1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文CREATINGANDPOPULARIZINGAMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGIDEATHECASEOFTHEBALANCEDSCORECARD1INTRODUCTIONTHISSTUDYSEEKSTOUNDERSTANDHOWMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGTECHNIQUES,OFTENCREATEDINLOCALPRACTICE,AREDEVELOPED,EXTENDEDANDPOPULARIZEDINTOGLOBALMANAGEMENTPRACTICECOMMONLY,THECREATIONANDSPREADOFNEWIDEASISDE
2、PICTEDASASTORYOFGREATINNOVATORSANDTHEDIFFUSIONOFIDEAS,ARATIONALISTSTORYTHATSTRESSESTHEPULLOFFIXEDIDEASINSTEAD,WECONCENTRATEONTHEFRAGILITYANDVARIABILITYOFIDEASANDTHEIMPORTANCEOFIDEASBEINGPUSHEDALONGWESTRESSTHECRUCIALROLEOFCUSTOMIZATIONANDTRANSLATIONINCONVERTINGANIDEAINTOATOOLTHATMANAGERSCANREGARDASPR
3、ACTICAL,WITHTHEPOTENTIALTOBEUSEDBYTHOUSANDSOFORGANIZATIONSAROUNDTHEWORLDHOWDOESANIDEA,EASILYDISMISSEDASIMPRACTICAL,AFADORAMBIGUOUS,BECOMEANACCEPTABLEINNOVATIONANDEVENATAKENFORGRANTEDCOMPONENTOFGOODMANAGEMENTWECONCENTRATEONTHEBALANCEDSCORECARDASANEXAMPLEINORDERTOPROVIDEANINDEPTHUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPROC
4、ESSESBYWHICHMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGIDEASENTERTHEWORLDOFSPECIFICORGANIZATIONALPRACTICESANDTECHNOLOGIESTHEBSCHASBEENOUTLINEDINASERIESOFINFLUENTIALARTICLESANDBESTSELLINGBUSINESSBOOKSKAPLANANDNORTON,1992,1996THATNOWFORMSTHEBASISOFAMAJORCONSULTINGINDUSTRYANDSETOFORGANIZATIONALPRACTICESWEFOCUSONTHEPROCESSESB
5、YWHICHIDEASOFASTRATEGICPERFORMANCEMEASUREMENTSYSTEMARETRANSLATEDINTOAMULTITUDEOFSPECIFICPRACTICESTHATTODAYCOMPRISETHEBALANCEDSCORECARDBSCTHISSTUDYISCONCERNEDWITHTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEKEYIDEASOFTHEBSCHOWEVERWEDONOTFOCUSONHOWONEORMOREORGANIZATIONSADOPTANDADAPTTHEBSC,WHICHWOULDSTUDYADOPTERSANDUSERSOFTH
6、EBSCWENISCH,2003,TUOMELA,2006WHILESUCHSTUDIESCANPROVIDEVALUABLEINSIGHTONHOWTHEBSCHASBEENUSEDANDADAPTEDACROSSSITE,SUCHSTUDIESTAKEFORGRANTEDTHEIDEAOFTHEBSCASANESTABLISHEDTECHNOLOGY,ACCEPTORGANIZATIONALBOUNDARIESASMOREORLESSFIXED,ANDDONOTPROBLEMATIZEITSPURPOSEANDDEVELOPMENTWEFOCUSONHOWNEWIDEASANDCONCEP
