1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文OVERINVESTMENTOFFREECASHFLOWTHISPAPEREXAMINESFIRMINVESTINGDECISIONSINTHEPRESENCEOFFREECASHFLOWINTHEORY,FIRMLEVELINVESTMENTSHOULDNOTBERELATEDTOINTERNALLYGENERATEDCASHFLOWSMODIGLIANISTULZ1990WHENMANAGERSOBJECTIVESDIFFERFROMTHOSEOFSHAREHOLDERS,THEPRESENCEOFINTERNALLYGENERATEDCASHFLOWINE
2、XCESSOFTHATREQUIREDTOMAINTAINEXISTINGASSETSINPLACEANDFINANCENEWPOSITIVENPVPROJECTSCREATESTHEPOTENTIALFORTHOSEFUNDSTOBESQUANDEREDSECOND,THEPOSITIVERELATIONREFLECTSCAPITALMARKETIMPERFECTIONS,WHERECOSTLYEXTERNALFINANCINGCREATESTHEPOTENTIALFORINTERNALLYGENERATEDCASHFLOWSTOEXPANDTHEFEASIBLEINVESTMENTOPPO
3、RTUNITYSETEG,FAZZARI,HUBBARD,HUBBARD,1998THISPAPERFOCUSESONUTILIZINGACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONTOBETTERMEASURETHECONSTRUCTSOFFREECASHFLOWANDOVERINVESTMENT,THEREBYALLOWINGAMOREPOWERFULTESTOFTHEAGENCYBASEDEXPLANATIONFORWHYFIRMLEVELINVESTMENTISRELATEDTOINTERNALLYGENERATEDCASHFLOWSINDOINGSO,THISPAPERISTHEFIRS
4、TTOOFFERLARGESAMPLEEVIDENCEOFOVERINVESTMENTOFFREECASHFLOWPRIORRESEARCH,SUCHASBLANCHARD,LOPEZDISILANES,ANDVISHNY1994,DOCUMENTEXCESSIVEINVESTMENTANDACQUISITIONACTIVITYFORELEVENFIRMSTHATEXPERIENCEALARGECASHWINDFALLDUETOALEGALSETTLEMENT,HARFORD1999FINDSUSINGASAMPLEOF487TAKEOVERBIDS,THATCASHRICHFIRMSAREM
5、ORELIKELYTOMAKEACQUISITIONSTHATSUBSEQUENTLYEXPERIENCEABNORMALDECLINESINOPERATINGPERFORMANCE,ANDBATES2005FINDSFORASAMPLEOF400SUBSIDIARYSALESFROM1990TO1998THATFIRMSWHORETAINCASHTENDTOINVESTMORE,RELATIVETOINDUSTRYPEERSTHISPAPEREXTENDSTHESESMALLSAMPLEFINDINGSBYSHOWINGTHATOVERINVESTMENTOFFREECASHFLOWISAS
6、YSTEMATICPHENOMENONACROSSALLTYPESOFINVESTMENTEXPENDITURETHEEMPIRICALANALYSISPROCEEDSINTWOSTAGESFIRST,THEPAPERUSESANACCOUNTINGBASEDFRAMEWORKTOMEASUREBOTHFREECASHFLOWANDOVERINVESTMENTFREECASHFLOWISDEFINEDASCASHFLOWBEYONDWHATISNECESSARYTOMAINTAINASSETSINPLACEANDTOFINANCEEXPECTEDNEWINVESTMENTSOVERINVEST
