1、本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译原文THELENDINGPOLICYOFTHEREALESTATEPROPERTIESINROMANIATHEREALESTATEMARKETDEVELOPMENTINROMANIADEPENDSVERYMUCHBYTHEBUYINGCAPACITYOFTHEPOPULATIONAND,INTHESAMETIME,THEFINANCIALFACILITIESWHICHTHISMARKETCANOFFERATONEMOMENTTHEMAINPROBLEMSTHATISCONFRONTINGWITHTHISMARKETARETHEFOLLOWINGTHEFINANCIN
2、GCONDITIONSIMPOSEDBYBANKS,ASWELLASOTHERINSTITUTIONSTHATOFFERREALESTATECREDITS,THATLIMITORMAKEEVENIMPOSSIBLETHECREDITACCESSOFTHEPERSONSWITHSMALLSALARIESTHEINSUFFICIENTINFORMINGOFTHEROMANIANCITIZENSREGARDINGTHEINVESTMENTANDECONOMIZING,BUTALSOTHEQUESTIONAMOUNTRELATIVELYHIGHOFTHESETOWARDSOMEFINANCIALINS
3、TITUTIONSTHEINSUFFICIENTDEVELOPMENTOFTHEECONOMIZEINVESTMENTCULTUREOFTHEPOPULATIONFROMROMANIAFOREXAMPLE,IN2003,BETWEEN6070FROMTHEROMANIANCITIZENSDIDNTHADANYRELATIONWITHTHEBANKSYSTEM,ANDONLY59300FROMTHEROMANIANSHADASSUMEDTHEACTIVEINVESTORROLEONTHEMUTUALFUNDSMARKETMEANWHILE,THEREHASBEENREGISTEREDPROGRE
4、SSESINTHISDIRECTION,WHEREONASPECIALCONTRIBUTIONHADTHECHANGESSUPERVENEDINTHEPAYMENTMODALITYWITHINTHEBANKCARDSOFTHESALARIESANDOTHERREMUNERATIONFORMS,WHAT“FORCED”THEPOPULATIONTOFAMILIARIZEWITHTHISPAYMENTSYSTEMAND,GENERALLY,TOLINEUNMOREWITHTHEBANKSYSTEMTHELEGISLATIVEFRAME,THATCANRESTRICTOR,CONTRARY,CANF
5、ACILITATETHEACCESSTOREALESTATECREDIT,WITHADIRECTIMPACTONTHEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSOFTHEREALESTATEMARKETINROMANIADRAGOT,VANDOTHERS,2003INTHEPURPOSEOFFACILITATINGAFASTACCESSOFTHECITIZENSTOTHEMORTGAGECREDITS,HADSTARTEDTOFUNCTIONINROMANIAMORTGAGESOCIETIES,WHOMWANTTOBACKUPTHEACQUISITION,RENOVATION,ANDHOUSESCO
6、NSTRUCTIONTHEMORTGAGESOCIETIESTRYTOATTRACTNATURALANDJURIDICALPERSONSINTERESTEDTOOBTAINTHISTYPEOFCREDITS,MAINLYWITHTHEFACTTHATTHEYPRESENTTHEMSELVESASORGANISMSTHATASSURESFASTACCESSTOTHEFINANCIALSOURCESBECAUSEDOESNTSOLICITTHEEXISTENCEOFSOMEWORKCONTRACTOFTHESOLICITANTMADEONANUNDETERMINEDPERIOD,ASLONGAST