7、TSENTERINTOMANAGERIALTHINKINGANDTHEREBYHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOBECOMEWIDELYKNOWN,ACCEPTEDANDIMPLEMENTED11THEBALANCEDSCORECARDASAMANAGEMENTINNOVATIONMANAGERIALDISCOURSEHASSEENASHIFTFROMFINANCIALORIENTEDMANAGEMENTCONTROLSYSTEMSTOSTRATEGICMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGSYSTEMSWITHAFOCUSONVALUECREATIONITTNERANDLARKER,20
8、01ADIVERSESETOFMANAGERIALACCOUNTINGTECHNIQUESHAVEBEENINTRODUCEDSINCETHE1990S,INCLUDINGTHEBALANCEDSCORECARD,ECONOMICVALUEADDED,ANDTARGETCOSTINGETCTHEBSCHASGAINEDCURRENCY,SEEMSTOHAVESOMEDURABILITYANDHASSPREADRAPIDLYDURINGTHEPASTDECADEACCORDINGTOTHEEDITORSOFTHEHARVARDBUSINESSREVIEW,THEBSCISONEOFTHEMOST
9、IMPORTANTMANAGEMENTIDEASINTHELASTSEVENTYFIVEYEARSCITEDINMEYER,2002PP2KAPLANANDNORTONSBSC,FOREXAMPLE,EMPHASIZESNONFINANCIALMEASURESTOCOMPLEMENTFINANCIALMEASURESITEMPHASIZESFOURPERSPECTIVESONPERFORMANCEFINANCIAL,CUSTOMER,INTERNALBUSINESSPROCESSES,ANDLEARNINGANDGROWTHANDSTRESSESALINKBETWEENPERFORMANCEM
10、EASURESANDSTRATEGYOTLEY,1999,P374THEBSCHASBEENPRESCRIBEDASATECHNIQUETHATCANBEUSEDTOTRANSLATEANORGANIZATIONSSTRATEGYINTOTERMSTHATAREUNDERSTANDABLE,ANDCANBECOMMUNICATEDANDACTEDUPONITPROMOTESTHEUSEOFTHELANGUAGEOFMEASUREMENTTODEFINEMORECLEARLYTHEMEANINGOFABSTRACTCONCEPTSLIKEQUALITY,CUSTOMERSATISFACTION,
11、ANDORGANIZATIONALLEARNINGANDGROWTHKAPLANANDNORTON,2001THECONCEPTOFTHEBSCDEVELOPEDRAPIDLYAFTERTHEPUBLICATIONOFKAPLANANDNORTON1992THEFOLLOWINGOUTLINESSIGNIFICANTDEVELOPMENTSTHEBSCHADITSORIGINSINCOMPLAINTSTHATMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGWASTOOFOCUSEDONFINANCIALMEASURESKAPLAN,1984HAYESANDABERNATHY,1980REVISEDPE
12、RFORMANCEMEASUREMENTSYSTEMSWEREPROPOSEDTOCAPTURELEADINGINDICATORSOFPERFORMANCEIN1991,KAPLANANDNORTONBEGANTOSHAPETHECONCEPTWITH12COMPANIESTHROUGHARESEARCHPROJECTSPONSOREDBYARESEARCHARMOFKPMGIN1992,KAPLANANDNORTONPUBLISHEDTHERESULTSOFTHISINITIALSTUDYINTHEHARVARDBUSINESSREVIEW,PRESENTINGTHEBSCAS“MEASUR