7、MENTISDEFINEDASINVESTMENTEXPENDITUREBEYONDTHATREQUIREDTOMAINTAINASSETSINPLACEANDTOFINANCEEXPECTEDNEWINVESTMENTSINPOSITIVENPVPROJECTSTOMEASUREOVERINVESTMENT,IDECOMPOSETOTALINVESTMENTEXPENDITUREINTOTWOCOMPONENTSIREQUIREDINVESTMENTEXPENDITURETOMAINTAINASSETSINPLACE,ANDIINEWINVESTMENTEXPENDITUREITHENDEC
8、OMPOSENEWINVESTMENTEXPENDITUREINTOOVERINVESTMENTINNEGATIVENPVPROJECTSANDEXPECTEDINVESTMENTEXPENDITURE,WHERETHELATTERVARIESWITHTHEFIRMSGROWTHOPPORTUNITIES,FINANCINGCONSTRAINTS,INDUSTRYAFFILIATIONANDOTHERFACTORSUNDERTHEAGENCYCOSTEXPLANATION,MANAGEMENTHASTHEPOTENTIALTOSQUANDERFREECASHFLOWONLYWHENFREECA
9、SHFLOWISPOSITIVEATTHEOTHERENDOFTHESPECTRUM,FIRMSWITHNEGATIVEFREECASHFLOWCANONLYSQUANDERCASHIFTHEYAREABLETORAISECHEAPCAPITALTHISISLESSLIKELYTOOCCURBECAUSETHESEFIRMSNEEDTOBEABLETORAISEFINANCINGANDTHEREBYPLACETHEMSELVESUNDERTHESCRUTINYOFEXTERNALMARKETSDEANGELO,JENSEN,1986CONSISTENTWITHTHEAGENCYCOSTEXPL
10、ANATION,IFINDAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENOVERINVESTMENTANDFREECASHFLOWFORFIRMSWITHPOSITIVEFREECASHFLOWFORASAMPLEOF58,053FIRMYEARSDURINGTHEPERIOD19882002,IFINDTHATFORFIRMSWITHPOSITIVEFREECASHFLOWTHEAVERAGEFIRMOVERINVESTS20OFITSFREECASHFLOWFURTHERMORE,IDOCUMENTTHATTHEMAJORITYOFFREECASHFLOWISRETAINEDINT
11、HEFORMOFFINANCIALASSETSTHEAVERAGEFIRMINMYSAMPLERETAINS41OFITSFREECASHFLOWASEITHERCASHORMARKETABLESECURITIESTHEREISLITTLEEVIDENCETHATFREECASHFLOWISDISTRIBUTEDTOEXTERNALDEBTHOLDERSORSHAREHOLDERSFINDINGANASSOCIATIONBETWEENOVERINVESTMENTANDFREECASHFLOWISCONSISTENTWITHRECENTRESEARCHDOCUMENTINGPOORFUTUREP
12、ERFORMANCEFOLLOWINGFIRMLEVELINVESTMENTACTIVITYFOREXAMPLE,TITMAN,WEI,ANDXIE2004ANDFAIRFIELD,WHISENANT,ANDYOHN2003SHOWTHATFIRMSWITHEXTENSIVECAPITALINVESTMENTACTIVITYANDGROWTHINNETOPERATINGASSETSRESPECTIVELY,EXPERIENCEINFERIORFUTURESTOCKRETURNSFURTHERMORE,DECHOW,RICHARDSON,ANDSLOAN2005FINDTHATCASHFLOWS
13、RETAINEDWITHINTHEFIRMEITHERCAPITALIZEDTHROUGHACCRUALSORINVESTEDINFINANCIALASSETSAREASSOCIATEDWITHLOWERFUTUREOPERATINGPERFORMANCEANDFUTURESTOCKRETURNSTHISPERFORMANCERELATIONISCONSISTENTWITHTHEOVERINVESTMENTOFFREECASHFLOWSDOCUMENTEDINTHISPAPERTHESECONDSETOFEMPIRICALANALYSESEXAMINEWHETHERGOVERNANCESTRU