7、HEVENUESARECONSTANTSFUNDAMENTTHEFINANCIALDECISIONONTHEBASEOFANALYZINGCASEBYCASETHECREDITAPPLICATIONS,ANDNOTONASCORINGCREDITBASE,WHATASSURESAPERSONALIZATIONOFCREDITSRECEIVEDBYCLIENTSANDFACILITATESTHEACCESSTOTHISTYPEOFRESOURCESOFAMUCHBIGGERNUMBEROFPERSONSTHAT,EVENIFTHEYDONTPRESENTAGROWNRISKOFUNRETURNI
8、NGCREDIT,AREELIMINATEDWITHINTHESCORESYSTEMAPPLIEDBYTHECREDITORDOESNTIMPOSEMINIMALAGECONDITIONSANDANYMINIMALVALUEOFTHECREDITTHEMAINSOURCEFORFINANCINGTHEACQUISITIONSORTHEHOUSESMODERNIZATIONSINROMANIA,INTHISMOMENT,REMAINSTHEREALESTATE/MORTGAGEBANKCREDITTHECONDITIONSREGARDINGTHEALLOCATIONOFTHESECREDITSB
9、YTHEROMANIANBANKSCANBEFOUNDORONTHEWEBSITESOFTHEBANKSFROMROMANIA,ORONTHEWEBSITESOFTHEPUBLICATIONSTHATCONCERNTHISDOMAINTHECHARACTERISTICSOFONEREALESTATECREDITARETHEDESTINATION,THEPURPOSEWHICHFORISSOLICITEDTHECURRENCYINWHICHISCONTRACTEDTHECREDITTHEVALUEOFTHECREDITTHEADVANCEPAYMENTSOLICITEDTHEINTERESTRA
10、TETHECOMMISSIONSTAKEBYTHEBANKPENALTIESMINIMUMVENUESOLICITEDTOTHECLIENTGUARANTIESSOLICITEDENDORSERSINSURANCEPOLICYSOLICITEDREQUESTSREGARDINGTHEEVALUATIONREPORTOFTHEBUILDINGAGECONDITIONSANDSTABILITYOFTHEWORKPLACEOFTHECLIENTATHEPURPOSEFORTHECREDITCONTRACTIONTHEDESTINATIONSOFTHEGIVENCREDITSCANBEBUYINGBU
11、ILDINGS,HOUSESCONSTRUCTION,ASWELLASTHEIRRENOVATIONSOMEBANKSASSUREFINANCINGFORALLTHREETYPESOFOPERATIONS,WHILEOTHERBACKUPONLYTHEBUILDINGACQUISITIONBTHECURRENCYINWHICHISEXPRESSEDTHECREDITTHEREALESTATECREDITSCANBEEXPRESSEDINLEI,EUROORDOLLARS,SOMEBANKSASSURINGTHEACCESSTOALLTHREEVARIANTS,ASOTHERONESREDUCE
12、THEPOSSIBILITIESTOONEORTWOOFTHECURRENCIESCHOOSINGBETWEENDIFFERENTCURRENCIESINWHICHITCANBEEXPRESSEDTHECREDITMUSTBEMADEACCORDINGTOTHERATEOFEXCHANGEEVOLUTIONOFTHENATIONALCURRENCYAGAINSTTHEFOREIGNCURRENCY,THECURRENCYINWHICHISMADETHEPAYMENTTOTHESELLEROFTHEREALESTATEPROPERTY,BUTALSOACCORDINGTOTHECURRENCYI
13、NWHICHISEXPRESSEDTHESALARYTAKENBYTHECLIENTCTHECREDITVALUESOMEBANKSPRACTICEALSOMINIMALVALUES,ANDMAXIMUMLIMITOFTHECREDIT,OTHERIMPOSEONLYONEOFTHESERESTRICTIONS,ACCORDINGTOSOMECRITERIA,LIKETHEAGEOFTHESOLICITANT,THEVALUEOFTHEGUARANTIES,THEEXISTENCEOFSOMECOPAYERSETCDTHECREDITDURATIONTHEMAXIMTERMFORGIVINGA