13、ESTHATDRIVEPERFORMANCE”THEBSCWASPRESENTEDASANINNOVATIVESYSTEMWHICHCOMPLEMENTEDTHEFINANCIALMEASURESWITHMEASURESONCUSTOMERSATISFACTION,INTERNALPROCESSESANDTHEORGANIZATIONSINNOVATION,LEARNINGANDGROWTHKAPLANANDNORTON,1992,P71IN1996,KAPLANANDNORTONPUBLISHEDTHEIRFIRSTBOOKONTHEBSC,ARGUINGTHATITISAWAYOF“TRA
14、NSLATINGSTRATEGYINTOACTION”,AMETHODOLOGYFORPROMOTINGSTRATEGICMANAGEMENTIN2001,KAPLANANDNORTONRELEASEDTHEIRSECONDBOOK,THESTRATEGYFOCUSEDORGANIZATION,WHICHDESCRIBESTHEBSCASANENTERPRISESTRATEGICMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,INTEGRALFORASTRATEGYFOCUSEDORGANIZATIONIN2004,KAPLANANDNORTONPUBLISHEDTHEIRTHIRDBOOKON“STRAT
15、EGYMAPPING”ASAWAYOF“TRANSFORMINGINTANGIBLEASSETSINTOTANGIBLERESULTS”THECONCEPTOFSTRATEGYMAP,FIRSTARTICULATEDIN2000,ISPROPOSEDASAVISUALWAYTOCOMMUNICATEANORGANIZATIONSPERSPECTIVES,OBJECTIVES,ANDMEASURES,ANDTHECAUSALLINKAGESBETWEENTHEMTHECONCEPTOFSTRATEGYMATRIXISALSOPROPOSEDASAUSEFULVISUALIZATIONANDSUM
16、MARIZATIONTOOLTODISPLAYOBJECTIVES,MEASURES,TARGETS,ANDINITIATIVESKAPLANANDNORTONSFOURTHBOOK,“ALIGNMENTUSINGTHEBSCTOCREATECORPORATESYNERGIES”,EXPLORESONEOFTHEELEMENTSONSTRATEGYFOCUSEDORGANIZATIONSSFOWECANEXPECTFURTHERBOOKSTHATFURTHERDEVELOPEACHELEMENTOFASFOTHETAKEUPOFTHEIDEAOFTHEBSCISEVIDENCEDBYNUMER
17、OUSBOOKSANDARTICLESINACADEMICANDPROFESSIONALJOURNALSANDMAGAZINES,SEMINARSANDWORKSHOPS,CASESTUDIESANDPUBLICCONFERENCESANDSOFTWAREAPPLICATIONSDEVOTEDTOTHETECHNIQUEMOREOVER,SURVEYSEG,MALMI,2001KALDANDNILSSON,2000SILK,1998,SUGGESTTHATTHEBSCHASBEENADOPTEDANDIMPLEMENTEDINVARIOUSCOUNTRIESANDINDUSTRIESFOREX
18、AMPLE,RECENTSURVEYSINDICATETHATAPPROXIMATELY60OFLARGEUSCOMPANIESNOWUSETHEBSCBAIN2006ACCORDINGTOACRANFIELDUNIVERSITYRESEARCHREPORT,75OFTHECOMPANIESTHATHAVEAFORMALPROCESSOFPERFORMANCEMEASUREMENT46OFALLCOMPANIESSURVEYEDUSETHEBSCASTHEIRMAINMETHODCITEDINBALANCEDSCORECARDCOLLABORATIVEHOWTOTRAININGMATERIAL