14、CTURESAREEFFECTIVEINMITIGATINGOVERINVESTMENTPRIORRESEARCHHASEXAMINEDTHEIMPACTOFAVARIETYOFGOVERNANCESTRUCTURESONFIRMVALUATIONANDTHEQUALITYOFMANAGERIALDECISIONMAKINGCOLLECTIVELY,THEABILITYOFCROSSSECTIONALVARIATIONINGOVERNANCESTRUCTURESTOEXPLAINFIRMVALUEAND/ORFIRMDECISIONMAKINGISRELATIVELYWEAKCONSISTEN
15、TWITHTHIS,IFINDEVIDENCETHATOUTOFALARGESETOFGOVERNANCEMEASURESONLYAFEWARERELATEDTOOVERINVESTMENTFOREXAMPLE,FIRMSWITHACTIVISTSHAREHOLDERSANDCERTAINANTITAKEOVERPROVISIONSARELESSLIKELYTOOVERINVESTTHEIRFREECASHFLOWTHENEXTSECTIONDEVELOPSTESTABLEHYPOTHESESCONCERNINGTHERELATIONBETWEENFREECASHFLOWANDOVERINVE
16、STMENTSECTION2DESCRIBESTHESAMPLESELECTIONANDVARIABLEMEASUREMENTSECTIONDISCUSSESEMPIRICALRESULTSFORTHEOVERINVESTMENTOFFREECASHFLOWSECTION4CONTAINSEMPIRICALANALYSISEXAMININGTHELINKBETWEENCORPORATEGOVERNANCEANDTHEOVERINVESTMENTOFFREECASHFLOW,WHILESECTION5CONCLUDES1FREECASHFLOWANDOVERINVESTMENTTHISSECTI
17、ONDESCRIBESINDETAILTHEVARIOUSTHEORIESSUPPORTINGAPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENINVESTMENTEXPENDITUREANDCASHFLOWANDTHENDEVELOPSMEASURESOFFREECASHFLOWANDOVERINVESTMENTTHATCANBEUSEDTOTESTTHEAGENCYBASEDEXPLANATION11EXPLANATIONSFORAPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENINVESTMENTEXPENDITUREANDCASHFLOWINAWORLDOFPERFECTCAPITALMA
18、RKETSTHEREWOULDBENOASSOCIATIONBETWEENFIRMLEVELINVESTINGACTIVITIESANDINTERNALLYGENERATEDCASHFLOWSIFAFIRMNEEDEDADDITIONALCASHTOFINANCEANINVESTMENTACTIVITYITWOULDSIMPLYRAISETHATCASHFROMEXTERNALCAPITALMARKETSIFTHEFIRMHADEXCESSCASHBEYONDTHATNEEDEDTOFUNDAVAILABLEPOSITIVENPVPROJECTSINCLUDINGOPTIONSONFUTURE
19、INVESTMENTITWOULDDISTRIBUTEFREECASHFLOWTOEXTERNALMARKETSFIRMSDONOT,HOWEVER,OPERATEINSUCHAWORLDTHEREAREAVARIETYOFCAPITALMARKETFRICTIONSTHATIMPEDETHEABILITYOFMANAGEMENTTORAISECASHFROMEXTERNALCAPITALMARKETSINADDITION,THEREARESIGNIFICANTTRANSACTIONCOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHMONITORINGMANAGEMENTTOENSURETHATFREEC