14、CREDITISDIFFERENTACCORDINGTOTHEPURPOSEOFSOLICITATIONOFTHECREDIT,USUALLYBETWEEN5AND30YEARSFROMTHEREALESTATEACQUISITION,RESPECTIVEBETWEEN5AND20YEARSINTHECASEOFTHECREDITSFORRENOVATIONASLONGASTHECREDITDURATIONISLARGER,THEPAYMENTRATESWILLBESMALLER,BUTTHEINCERTITUDEREGARDINGTHEVENUEREALIZATIONFROMWHEREARE
15、PAIDTHESERATESWILLBELARGERETHEADVANCEPAYMENTSOLICITEDTHEMAJORITYOFTHEBANKSSOLICITAMINIMALADVANCEPAYMENT,ACCORDINGTOBNRNORMS,WHICHISVARYINGBETWEEN10AND30FROMTHETOTALCREDITAMOUNTINMARCH2007,THERULEREGARDINGCREDITRISKLIMITATIONOFTHECREDITSFORNATURALPERSONS,ADOPTEDBYBNR,HASELIMINATEDTHEINDISPENSABILITYO
16、FASSURINGTHECREDITADVANCE,ABROGATINGTHE10/2005AND20/2006NORMS,INWHICHTHECREDITINSTITUTIONSWEREOBLIGATEDTOSOLICITANADVANCEPAYMENTOFATLEAST25FORTHECREDITOFREALESTATEINVESTMENTSFTHEINTERESTRATEASREGARDINGTHEINTERESTSOLICITEDBYBANKS,THEREISADIVERSITYOFOFFERS,BOTHRELATEDTOITSLEVEL,THEMOMENTOFPERCEPTION,A
17、NDREGARDINGTHEAPPLIEDSYSTEMDETERMINATEORVARIABLETHEREEXISTALSOADVANTAGESANDLIMITSFORBOTHBASESYSTEMSREGARDINGTHEINTERESTRATE,DETERMINATEORVARIABLEGAPPLIEDCOMMISSIONSINTHECATEGORYOFCOSTSINVOLVEDBYOBTAININGAREALESTATEBANKCREDITMUSTTAKEINTOCONSIDERATIONALSOTHECOMMISSIONSTAKENFORDIFFERENTSERVICESMADEBYBA
18、NKSCREDITFILEANALYSIS,CREDITADMINISTRATION/INSTRUMENTATIONTHESEAREEXPRESSEDINABSOLUTEAMOUNTSORINPERCENTSAPPLIEDONTHECREDITVALUEHPENALTIESFORDELAYRETURNINGOFTHEEXPIRATIONRATETODISCOURAGETHEDELAYTENDENCYINTHEPAYMENTOFTHEEXPIRATIONRATES,BANKSAPPLIESPENALTIESFORTHEPERIODINWHICHWASNTPAIDTHEAMOUNTDUE,USUA
19、LLYEXPRESSEDACCORDINGTOTHELEVELOFTHEOVERDUEAMOUNTSOMEBANKSAPPLYPENALTIESFORADVANCERETURNINGOFTHECREDIT,USUALLYAPPLIEDTOTHEVALUEOFTHEAMOUNTOFMONEYRETURNEDOVERTHEMONTHLYPAYMENTRATEITHEMINIMUMVENUESOLICITEDTOTHECLIENTBANKSPRACTICEDIFFERENTSYSTEMSFORTAKINGINTOCONSIDERATIONTHEMINIMUMSOLICITEDVENUEINSOMEC