19、,2006THEBSCHASALSOBEENINCORPORATEDINTOMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGTEACHING,ASWELLASHAVINGBECOMEASTANDARDSERVICEOFFERINGWITHINMANYMANAGEMENTCONSULTINGFIRMSALTHOUGHTHEBSCHASATTRACTEDCONSIDERABLEINTERESTASAPERFORMANCEMEASUREMENTINNOVATIONITTNERANDLACKER,1998,ITHASALSOBEENPERCEIVEDASAMANAGEMENTFADEG,COLLINS,200
20、0THEREHAVEBEENCONCERNSABOUTITSVARIABLESUCCESSINACTUALIMPLEMENTATIONMALINAANDSELTO,2001,QUESTIONSABOUTTHELOGICALVALIDITYOFTHEIDEANORREKLIT,2000,ANDHOWITSRHETORICOBFUSCATESTHEWEAKNESSESOFTHEIDEANORREKLIT,2003OTHERSHAVEQUESTIONEDITSUNIVERSALAPPEALBOURGIGNONETAL,2005COOPERANDEZZAMEL,2007,ANDCAUTIONEDTHA
21、TTHEBSCNEEDSTOADAPTTOVARIATIONSINCOMMUNICATION,REWARDSTRUCTURES,STRATEGIES,ANDINFORMATIONCHARACTERISTICSLUFTANDSHIELDS,2003OTLEY,1999SUCHCONCERNS,ALSOTYPICALOFOTHERMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGINNOVATIONS,CREATESKEPTICISMANDDOUBT,ANDCANBETHEBASISFORMANAGEMENTRESISTANCEANDBARRIERSTOORGANIZATIONALADOPTIONANDIM
22、PLEMENTATIONDESPITEORATTIMES,ASARESPONSETOTHEABOVECRITICISMS,THEBSCHASTOBETURNEDINTOADETAILEDANDMEANINGFULSETOFTECHNIQUESTHATMANAGERSBELIEVETHEYCANUSE12MOTIVATIONANDOBJECTIVESOFTHESTUDYTHEREHASBEENLITTLERESEARCHONHOWPOPULARMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGIDEASTRAVELACROSSTIMEANDSPACE,ANDHOWANDTOWHATEXTENT,THESE
23、IDEASAREGIVENLOCALMEANINGANDRELEVANCEANOTABLEATTEMPTTOSTUDYTHESPREADOFMANAGEMENTIDEASINTOPRACTICEIS,HOWEVER,JONESANDDUGDALE2002,WHICHTRACEDTHEEMERGENCEOFABC,ANDILLUSTRATEDHOWITPERMEATESTHEBUSINESSWORLDWHILEOURRESEARCHHASSIMILARITIESTOTHEIRSTUDY,WEEXTENDTHEIRRESEARCHNOTJUSTBYFOCUSINGONTHEDETAILSOFTHE
24、BSC,BUTALSOBECAUSEWEEXAMINEHOWTHEBSCIDEAGETSCONVERTEDINTOWIDELYACCEPTEDPRACTICES,FOREXAMPLE,BUSINESSMODELSANDSTRATEGICMAPS,ITANDKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS,PERFORMANCEAPPRAISALTECHNIQUES,CONSULTATIONDEVICESETCCONCENTRATINGONONEINNOVATION,THEBSC,PERMITSANINDEPTHUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWNEWMANAGEMENTACCOUNTIN