20、ASHFLOWISINDEEDDISTRIBUTEDTOEXTERNALCAPITALMARKETSINEQUILIBRIUM,THESECAPITALMARKETFRICTIONSCANSERVEASASUPPORTFORAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENFIRMINVESTINGACTIVITIESANDINTERNALLYGENERATEDCASHFLOWTHEAGENCYCOSTEXPLANATIONINTRODUCEDBYJENSEN1986ANDSTULZ1990SUGGESTSTHATMONITORINGDIFFICULTYCREATESTHEPOTENTIA
21、LFORMANAGEMENTTOSPENDINTERNALLYGENERATEDCASHFLOWONPROJECTSTHATAREBENEFICIALFROMAMANAGEMENTPERSPECTIVEBUTCOSTLYFROMASHAREHOLDERPERSPECTIVETHEFREECASHFLOWHYPOTHESISSEVERALPAPERSHAVEINVESTIGATEDTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHEFREECASHFLOWHYPOTHESISONFIRMINVESTMENTACTIVITYFOREXAMPLE,LAMONT1997ANDBERGERANDHANN2003FI
22、NDEVIDENCECONSISTENTWITHCASHRICHSEGMENTSCROSSSUBSIDIZINGMOREPOORLYPERFORMINGSEGMENTSINDIVERSIFIEDFIRMSHOWEVER,THEEVIDENCEINTHESEPAPERSCOULDALSOBECONSISTENTWITHMARKETFRICTIONSINHIBITINGTHEABILITYOFTHEFIRMTORAISECAPITALEXTERNALLYANDNOTNECESSARILYANINDICATIONOFOVERINVESTMENTRELATEDEVIDENCECANALSOBEFOUN
23、DINHARFORD1999ANDOPLER,PINKOWITZ,STULZ,ANDWILLIAMSON1999,2001HARFORDUSESASAMPLEOF487TAKEOVERBIDSTODOCUMENTTHATCASHRICHFIRMSAREMORELIKELYTOMAKEACQUISITIONSANDTHESECASHRICHACQUISITIONSAREFOLLOWEDBYABNORMALDECLINESINOPERATINGPERFORMANCEOPLERETAL1999FINDSOMEEVIDENCETHATCOMPANIESWITHEXCESSCASHMEASUREDUSI
24、NGBALANCESHEETCASHINFORMATIONHAVEHIGHERCAPITALEXPENDITURES,ANDSPENDMOREONACQUISITIONS,EVENWHENTHEYAPPEARTOHAVEPOORINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIESASMEASUREDBYTOBINSQPERHAPSTHEMOSTDIRECTEVIDENCEONTHEOVERINVESTMENTOFFREECASHFLOWISTHEANALYSISINBLANCHARDETAL1994THEYFINDTHATELEVENFIRMSWITHWINDFALLLEGALSETTLEMENTS
25、APPEARTOENGAGEINWASTEFULEXPENDITURECOLLECTIVELY,PRIORRESEARCHISSUGGESTIVEOFANAGENCYBASEDEXPLANATIONSUPPORTINGTHEPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENINVESTMENTANDINTERNALLYGENERATEDCASHFLOWHOWEVER,THESEPAPERSAREBASEDONRELATIVELYSMALLSAMPLESANDDONOTMEASUREOVERINVESTMENTORFREECASHFLOWDIRECTLYTHUS,THEFINDINGSOFEARLI