20、ASESTHEREISTHEPOSSIBILITYTOTAKEINTOCONSIDERATIONALSOTHECUMULATEDVENUESOFTHEFAMILYMEMBERSJREALESTATEGUARANTEECLOSINGANASSURANCEPOLICYISOBLIGATORY,BUTTHEREEXISTDIFFERENCESREGARDINGTHEMETHODSWHERETHROUGHTHISISMADEORTHECLIENTASSURESTHEHOUSETOTHEASSURANCESOCIETYCHOSENBYHIM,ORTHEASSURANCECOSTISINCLUDEDINT
21、HEINTERESTANDISPAIDBYTHEBANK,THISBEINGREALIZEDONLYTOASSURANCESOCIETIESAPPROVEDBYTHEBANK,BEINGDECLAREDASFREEASSURANCEWHICHTHECLIENTDOESNTPAYITINDEPENDENTLY,BUTITEXISTINTHECREDITCOSTKTHEASSURANCEINCASEOFDECEASEOFTHECLIENTSOMEBANKSIMPOSETHECLOSINGOFONEEXTRAASSURANCE,INAPTLYNAMED“LIVELY”,WITHINTHEBANKIS
22、PROTECTINGAGAINSTTHEDECEASERISKOFTHESOLICITANT,WHATMAKESTOBEABOUTADECEASEASSURANCEINSOMECASES,BANKSAREMUCHMOREPRUDENT,ASKINGALSOASSURANCEFORPERMANENT/TEMPORARYINVALIDITYDRAGOT,V,AU,LANDOTHERS,2005LTHEEVALUATIONOFTHEACQUISITIONPROPERTYTHEEVALUATIONISMADEMYABANKEVALUATORORAPPROVEDBYTHEBANK,BUTTHEREARE
23、ALSOCASESFORSMALLVALUECREDITSWHENTHEBANKDOESNTIMPOSETHEEVALUATIONORACCEPTALSOANINTERNALEVALUATIONMTHEAGEANDTHECREDITSOLICITANTOCCUPATIONITISUSEDTHESTABILIZATIONOFTHEMINIMALLIMITOFTHECREDITSOLICITANTAGE,OFTHEMAXIMUMAGEORBOTHOFTHEMSOMETIMESITISALSOIMPORTANTTHETYPEOFACTIVITYTAKENBYTHEDEBTORALSO,ITISPOS
24、SIBLETOIMPOSECERTAINSTABILITYTOTHEWORKPLACE,DIRECTLYORLIMITINGTHENUMBEROFWORKPLACESCHANGEDINTHELASTFEWYEARSNENDORSERSINSOMECASES,BANKSCANSOLICITTHEEXISTENCEOFSOMEENDORSERSTOGIVETHECREDITORCANOFFER,ASAFACILITY,THEPOSSIBILITYTOCOVERTHEPERCENTOFOVER100FROMTHEGUARANTYVALUEWITHTHEREALESTATEGOODSVALUETHAT
25、THEENDORSERSHAVEINROMANIA,THEBANKSCONSULTADATABASEADMINISTRATEDBYBNR,CALLEDTHESTATIONOFBANKRISKS,TOVERIFYTHEDECLARATIONSOFTHENATURALPERSONS,POTENTIALCLIENTSANDTHEIRENDORSERSINTHISDATABASEAREINSCRIBEDALLTHEPERSONSTHATHADSOLICITEDANDRECEIVEDCREDITSFROMTHEBANKSFROMROMANIA,EXISTINGTHEPOSSIBILITYTOVERIFY
26、THEWAYINWHICHTHESEHADACCOMPLISHEDTHEIROBLIGATIONSUNTILTHATMOMENTOTHEMORTGAGEONTHEIMMOVABLEALLREALESTATECREDITSTHATAREGIVEN,CONCERNMORTGAGEONTHEBOUGHTIMMOVABLE,WHICHINSOMECASESMUSTCOVEROVER100FROMTHECREDITVALUETHECREDITPLUSTHEINTERESTFORACERTAINTIMEPERIODTHEMORTGAGEISAREALCLAIMONTHEREALESTATESAFFECTE