25、GIDEASARENOTJUSTTALKEDABOUTWHETHERENTHUSIASTICALLYORSKEPTICALLY,BUTHOWTHEYENTERTHESPHEREOFORGANIZATIONALPRACTICESTHEBSCHASARELATIVELYLONGHISTORYTHATISWELLDOCUMENTEDBYITSPOPULARIZERSKAPLANANDNORTON,1992,1996KAPLAN,1998KAPLAN1998,1994LARGELYREPEATSTHISHISTORYASANACCOUNTOFAKNOWLEDGECREATIONCYCLE,BUT,RA
26、THERIMPROBABLY,DEPICTSTHEPROCESSASSMOOTHANDWITHOUTCONFLICTTHEPRESENTSTUDYILLUSTRATESSOMEOFTHEPREVIOUSLYUNDOCUMENTEDTRANSLATIONS,DISRUPTIONS,MANEUVERSANDTENSIONSINVOLVEDINTHEPROCESSOFDISEMBEDDINGANDREEMBEDDINGTHEIDEA,DRAWINGONGIDDENSNOTIONOFGLOBALANDLOCALINTERCONNECTEDNESSCF,JONESANDDUGDALE,2002SPECI
27、FICALLY,WEEXAMINEHOWTHEIDEAOFTHEBSCEMERGEDFROMLOCALPRACTICEDURINGTHELATE1980S,ANDHOWITWASSUBSEQUENTLYGENERALIZED,THUSENABLINGITTOTRAVELASATHINKABLE,MANAGEABLECONCEPTWEALSOILLUSTRATEHOWTHECONSTRUCTIONOFPROCESSESOF,FOREXAMPLE,STRATEGYIMPLEMENTATIONANDOFPEOPLE,NOTABLYTHEEXPERTISEAROUNDTHEIDEA,ENABLEDIT
28、TOBESEENASOPERABLEANDEVENNECESSARYATVARIOUSTIMESANDPLACES,EVENINTHEFACEOFSKEPTICISMTRANSLATIONPROCESSESARECRUCIALINCONVERTINGANABSTRACTIDEAINTOAPRACTICALTECHNOLOGYPOWER2007FOCUSESONTHERISEANDDISCURSIVEACCEPTANCEOFSPECIFICIDEASANDTHEIRROLEINCONSTITUTINGTHEPRACTICESOFRISKMANAGEMENT,ANDSUGGESTS,“ALLMAN
29、AGEMENTPRACTICESNECESSARILYEMBODYANDARECONSTITUTEDBYIDEASOFWHATTHEYSHOULDBE”THESEIDEASWHICHCONSTITUTEPROGRAMMATICELEMENTSINPRACTICEAREOFTENLINKEDTOLARGERVALUESYSTEMSROSEANDMILLER,1992INTHECASEOFTHEBSC,THELARGERVALUESYSTEMINCLUDESTHEIMPORTANCEOFQUANTIFICATIONANDTHEVALUEOFSTRATEGICMANAGEMENTWEEXAMINEB
30、OTHTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHEOBJECTOFTECHNOLOGY,THEBSC,ANDHOWSOMEACTORSARECONSTRUCTEDASBSCEXPERTSSTURDYETAL2006ARGUETHATTHETRANSLATIONPROCESSHASEMPHASIZED“THEACTIVITYOFINANIMATEOBJECTSSUCHASTECHNOLOGICALHARDWARE”,BUT“THETRANSFORMATIONOFHUMANACTORSISUNDERPLAYED”THEMAKINGOFEXPERTSISANIMPORTANTELEMENTINTHEMA
31、KINGANDUNMAKINGOFTHEIDEASTHEMSELVESGENDRONETAL,2007THEREARETWOASPECTSINTHECONSTRUCTIONOFEXPERTSWITHINANDOUTSIDETHEORGANIZATIONTHECONSTRUCTIONOFEXPERTSWITHINTHEORGANIZATIONSISREALIZEDINPARTTHROUGHTHEASSIGNMENTOFMANAGERIALRESPONSIBILITIESANDDESIGNATIONOFNEWROLESPOWER2007ILLUSTRATESHOWNEWROLESANDPOSITI