26、ERWORKMAYNOTBEGENERALIZABLETOLARGERSAMPLESNORISITDIRECTLYATTRIBUTABLETOTHEAGENCYCOSTEXPLANATIONMOREGENERALLY,ACRITICISMOFTHELITERATUREEXAMININGTHERELATIONBETWEENINVESTMENTANDCASHFLOWISTHATFINDINGAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONMAYMERELYINDICATETHATCASHFLOWSSERVEASANEFFECTIVEPROXYFORINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIESMYAIMI
27、STOBETTERMEASURETHECONSTRUCTSOFFREECASHFLOWANDOVERINVESTMENTBYINCORPORATINGANACCOUNTINGBASEDMEASUREOFGROWTHOPPORTUNITIES,ANDTESTWHETHERTHERELATIONISEVIDENTINALARGESAMPLEOFFIRMSINADDITIONTOPRIOREMPIRICALWORKONAGENCYBASEDEXPLANATIONSFORTHELINKBETWEENFIRMLEVELINVESTMENTANDINTERNALLYGENERATEDFREECASHFLO
28、W,THEREEXISTSASTREAMOFRESEARCHDEDICATEDTOEXAMININGTHEROLEOFFINANCINGCONSTRAINTSEG,FAZZARIETAL1988,HOSHI,KASHYAP,ANDSCHARFSTEIN1991,FAZZARIANDPETERSEN1993,WHITED1992ANDHUBBARD1998MYERSANDMAJLUF1984SUGGESTTHATINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESINCREASETHECOSTOFCAPITALFORFIRMSFORCEDTORAISEEXTERNALFINANCE,THEREBYRED
29、UCINGTHEFEASIBLEINVESTMENTTHUS,INTHEPRESENCEOFINTERNALLYGENERATEDCASHFLOW,SUCHFIRMSWILLINVESTMOREINRESPONSETOTHELOWERCOSTOFCAPITALSOMEEARLYWORKINTHISAREAEXAMINEDTHESENSITIVITYOFINVESTMENTTOCASHFLOWFORHIGHVERSUSLOWDIVIDENDPAYINGFIRMSFAZZARIETAL,1988,COMPARINGDIFFERINGORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURESWHERETHEA
30、BILITYTORAISEEXTERNALFINANCINGWASEASIER/HARDERHOSHI,KASHYAPANDSCHARFSTEIN,1991,WITHJAPANESEKEIRETSUFIRMSANDDEBTCONSTRAINTSWHITED,1992THESEPAPERSFINDEVIDENCEOFGREATERSENSITIVITYOFINVESTMENTTOCASHFLOWFORSETSOFFIRMSWHICHAPPEAREDTOBEFINANCIALLYCONSTRAINEDEG,LOWDIVIDENDPAYINGFIRMS,HIGHDEBTFIRMSANDFIRMSWI
31、THLIMITEDACCESSTOBANKSHOWEVER,MORERECENTRESEARCHCASTSDOUBTONTHEEARLIERRESULTSSPECIFICALLY,KAPLANANDZINGALES1997,2000,FINDTHATTHESENSITIVITYOFINVESTMENTTOCASHFLOWPERSISTSEVENFORFIRMSWHODONOTFACEFINANCINGCONSTRAINTSTHEYCONSTRUCTAMEASUREOFEXANTEFINANCINGCONSTRAINTSFORASMALLSAMPLEOFFIRMSANDFINDTHATTHESE