27、DONTHEPAYINGOFONEOBLIGATION,THATDOESNTINVOLVETHEDISPOSSESSIONBYTHEGOODBROUGHTINGUARANTYPERIODOFTHATTHATCLOSEITTHEBANKPRACTICESTHECONVENTIONALMORTGAGE,WHICHSUPPOSESTHEVOLITIONACCORDOFTHEPARTSASTHECREDITDEVELOPS,EVENIFITWASPAIDAPARTOFTHEDEBT,THEMORTGAGEWILLSTILLEXISTONTHEENTIREREALESTATECIUMA,CANDOTHE
28、RS,2006NOTANYFINANCINGSOURCEISPROFITABLEFROMALLPOINTSOFVIEW,EVENIFTHISISPERFECTLEGALLYANEXTREMELYIMPORTANTVARIABLEISTHEFINANCINGCOSTINAECONOMYTHATFUNCTIONSPROPERLY,ALSOTHELOANEDTHECLIENTANDALSOTHELENDERTHEBANKHASTOSURVIVEANDTODEVELOP,FROMTHECONFRONTATIONOFTHEIRPOINTSOFVIEWRESULTINGTHECOSTSLEVELFORFI
29、NANCINGTHEREALESTATESPROPERTIES,ITISPOSSIBLETOAPPEALFORSEVERALSOURCES,EACHOFTHEMWITHTHEIROWNADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESDRAGOT,V,AU,LANDOTHERS,2005OWNSOURCES,THATCANBEOBTAINEDFROMFAMILYANDFRIENDSASWHILEASFORTHESEISNTPERCEIVEDACOSTASINTERESTOROTHERADVANTAGES,FIXED“APRIORI”,ANDFORTHEPAYMENTISNTSETACLEAR
30、REFUNDTERM,FEATURESTHATWOULDTRANSFORM,MOREORLESS,THECHARACTERISTICSOFTHELOANFROMFRIENDSINTOBANKCREDITLOANSFROMBANKSOROTHERABLEFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSTHEOWNFINANCIALSOURCESHAVEANADVANTAGEFROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFTHEIRCONSTANCY,ANDALSOFORTHEFACTTHATTHEREEXISTAFULLLIBERTYREGARDINGTHEMANNERTHATITCANBEUSEDONTHE
31、OTHERHAND,MUSTKEEPINVIEWANIMPORTANTASPECTBUYINGAREALESTATECANBESEENASANINVESTMENTTHEGAINSTHATBRINGSTHISINVESTMENTFROMTHERENTSANDFAVORABLEPRICEVARIATIONSOFTHEREALESTATEPROPERTIESSHOULDBEINTERPRETEDASANOPPORTUNITYCOST,ASA“LOSTCHANCE”COST,RESPECTIVEOFTHEGAINSTHATWOULDHAVEBEENPOSSIBLEIF,INSTEADBUYINGTHI
32、SPROPERTY,ITWOULDHADBEENINVESTEDINOTHERFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSOR,ITWOULDHADBEENJUSTCONSUMEDFORTHELOANEDSOURCESTHECOSTCANBEMUCHMOREEASILYDETERMINED,ONTHEBASEOFTHEINTERESTRATEINSCRIBEDINTHECONTRACTTHEBANKHASAHIGHERCERTITUDEREGARDINGTHECREDITREPAYMENT,BUTTHECLIENTWILLHAVETOADAPTHIMSELFTOTHECONTRACTUALCLAU
