONEYFORCAPITALEXPENDITURES,ANDMAYEVENHAVEEXTRACASHFLOWWHICHITCANUSETOREPURCHASEITSSTOCKSINCETHESAMPLEANALYZEDINCLUDESONLYFIRMSWHICHREPURCHASETHEIRSTOCK,ITISLIKELYTHATFIRMSINGROUP1FACEBADINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIESSECOND,AFAVORABLEEVENT
35、ISOBSERVEDEG,ANINCREASEINEARNINGSAREFIRMSEXPERIENCINGFAVORABLEEVENTSGROUP3CHARACTERIZEDBYFREECASHFLOWNOTNECESSARILYTOANSWERTHISQUESTION,AGAINTHESOURCEOFTHEFIRMSCASHFLOWMUSTBEANALYZEDIFTHEFAVORABLEEVENTISDUETOARIGHTWARDSHIFTINTHEFIRMSPRESENTANDFUTUREIRRCURVEEG,THEPROFITOFTHEFIRMSPRODUCTINCREASES,THEN
36、ITISPOSSIBLETHATTHEFIRMDOESNOTHAVEFREECASHFLOWSINCETHEINCREASEDCASHFLOWISNEEDEDTOFINANCEFUTUREEXPANSIONINTHISCASE,ASTOCKREPURCHASEISNOTEXPECTED,ANDINFACT,ANEWSTOCKORBONDISSUEMIGHTBEREQUIREDSOURCEDEBORAHLGUNTHORPE,“STOCKREPURCHASESAFURTHERTESTOFTHEFREECASHFLOWHYPOTHESIS”,REVIEWOFQUANTITATIVEFINANCEAN
37、DACCOUNTING,31993353365译文股票回购对自由现金流量假说的进一步检验一、简介实践证明,通常企业回购其股票可以得出这样的结论据观察,在自身宣告回购企业股票期间,积极的股票价格反应符合信号理论(马苏里斯(1980),沃玛伦(1981,1984),丹尼(1981),辛华(1991),科曼特和杰瑞(1991),豪威和考(1992)。该理论认为,管理者通过现金流出(现金股利,优先股股利,或者回购)向股东传达企业未来获利能力积极的不对称信息。具体地说,沃玛伦得出一个结论企业利用股票回购征收额外保险费,对外传达企业被低估的信号。这个信号是可信的,因为保险费的征收对非敏感型股东包括管理者(
38、通常是被排除在考虑范围之内的)来说是一种成本。如果保险费的报价在一定程度上比企业被低估的价值要高,那么对于非敏感股东和管理者来说,这个假的信号将会导致财富的减少。本文中提及的另一种理论是詹森1986,1989的自由现金流量投资过热假说。詹森先生指出,企业积累了自由现金流量可以增加其现金股利、回购一部分企业股票,以及抑制一些过度投资。他认为,企业拥有大量的自由现金流量有过度投资的倾向,而且进行的项目净现值之和为负。此外,当一个企业的自由现金流量增加了它的现金股利时,其价值预计将增长更少的净现值项目。当然,詹森的观点是建立在管理者不能实现企业价值最大化的基础上的。如果一个补偿方案被设计出来以保证企