32、NSITIVITYOFINVESTMENTTOCASHFLOWFORFIRMSISNEGATIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHTHISMEASURE,THEREBYCASTINGDOUBTONTHEFINANCINGCONSTRAINTHYPOTHESISNONETHELESSTHEINVESTMENTEXPECTATIONMODELDESCRIBEDINSECTION14INCLUDESAVARIETYOFMEASURESDESIGNEDTOCAPTUREFINANCINGCONSTRAINTS12PRIMARYHYPOTHESISASDESCRIBEDINTHEEARLIERSECTI
33、ON,INAWORLDOFPERFECTCAPITALMARKETSNOFRICTIONSFORRAISINGEXTERNALFINANCE,NOINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESANDASSOCIATEDMORALHAZARDPROBLEMS,NOTAXESETC,THERESHOULDBENOASSOCIATIONBETWEENFIRMLEVELINVESTMENTANDINTERNALLYGENERATEDCASHFLOWSHOWEVER,WHENITISCOSTLYFOREXTERNALCAPITALPROVIDERSTOMONITORMANAGEMENT,ANDITISCO
34、STLYFORTHEFIRMTORAISEEXTERNALFINANCE,ANASSOCIATIONISEXPECTEDSPECIFICALLY,THERESHOULDBEAPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENFIRMLEVELINVESTMENTEXPENDITUREANDINTERNALLYGENERATEDCASHFLOWSTHISRELATION,HOWEVER,COULDBEDUETOSEVERALFACTORSITCOULDREFLECTMANAGEMENTENGAGINGINADDITIONALINVESTMENTONSELFSERVINGPROJECTSRATHERT
35、HANDISTRIBUTETHECASHTOSHAREHOLDERSSUCHDECISIONSCANINCLUDEIEMPIREBUILDINGSEEEG,SHLEIFERJENSENLAMONT,1997ALTERNATIVELY,ITCOULDREFLECTTHEINCREASEDINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITYSETFROMRELATIVELYLESSCOSTLYINTERNALFINANCINGSOURCESTOFOCUSONTHEAGENCYBASEDEXPLANATION,THENEXTSECTIONBUILDSANINVESTMENTEXPECTATIONMODELTH
36、ATCAPTURESFIRMSPECIFICGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESANDMEASURESOFFINANCINGCONSTRAINTSFIRMSWITHPOSITIVERESIDUALSFROMTHISEXPECTATIONMODELARELIKELYTOBEOVERINVESTINGTHEEMPIRICALTESTSFOCUSONTHISGROUPOFFIRMSANDEXAMINEWHETHEROVERINVESTMENTISRELATEDTOAVAILABLEFREECASHFLOWATTHETIMETHOSEINVESTMENTSWEREMADESOURCESCOTTRIC
37、HARDSON,2006“OVERINVESTMENTOFFREECASHFLOW”REVACCSTUDNOVEMBERPP159189译文过度投资的自由现金流量这篇论文探讨了在自由现金流量下企业的投资决策。从理论上来说,企业投资水平不应与内部自由现金流量有关系(莫迪利亚尼和米勒,1958年)。但是,以前的研究已经证明投资支出与自由现金流量存在正相关的关系(例如,哈伯德,1998年)。对这种正相关的关系有两种解释。首先,这种正相关的关系是代理问题的一个表现,那些拥有自由现金流量的公司经理浪费了开支(例如,詹森,1986;斯图尔兹,1990)。当经理的目标与那些股东不同,在内部的存在产生自由现金