33、SESTHATREFERESSENTIALLYTOTHEPAYONTIMEOFTHEEXPIREDRATES,IFNOTINTERVENINGSOMEMEASURESWITHPUNITIVECHARACTER,LIKEPULLINGOUTFORSALETHEREALESTATEPROPERTIESBOUGHTWITHBANKCREDITFROMTHETHEORETICALPOINTOFVIEW,BECAUSETHECREDITORISMOREPROTECTEDAGAINSTRISKS,THECOSTOFFINANCINGSOURCESBORROWED,SHOULDBEINFERIORTOTHE
34、OWNFINANCINGSOURCESCOSTTHEDECISIONFORTHEPONDERSINWHICHWEREFINANCINGONTHEOWNSOURCESACCOUNT,RESPECTIVEBORROWED,MUSTREGARDOFTHERISKSASSOCIATEDTOTTHEINDEBTNESS,RISKSWHICHCANCOMPENSATE,OREVENCANCEL,ITSPOSITIVEEFFECTSSOURCELECTURERPHDOANAMIHAELAVASIOIUTHEFINANCINGPOLICYONTHEREALESTATEMARKETINROMANIATHEANN
35、ALSOFTHE“TEFANCELMARE“UNIVERSITYSUCEAVAFASCICLEOFTHEFACULTYOFECONOMICSANDPUBLICADMINISTRATIONVOLUME9,NO19,2009159161译文罗马尼亚房地产的贷款政策罗马尼亚房地产市场的发展有赖于人口购买力的强大，同时市场金融设施能够及时跟上，我认为市场现今的主要问题有如下几个方面银行和其他提供房地产贷款的机构强制规定融资条件，限制了低收入阶层的融资可能；罗马尼亚国民掌握的投资信息不充分，在一些金融机构里，这方面也是相当大的问题；罗马尼亚人的投资意识文化发展不充足。例如在2003年，6070的罗马尼亚
36、公民没有参与到银行系统中，仅有59300的人在共同资金市场以投资者的身份活跃。同时，已经呈现出出如因银行工资卡或其他报酬形式的特殊付款方式的发展随之而来的变化，使人们“被迫”熟悉这个支付系统，并与他有了更多的联系；可以限制或反对的立法框架可以促进房地产贷款机会的增加，对罗马尼亚房地产市场发展产生了直接影响。（扎哥塔V及其余，2003）为了使公民更加了解并使用按揭贷款，让想要备份收购改造与房屋建设的罗马尼亚贷款抵押协会发挥作用，贷款抵押协会试图吸引自然人和法人对此类型贷款的兴趣，主要是因为他们要使自己成为一个能够快速获得资金来源的组织，因为他们不限制那些有固定工作但没有固定工作时间的征求者，只要
37、他们工作场地不变；他们以融资决策作为基础分析每一个贷款申请，而不是通过信用评分基础，保证了顾客能接受每一个个性化的贷款方式和方便了更多同一类型的人能利用这项资源，即使他们还未表现出未归还贷款风险的增加，消除由债权人申请的评分系统。不限制最小年龄条件和最小贷款额度。现在在罗马尼亚，主要的融资收购和房屋现代化建设的资金来源，仍旧是银行房地产/按揭信贷。关于分配的条件，在罗马尼亚银行和银行的网页或关注这块区域的公众网站上可以找到。这些房地产信贷的特点是他的目的是征求目标；是合同中的信用货币；信用价值；征求预付款；有利息率；被银行委任；有罚款，对顾客征求有最低点；征求担保；有背书人；征求保险政策；要求
38、有有关建筑物的评价报告；年龄条件和客户工作场所的稳定性。A）以信用紧缩为目的。被给予的信用目标是购买楼房，房屋建设以及他们的装修。一些银行保证这三项工程的融资，而其他建设收购则要被考虑。B）信贷要显示出被流通。房地产信贷可用列伊，欧元或美元表示，一些银行确保能适用这三种货币，其他银行可能会减少到一至两种。他们之间的选择，可以按照必须选择的国家货币汇率的对不同货币的外汇汇率之间的变化选择，但是仍然是通过从委托人那里拿来的佣金的货币。C）信用价值。一些银行习惯用最小价值，最高信用限额来限制，其他银行施加这些限制中的一个。根据一些准则，比如申请者的年龄，保证书的价值，存在的一些合作纳税人等。D）信用