32、ONS,SUCHASTHECHIEFRISKOFFICER,AREENVISAGEDANDMADEUPINTHECONCEPTIONSOFENTERPRISEWIDERISKMANAGEMENTWEILLUSTRATEHOWTHECONCEPTUALIZATIONOFTHEBSCENCOMPASSESTHECREATIONOFANEWMANAGEMENTPOSITIONSTHROUGHASSIGNINGMANAGERIALRESPONSIBILITIESTOTHEROLEOFTHEOFFICEOFSTRATEGICMANAGEMENTOSMANDTHEDESIGNATIONOFTHESTRAT
33、EGICMANAGEMENTOFFICERSMOSIMILARLY,WITHINORGANIZATIONS,BSCCHAMPIONSAREOFTENSEENASEXPERTSINTHETECHNOLOGYTHEOTHERASPECTOFTHETRANSFORMATIONOFEXPERTISERELATESTOTHECREATIONOFBUSINESSEXPERTSOUTSIDETHEORGANIZATIONINAREASSUCHASBUSINESSTECHNOLOGYANDMANAGEMENTCONSULTINGINTHECASEOFTHEBSC,WEILLUSTRATEHOWVARIOUSM
34、ANAGEMENTCONSULTINGPRACTICESANDSOFTWARECOMPANIESINCORPORATETHEBSCASASPECIALIZEDLINEOFSERVICEANDPRODUCTFORINSTANCE,WESHOWHOWTHEINITIALNOLANNORTONRESEARCHPROJECTIN1991PROVIDEDTHEOPPORTUNITYFORTHOSETOBECOMETHEAUTHORSOFTHEBSCCONCEPTANDFORTHOSE,THEMANAGERSANDEXECUTIVESINVOLVEDINTHESTUDY,TOBECOMEPIONEERSA
35、NDEARLIERADOPTERSOFTHEIDEAWEALSOILLUSTRATEHOWTHEESTABLISHMENTOFAPROFESSIONALSERVICEFIRM,THEBALANCEDSCORECARDCOLLABORATIVEBSCOL,ANDITSALLIANCEWITHNUMEROUSTECHNOLOGYFIRMS,PROVIDEDTHEOPPORTUNITYFORTHEEXPANSIONOFEXPERTSINMANAGEMENTCONSULTING,SOFTWAREANDBUSINESSTECHNOLOGYTOHELPORGANIZATIONSIMPLEMENTTHEBS
36、CJONESANDDUGDALE2002FOCUSONHOWACTIVITYBASEDCOSTINGBECAMEANEXPERTSYSTEM,BUTTHEYDONOTADDRESSHOWEXPERTSARETHEMSELVESMADETHATSTUDYASSUMESAPREDEFINEDCATEGORYOFEXPERTSANDELITESSUCHASTHEHARVARDNETWORKTHATTHEYASSUMEHASPOWERINCONTRAST,OURSTUDYEXAMINESHOWCLAIMSTOEXPERTSANDEXPERTISEAREMOBILIZEDTHROUGHHUMANTECH
37、NOLOGYINTERACTIONSWEDONOTASSUMEAPREEXISTINGEXPERTPOWERAROUNDTHEBSC,BUTANALYZEHOWBSCEXPERTISEISCONSTRUCTEDTHROUGHTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENEXPERIENCEANDTHEORETICALKNOWLEDGEINSODOING,WEPROVIDEADIFFERENTTYPEOFHISTORY,NOTBASEDONPREGIVENANDPOWERFULAGENTS,BUTONETHATISBASEDONTAKINGTHETECHNOLOGYSOSERIOUSLYTHATTH