38、流量超过那些需要保持现有资产的地方,新的明确的净现值规划创造的这些潜在的资金可能被浪费掉。第二,这种正相关的关系反映资本市场的不完全,昂贵的外部融资创造了内部潜在的自由现金流量,以扩大潜在的可行的投资机会集(例如,法兹泽瑞,哈伯德和彼得森,1988;哈伯德,1998)。本文重点介绍利用会计信息更好地衡量自由现金流量和过度投资,从而允许对代理理论解释坚定的投资水平与内部自由现金流量有关联的原因做了更强大的测试。这样做,本文是第一个提供大量样本证明过度投资的自由现金流量。在此之前的研究,如布兰查德,洛佩兹迪赛伦兹和魏施尼(1994),记录了由于暴利引发的法律纠纷的11家公司的过度投资和获得大量现金
39、流量的经验,哈福德(1999)发现使用收购出价的487个样本,即现金充裕的公司更可能进行收购,随后经历经营业绩的异常下降,贝茨(2005)发现了1990年至1998年400个销售子公司的样品,那些保留现金的企业相对于业界同行更倾向于投资。本文通过这些小样本发现自由现金流量的过度投资是所有类型投资支出的系统现象。在两个阶段的实证分析收益。首先,本文采用的会计为基础的框架来衡量自由现金流量和过度投资。自由现金流量被定义为那些在适当位置超出维持公司经营必要的资产和为预计的新的投资供给资金的现金流量。过度投资被定义为投资花费超出必须在适当位置保持资产和为预计为资金净现值为正的项目上投入资金的需要。为了
40、估计过度投资,笔者将总投资分解成两个部分(1)为了在适当位置保持资产而需要的投资开支,(2)新的投资开支。然后将新的投资支出分解成产生负的净现值方案的过度投资和期望的投资支出,其中后者因公司的成长机会,融资约束,行业隶属和其他因素而各不相同。根据代理成本的解释,管理层有可能在自由现金流量为正时,浪费自由现金流量。在范围的另一端,如果能够筹集到“便宜”的资金,拥有负的自由现金流量的企业只能浪费现金。这是不太可能发生的,因为这些企业需要能够筹融资,从而将他们自己置于外部市场的监督之下(迪安杰罗,斯图而兹,2004;詹森,1986)。与代理成本的解释相一致,我找到了一个企业过度投资和对企业的自由现金
41、流量呈正相关的确定的关系。如58053事务所19882002年期间的样本,我发现,自由现金流量为正的公司比一般公司过度投资20的自由现金流量。此外,我发现自由现金流量大多以金融资产的形式保留。在我的样本中平均有41的公司它们的自由现金流量不是以现金的形式就是以可交易的有价证券的形式存在。很少有证据表明,自由现金流量分布在外债持有人或股东手中。找到过度投资和自由现金流量的联合关系,与最近研究记载的以下未来表现欠佳的企业的投资活动是一致的。例如,蒂特曼,魏,谢(2004),费尔菲尔德,会森南特和约恩(2003)显示拥有广泛的资本投资活动和经营性资产净值的增长分别体验未来股票收益的公司增长较低。此外
42、,德诚,理查德森,和斯隆(2005)发现,现金流量在企业内部保留(通过预提或投资于金融资产的资本化)与降低未来的经营业绩和未来的股票收益相关联。这种性能的关系是与过度投资现金流量本文记载相一致。第二组以实验为依据的解释对管理结构对减少过度投资是否有效做出了解释。先前的研究检验了公司各种管理结构对公司估价和管理决策制定的影响。明显地,公司管理结构变动的程度可以解释公司价值和公司决策制定相对较为薄弱的情况。与此相联系,我发现众多的管理方式只有小部分和过度投资有联系的证据。例如,拥有活跃股东和拥有某些反收购规定的公司过度投资他们的自由现金流量的可能性更小。下一部分显示关于自由现金流量与过度投资关系的
43、可检验假说。第二部分描述了样本选择和变量的测量。第三部分讨论了过度投资的自由现金流量的实证结果。第四部分包含的实证分析与研究公司治理和过度投资的自由现金流量之间的联系,第五部分得出结论。1、自由现金流量和过度投资这个部分详细介绍了支持投资支出和现金流量之间正相关关系的各种理论,然后发展自由现金流量和可以用于详细解释测试机构措施的过度投资。11解释投资支出和现金流量呈正相关关系在一个完美的资本市场上不会有企业层面之间的投资活动和内部自由现金流量的关联。如果一个公司需要额外的现金为投资活动供给资金,它只会过度投资来提高自由现金流量,从外部资本市场获取现金。如果企业需要的资金已经超越现有的正净现值的