39、业价值的最大化,那么自由现金流量将不复存在。兰格和利兹伯格(1989)证实了自由现金流量(投资过热)假说,现代的豪威和考(1992)也证实过这个假说。使用托宾的Q值作为衡量投资强度过热的指标,兰格和利兹伯格找到了证据支持自由现金流量理论和现金股利之间的关系。他们的实验结果是符合这个假说的,由于企业过度投资导致的股利的变化传递给企业股东投资政策的信息,而不是企业未来盈利积极的不对称信息。豪威和考(1992)在兰格和利兹伯格的基础上扩大研究,他们检验了自由现金流量假说与股票回购和优先股股利(SDD)的关系。与兰格和利兹伯格不同的是,他们发现高Q值(价值最大化)和低Q值(出现过度投资)的企业与股票回
40、购或者优先股股利之间的关系没有宣告效应差别。由于现金股利,优先股股利和回购代表选择现金支付方式之间存在相矛盾的结果,兰格和利兹伯格、豪威和考提出了一个实证研究的难题。对于这个问题,我们根据企业自由现金流量的原始数据,通过回购自身股票将样本企业分成三组。与自由现金流量假说相符的证据终于被找到了。这篇文章的结构如下第二部分描述了自由现金流量(过度投资)问题来源方法以及具有竞争力的解释。第三部分描述了数据。第四部分是实证结果。第五部分是结束语。附录的内容是另一种试验信号理论。二、方法为了澄清自由现金流量(过度投资)和信号理论的影响,表示了V企业和K的投资资本。当DV/DK1时,价值发生在一定的大小范
41、围内。过度投资意味着DV/DK1。假设一个企业盈利能力方面超过其投资项目,例如,预期的投资回报率(IRR)。DV/DK1意味着,在边际P值R,其中P是该企业的资本成本,R是预期的内部收益率。这种平衡规定企业有多少可用的资源保证再投资,有多少可用的资源分给股东。自由现金流量妨碍了这种平衡。为了简单而不失一般性,假设一个周期模式,该企业在T0时刻投资和企业在T1时刻再投资和分配股利。考虑以下三种情况A在T时刻(T0TT1),就企业未来的盈利能力而言,信息不对称对代理具有积极的意义。这种信息不对称可以是关于现有资本的表现或者在T1时刻新项目的执行中的任何一个。这些经理向股东发出积极未知的信号,并向这
42、些股东回购一些企业的股票(信号理论)。B在时刻T0和T1之间和回购股票之前,企业项目的预期盈利能力减少。也就是说,预期内部收益率曲线向左移动,内部收益率曲线定义为必须使项目的内部收益率高于他们期望的内部收益率。在这种情况下,在T1时刻企业决定减少他们的资本支出,用现金流量回购他们的股票(自由现金流量理论)。C在企业的内部收益率曲线之前到回购公告日没有变化,但是在过去执行的投资的实际回报超过了预期的回报(这仅仅像从一个给定的分布中随机观察而观测值超过了平均水平)。在这种情况下,企业用积累自由现金流量来回购其股票。(自由现金流量假说)在情况A中,在股票回购宣告日之前,人们不期望存在不显著的平均额外
43、调整风险;而在宣告日时,人们还是期望得到真实回报的。情况B和情况C可能引起自由现金流量,于是发起股票回购,但是他们是截然不同的两件事。在情况B中是一个“不利”事件,然而在情况C中却是一个“有利”事件。因此,虽然在情况A中,股票回购的动机是一个关于企业有效项目信息不对称的信号,但是在情况B和情况C中,股票回购的动机却是改变企业投资政策的信号。如果企业宣布自身招标可以在关于以上情况A,情况B和情况C中分析得出,那么现在的实证难题可以得到一些洞察。当然,在股票回购前,衡量一个有利的或不利的事件可能会很困难;然而,这个事件会在企业长期财务数据中得到反映。在本研究中,我们根据每个企业公告回购日期的前三年
44、和第一季度的财务数据按时间序列进行分析后,将样本企业分为三组。之所以选择这个时期,是因为虽然一个企业可能在短期内修饰它的财务数据,但是想要掩饰三年或者三年以上的财务数据是比较困难的。为了研究各个企业涉及以上三种情况的数据,对以下财务指标进行了测量资本性支出;净销售额;净营业收入以及每股收益。在所有四个系列中,一个单一的增长甚至被认为是有利的(情况C)。如果所有的都单一的减少,它被认为是一种不利的事件(情况B)。然而,因为这样的理想方案只存在于少数情况中,样本可分为以下三组第一组如果财务指标中至少有一个是单一减少的,此外,在剩下的任何一个指标中没有系统性增加的,那么,企业被分到第一组。第一组是企