38、EEMERGENCEANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHETECHNOLOGYBECOMESTHEOBJECTOFOURHISTORYTHISISIMPORTANTASITALLOWSUSTOMOVEAWAYFROMTRADITIONALHISTORIESOFGREATMENANDWOMEN,ANDMOVETOWARDSANANALYSISTHATSHOWSHOWANINNOVATIONISRARELYONEFIXEDOBJECTBUTITSMULTIPLICITYISTHERESULTOFTHEACTIVITIESOFMANYPEOPLE,OFTENWITHINTERESTSQUITEDIS
39、CONNECTEDFROMTHEINNOVATIONITSELFSOURCESANDYQU,DAVIDJCOOPER,MAHMOUD,2010“CREATINGANDPOPULARIZINGAMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGIDEATHECASEOFTHEBALANCEDSCORECARD”CAAAANNUALCONFERENCE,PP613译文平衡记分卡的概念基础平衡记分卡保留了财务指标作为公司成功的最终结果指标,但补充了另外三个角度的指标顾客、内部业务流程、学习与成长我们提议作为创造长期股东价值的动因。11历史根源19501980当然,平衡记分卡不是最早的主张用非财务指标来激励、衡
40、量和评价公司业绩。在20世纪50年代,一个通用电气公司的员工队伍进行了一个项目用来开发通用的分散业务单位的绩效措施(刘易斯,1955),项目组建议分部业绩由一个财务和七个非财务指标来衡量。1盈利能力(由剩余收益来衡量)2市场份额3生产力4产品的领导地位5公众责任(法律和道德的行为,责任利益相关者包括股东,供应商,经销商,分销商和社区)6人力资源开发7员工的态度8短期目标和长期目标之间的平衡人们可以从这八个目标中看到平衡记分卡的根源。第一个通用指标代表了财务角度,第二个是从顾客的角度,第三个指标到第五个指标是从流程的角度,指标六和七代表了学习和成长的角度,第八个指标抓住了平衡记分卡的精髓,鼓励管
41、理人员实现短期和长期目标之间适当的平衡。不幸的是,20世纪50年代通用电气公司项目的崇高目标从来没有根深蒂固到管理体制和网上经营单位的激励机制中去。实际上,尽管指标五和指标八在上列清单中,一些通用电气公司单位其后被裁定有定价的图谋,他们的管理者声称企业短期利润的压力导致他们违背了长期目标和他们的公众责任。12日本管理运动19751990在20世纪70年代和80年代,在质量和及时生产中创新的日本公司挑战了西方在许多重要行业的领导地位。一些作者认为西方公司只关注短期财务业绩的狭隘造成他们的自满情绪和对日本造成的威胁的反应迟缓。约翰逊和卡普兰(1987)回顾了管理会计的历史,并得出结论,美国的公司变
42、得痴迷于短期财务指标,并没有调整他们的管理会计和控制系统以适应从成功实施的整体质量和短期时间的管理中得到的业务改进。13股东价值和委托代理架构然而,并非所有的学术知识已经显露出在经营管理方面的最新进展。许多仍然聚焦在经济与财政上,特别是从20世纪60年代到70年代初的有效市场理论(法玛,1971)。经济学家还介绍了委托代理理论(詹森麦克林,1976;哈里斯雷维夫,1979;霍姆斯特罗姆,1979;格罗斯曼哈特,1983)以正式确定被雇佣的管理团队和公司的分散股东(业主)之间的内在利益冲突。委托代理的拥护者敦促公司提供更多的财政奖励给高级管理团队,尤其是对基于财务绩效的奖励,是委托代理模型假设的
43、典型的“结果”措施。有效市场研究认为股票价格持续不断反映了所有关于公司业绩的相关公共信息,而管理人员的赔偿金可以更好的通过所有者的利益经过扩大股票期权的利用和其他股权奖励进行均衡(詹森麦克林,1976;法玛詹森,1983)。与此类似的,一些人坚决主张对股市走势更好的会计代理人使其赔偿金一致,特别是剩余的收入,在其新名称中称为经济增加值(斯图尔特,1991)。80年代见证了高管薪酬和财务绩效奖励之间的联系的大幅度增加。对于这次运动中的先锋金融经济学家来说,高级管理人员注重非财务指标的观念接近于亵渎。正如迈克尔詹森(2001),一位领先的金融经济学者所提出的“平衡记分卡理论是有缺陷的,因为它提出了