44、项目(对未来的投资,包括期权),过量的自由现金流量将派发流入国外市场。但是,企业并没有在这样的一个世界上运作。各种有摩擦的资本市场阻碍公司从外部资本市场获得现金。此外,公司还有相当可观的交易成本与监督管理,以确保自由现金流量确实分配给外部的资本市场的相关费用。这些资本市场的摩擦可以作为公司投资活动和内部自由现金流量积极关系均衡的支持。代理成本理论被詹森和斯图尔兹引用,他们提出,造成管理监控难度的项目上花钱是从股东的角度来看有利于从管理的角度,但昂贵的内部产生的现金流量的潜力(自由现金流量假设)。有几篇论文已经调查了自由现金流量对企业投资活动的影响。例如,拉蒙特(1997年)、伯杰和汉恩(200
45、3年)发现证据与现金充裕段交叉补贴更差的企业进行多元化段是一致的。然而,在这些论文的证据也可以用市场摩擦一致抑制了公司外部筹集资金的能力,而不是一定是过度的投资的迹象。相关的证据也可以哈福德(1999)和欧普拉,匹克沃兹,斯图而兹和威廉森(1999,2001)。哈福德使用了487个收购出价的样本文件,现金充裕的公司更可能进行收购,而这些现金充裕收购在经营业绩不正常地下降之后。欧普拉等发现一些证据表明公司现金测量仪过量使用(斟酌使用资产负债表的现金信息)有较高的资本支出,并花费更多的收购,即使他们似乎有穷人的投资机会(如托宾的Q衡量)。也许对过度投资的自由现金流量最直接的证据在布兰查德等人的分析
46、(1994年)。他们发现,有11家公司意外出现的法律定居点从事浪费的开支。总的来说,以前的研究是一个机构为基础的配套投资和内部产生的现金流量呈正相关的解释暗示。然而,这些论文是基于相对小的样本,没有测量过投资或直接自由现金流量。因此,早期作品中的结果可能无法一般化到大样本,也不是直接由于代理成本的解释。更普遍的是在研究投资于现金流量的关系的文献批评的是,找到一个积极的关系可能只是表面,现金流量作为服务有效的代理投资机会。我的目的是为了更好地衡量自由现金流量和过度投资结构纳入会计的发展机会的措施,并测试关系是否是显而易见的一个大样本的公司。除了先前解释的基础上机构之间的工作的经验层次的投资和企业
47、产生的自由现金流量环节,存在一个致力于融资约束作用的流的研究(法兹泽瑞(1988),保志,卡沙和沙尔夫史蒂芬(1991),法兹泽瑞和皮特森(1993),怀特德(1992)和哈伯德(1998)。迈尔斯和麦吉罗夫(1984)认为信息不对称增加了企业外部融资成本,从而降低了可行的投资。因此,企业内部存在自由现金流量,可以对更低的资本成本进行投资。在这一领域早期的研究,研究了高股利支付和低股利支付的公司投资现金流量的敏感性(法兹泽瑞等(1988),比较不同组织结构外部融资能力的强弱(保志,卡沙和沙尔夫史蒂芬,1991和日本公司)和债务约束(怀特德,1992)。这些论文找到投资现金流量更敏感的公司出现经
48、济上约束的证据(低股利支付公司,高负债公司和限制权利使用银行资金的公司)。然而,最近的研究是人们对先前的结果产生了疑问。具体来说,卡普兰和津加莱斯(1997,2000)发现在那些没有面对融资约束的公司中投资对现金流量的敏感性依然存在。他们建造了一个小样本公司事前融资约束措施,发现投资现金流量敏感性与这个措施呈负相关关系,因此,使人对融资约束假说产生疑问。尽管如此,在14节中描述的投资预期模型包括了用来捕捉各种融资约束措施。12主要假设正如前面一节所述,在一个完美的资本市场上(没有对外筹集资金的摩擦,没有信息不对称和道德风险的问题,没有税收等),公司投资水平和内部自由现金流量之间没有联系。然而,
49、当外部资本的提供者的检测管理成本很高,而且对公司来说,筹集外部资金和建立期望的联系是昂贵的。这种关系可能是由于以下几个因素。这反映管理人员可能在自我服务的项目增加额外投资,而不是向股东派发股利。这些决定可能包括(I)绝对支配权的建立(例如见,施莱福和维什尼,1997),(II)额外补贴消费(詹森和麦克林,1976),(III)多元化收购(例如,默克,施莱福和维什尼,1990),(IV)利用成功项目获得的现金补贴了表现糟糕的项目,而不是将现金分派给股东(例如,伯杰和海恩,2003;詹森和麦克林,1976;拉蒙特,1997)。另外,它可以从(相对便宜的)内置的资金来源反映增加的投资机会。把重点放在基于机构的解释,下一部分构建的投资预期模型来捕捉公司明确的发展机遇和融资限制措施。从这个期望模型出发,正残值的公司可能超过投资。实证研究以这类公司为核心来检验在这些投资过程中过度投资是否与可获得的自由现金流量有关系。出处斯科特理查森,超额自由现金流量的投资,会计研究述评,200611P159189