45、业过去经历不利事件所具有的特征。第二组如果一个企业的财务指标随着时间的推移,或者如果某个指标单一减少且至少一个指标单一增长,那么,企业被分到第二组。第二组由企业经历的混合事件组成。第三组最后,如果某一个财务指标单一增长而且其他指标中没有一个指标单一减少,那么企业被分到第三组。第三组由企业过去有利事件组成。如豪威和考(1992)一样,我们测量在两天(1,0)公告期中的日常平均风险调整标准差。各个企业的系统风险的估计I是根据市场模型,使用事件发生之前的60天的日常收益估算出来的。有趣的是,在一个理性预期的有效市场内,在自由现金流量(过度投资)假设之下,没有积极影响宣布被预测。然而,观测的积极影响宣
46、布可以解释为一个固有的样本选择性偏差。这个选择性偏差源于一个事实不是所有的企业都应该回购自己的股票。具体地说,企业具有以上事件(B)或(C)则应该签订合同,但应该会选择不签订合同,其特征是一个负面的公告效果(因为他们过度投资)。如果暴露在事件B和C中所有的企业都被纳入样品,那么在理性预期下,应该观察到一个零公告效果。虽然在宣告回购时,对于每一组日常额外的收入没有明确的预测,但是相对量的多少可以分析每组的标准差提供帮助。如果市场希望消极投资和较低的未来现金流量的企业在第一组中,回购应该向市场发出一个积极的信号,那些赔钱的投资已被淘汰或减少。效应的大小取决于这个组中的企业在多大程度上降低投资过热的
47、问题。对第三组而言,标准差的大小取决于市场知道这些企业拥有自由现金流量的程度。如果市场不知道有自由现金流量问题的存在,那么股票回购事实上可能向市场发送一个消极的信号,说明有自由现金流量问题存在。宣告效果是消极的。然而,如果市场知道有自由现金流量问题的存在,股票回购就会发送一个积极的信号,标准差的大小取决于市场在多大程度上认为这些企业正在减少或消除他们的自由现金流量问题。因为第二组可以代表符合三种情况的企业,宣告的效果依赖于各组相对量的大小。如果组内企业的主导地位所不可缺少的是信号理论,然而,宣告效果应该是积极的。因为在这篇文章中我们专注于分析一个回购企业自由现金流量的可能性来源,让我们分析有利
48、事件和不利事件之间出现的关系和一个企业的投资机会以及自由现金流量。以下可能性存在于第一组和第三组中。首先,观察一个不利事件(例如收入的下降)。在这组(第一组)中的企业一定会面对失败的投资机会吗尽管这是有可能的,但这不是必定的。要回答这个问题,必须要确定不利的消息来源。如果它是由于意识到现金流量低于预期的现金流量没有(或向右)改变该企业的未来内部收益率曲线,那么这家企业,为了资助其未来的投资,可以通过减少分红、派发股息、发行股票或承受更大的债务募集需要的资金。另一种可能是,不利事件的发生可能不是由于低随机现金流量,而是在企业现在和未来内部收益率曲线上一个向左的移动变化。在这种情况下,企业需要更少
49、的钱作为资本支出,甚至可能有额外的现金流用来回购其股票。但由于分析的样本仅仅包括回购自己的股票,这很有可能导致第一组的企业面对失败的投资机会。第二,观察一个有利事件(例如收入的上升)。在这组(第三组)中的企业一定会面对以自由现金流量为特征的有利事件吗不一定。要回答这个问题,企业的现金流量必须再次加以分析。如果有利事件是由于在企业现在和未来内部收益率曲线上向右的移动变化(例如企业产品利润的增加),那么该企业可能没有自由现金流量,因为增长的现金流量需要负担未来扩张之用。在这种情况下,企业不期望回购股票,事实上,发行新股票或者新债券可能是必需的。出处戴博拉L甘斯鲁,股票回购对自由现金流量假说的进一步检验,财务和会计计量审查,19933353365