44、有评分卡的管理者却没有给出评分也就是没有单位值去衡量他们表现的如何。因此管理人员评价这样的制度没有办法做出具有原则性或目的性的决策。14不确定性和多阶段优化由于经济学家和金融学者开发的许多委托代理模型都是在单一时期,公司的产出会在这个时期的结束时显示出来,也不需要进一步采取管理上的行动。在这种情况下,与产出相关,如计量财务绩效,可达到最佳效果。或者,如果财务绩效是由结束时期的股票价格或经济增加值来计量的话,就是一项对于管理人员在这一时期内所创造价值的完整和充足的统计数字,建立在股票价格或经济增加值基础上的激励合同同样也可达到最优。但是,管理人员在一个时期内采取的许多行动如提高员工的技能和积极性
45、,通过研究和开发渠道提升产品,提高质量的流程,并加强客户和供应商的信任关系,都没有透露给公众投资者以至于他们对公司价值的行为没有被纳入期末股票价格。此外,在管理者或许知道他们花了多少金额在加强企业无形资产的同时,他们或许不知道在短期时间内他们创造了多少价值。而且可以肯定的是,这种价值的增加(或减少,如果在超支花费的前提下没有产生未来价值)不会被纳入期末股票价格和剩余价值(经济增加值)的计量中。15利益相关者理论利益相关者理论给企业绩效衡量提供了另一种多维度的方法。利益相关者被定义为企业内部或是外部的团体或个人,他们持有股权或是可以影响组织的绩效。该理论一般为一个公司确定了5种利益相关者群体其中
46、的三个股东、客户和相关利益群体,他们确定了公司业绩的外界期望;另外两个供应商和员工,他们参与了公司的规划、设计和实施,为客户提供公司的产品和服务(阿特金森等,1997,第27页)。运用利益相关者理论去进行业绩评估的管理控制学者相信“绩效评估设计开始于利益相关者”(尼利和亚当斯,2002)。利益相关者进入绩效评估开始于为每一个利益相关者团体定义对该公司的预期目标以及各个团体如何促成该公司的成功。一旦利益相关者的期望,或者更远,那些利益相关者之间隐性和显性的合同得到确定,公司就会确定一个策略以满足这些期望,履行合同。因此,在平衡记分卡的方法开始于策略,然后确定了各个利益相关者之间的相互关系和目标的
47、同时,利益相关者的方式开始于利益相关者的目标,并在第二步定义一个战略以满足利益相关者的期望。16综合和总结我和大卫诺顿介绍了平衡记分卡来提供一个缺少的组件,并且在各种明显的已经发展为相互不完全隔离的文献冲突之间架起桥梁。高质量的文献和精益管理,强调员工的持续改进活动来减少浪费,提高公司的响应速度。金融经济学的有关文献高度强调财务绩效评价。利益相关者理论中公司是一个中介机构,试图建立满足所有不同成分的合约。我们尝试保留每个有价值的见解。雇员和流程业绩是当前和未来成功的关键。最终,如果公司的业绩有所改善,财务报表将会增加。为了优化长期股东价值,公司不得不内在化优先股和其股东、客户、供应商、雇员和社
48、会的期望。关键是要有一个更可靠包括作为领先指标的业务指标和作为滞后结果的财务指标的测量和管理系统,和其他几个指标一起在推动未来业绩方面衡量一个公司的发展。1990年最初,当我们邀请革新质量和生产的美国模拟器件公司的副总裁亚瑟施纳德曼来解决我们的分组时,在多间公司的研究项目中这个见解是显而易见的。情况介绍的最后,在回答关于公司如何做质量改进指标和公司的计分卡时,他回答每一个在它的公司的计分卡上的质量的测量已经经历了显著的改善。但是,他也指出,在过去的三年内,该公司的股票价格下降了近70。该公司没有成功转化其改进生产和交付业绩来增加销售和利润,而股票价格则可以反映这一点。它的失败包括在对客户价值主
49、张的模拟质量计分卡的质量改进和任何客户可能给股东价值损失做出贡献的结果之间的联系。我和诺顿认识到任何全面的测量和管理系统已经将作业性能改进链接到客户和财务业绩上。我们的平衡记分卡融合了模拟经营改进标准,也融合了技术革新、员工能力、技术、组织学习和客户成功的衡量标准。不像利益相关者角度,我们将股东价值作为最高级别的标准,其他利益相关者则反映他们如何为在长期股东价值最大化的公司成功做出贡献。诺顿和我开始在公司工作,在最初的哈佛商业评论出现后,我们将面临如何选择可以继续的平衡积分卡指标的有关问题。我们可能采取许多公司已经使用的通用指标,例如顾客满意程度、客户保留、不良率、追求回报率、领导和耗费的时间、员工满意度。但是客户公司和我们对这些标准并不满意,它们太一般了。1992年,几乎所有的公司(航空公司,功能失调的公司,像世界通信公司,著名的例外)都试图增加客户满意度、改善过程的质量和激励员工的业绩。正如我们探测管理人员的这一问题,我们快速了解到建立一个平衡记分卡不应该从选择指标开始。然而,很多公司已经从其现有的质量和性能改进方案开始了广泛测量,并想通过将每个现有的指标分类到四个维度中去而创建一个快速平衡记分卡。尽管,具有非财务指标的报告结构好于没有非财务指标或仅是一长串列表的报告结构,这个分类现有测量指标自下而上的流程并不能抓住未来成功最重要的动因。第二组公