39、期限。给予信用的最大期限根据信贷人申请的目的不同而不同，房地产收购基本上是五年到三十年。在五到二十年间分别在信贷情况下进行翻新。只要信用期越长，回报率便越小，但是对于从哪些场地支付这些税率的不确定性就会更大。E）预付款征求。根据银行风险局规定，大部分银行征求的最小预付款要求为总支付款项的百分之十到百分之三十。2007年3月，该规则针对自然人的信用风险限制，被银行风险局采纳，变成了消除事先不可缺少的信贷保证，废除了10/2005和20/2006规范，其中有关于信贷机构有责任为房地产投资贷款征求至少25的预付款的条例。F）利率。由于银行方面的利率追求，他们有一个提供多元化，且和其水平有关的认识能力
40、，以及有关方面的应用系统（定量或变量）。还存在两个在利率方面的，定量或可变量基础系统的优点和限制。G）应用委员会。通过获取一个房地产银行信贷的费用类别还必须考虑到该委员会采用了不同的银行服务信用档案分析，信用管理，信贷仪器。这些均以绝对数额或百分比表示对信用价值的应用。H）对拖延回归期满率的处罚。为了制止延长支付到期利率的趋势，银行申请对未在规定时间内支付款项的处罚，通常申请超过每月支付率的资金价值。I）征求客户的最低点。银行试验了关于最低征集点的不同系统。在某些系统下他们有值得考虑的可能性与家庭成员的累计场地。J）房地产保证。关闭保护政策是强制性的，但在这方面也存在着不同模式下的差别或是客户
41、保证了从家到他选择的社会保障，或是保证金包括利息由银行支付，这仅被认为是被银行认可的社会保证，被宣布为自由的保证（客户不能独立支付，但是他存在于信贷成本）。K）在客户死亡情况下的保证。一些银行强制增加一项额外的保证，将之不恰当的命名为“活着的”，银行支持反对有死亡危机的人的有可能会支付死亡保险的请求。有时候，银行会更谨慎，要求保证贷款的永久/临时无效。（迪拉哥达,V；塔图，L及其余，2005）L）收购资产评估。估价使成为一位银行评估师或被银行认可的人，但也有例子（关于小额价值信贷）银行会不接受强加的价值评估或只接收内部评估。M）申请者的年龄与职业。申请者的最小年龄限制或最大年龄限制或者两者一同
42、是被行业默认的。有时候这些债务人的活动方式有很重要。一些有着稳定职业的人更容易申请到，银行在评估过程中直接限制其在这些年的工作变动次数。N）背书人。在一些情况下，银行会征集那些稳定的转让人给予他们贷款或者会给那些拥有的房地产货物价值超过保证金价值百分百的背书人贷款的可能性，以作为一个方便设施。在罗马尼亚，银行需求的一些基本数据被银行风险局掌管，用以验证自然人的申明，潜在客户和他们的背书者。在这个数据库中已经储存了所有申请和接受贷款的罗马尼亚人，存在查验数据的可能性直到他完成使命的那一刻。O）不动资产的抵押。所有被给予的房地产贷款，涉及到的不动资产抵押的，在一些情况下必须超过贷款价值的一倍（贷款
43、加上一定时间内的利息）。按揭是一个房地产行业的要求,影响给付义务，但并不涉及在货物购买的保证期间剥夺他。银行实施了传统的抵押做法，假定了意志一致的一部分。随着信贷业的发展，即使只支付了部分债务，按揭仍存在于整个房地产业。（西马斯，C及其余，2006）没有任何经费来源是从所有人的角度都有利可图，即使这是完美的法律。一个极其重要的变量是融资成本。在经济正常运行时，借款（客户）和贷方（银行）仍旧不得不从自身的不同观点所导致的不同费用水平中寻求生存和发展。对于房地产资产融资来说，它可能有几个来源，每一个都有不同的好处和坏处（迪拉哥达,V；塔图，L及其余，2005）自身的资源可能来自于家庭与朋友（而对于
44、这些并不能被察觉到作为利息或其他费用的优点，固定的“假设”及付款不设定一个明确的退款期限，都将会或多或少改变从朋友那借的这笔用来做银行贷款的钱的性质）；银行或其他金融机构的借款。自有融资来源的一项好处是它们的稳定性和他们可以被充分自由利用的事实。必须要重视的另一方面购买房地产可以被看作是一种投资。这项投资带来的收益（从租金和房地产优惠价格的波动看）可以被解释为机会成本，作为一个“机会丢失”的成本，各自的成本有可能，如果代替资产购买，它会一直投资到其他金融工具（或者它已经被消费）。比起借款的来源成本可以更容易被确定，利息率的基础会在合同中确认。该银行有关信贷还款有较高的确定性，但客户将不得不适应涉及到一般支付率的过期时间的合同条款，如果不进行干预一些惩罚性的措施，如销售拉动房地产就要进行银行贷款。从理论角度来说，由于债权人更会保护自身以抵御风险，融资来源的成本借入，会低于自身融资来源成本。经考虑决定我们自身对资源账户进行融资，各自借款，必须将债务与风险联系，风险可弥补，或者消除，他有着积极的影响。出处博士讲师欧娜米海拉瓦西欧罗马尼亚房地产市场融资政策，苏恰瓦大学“斯特凡大公马尔”编年史经济与公共管理学院分册第九卷，2009（1）159161
