1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文EFFECTSOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTONSMEPROFITABILITYABSTRACTTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHERESEARCHPRESENTEDHEREISTOPROVIDEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEABOUTTHEEFFECTSOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTONTHEPROFITABILITYOFASAMPLEOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDSPANISHFIRMSWITHTHISINMIND,WECOLLECTEDAPANELOF8,872SMESCOVERINGTHEPERI
2、OD19962002THERESULTS,WHICHAREROBUSTTOTHEPRESENCEOFENDOGENEITY,DEMONSTRATETHATMANAGERSCANCREATEVALUEBYREDUCINGTHEIRFIRMSNUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEANDINVENTORIESEQUALLY,SHORTENINGTHECASHCONVERSIONCYCLEALSOIMPROVESTHEFIRMSPROFITABILITYINTRODUCTIONTHECORPORATEFINANCELITERATUREHASTRADITIONALLYFOCUSED
3、ONTHESTUDYOFLONGTERMFINANCIALDECISIONSRESEARCHERSHAVEPARTICULARLYOFFEREDSTUDIESANALYZINGINVESTMENTS,CAPITALSTRUCTURE,DIVIDENDSORCOMPANYVALUATION,AMONGOTHERTOPICSBUTTHEINVESTMENTTHATFIRMSMAKEINSHORTTERMASSETS,ANDTHERESOURCESUSEDWITHMATURITIESOFUNDERONEYEAR,REPRESENTTHEMAINSHAREOFITEMSONAFIRMSBALANCES
4、HEETINFACT,INOURSAMPLETHECURRENTASSETSOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDSPANISHFIRMSREPRESENT6948PERCENTOFTHEIRASSETS,ANDATTHESAMETIMETHEIRCURRENTLIABILITIESREPRESENTMORETHAN5282PERCENTOFTHEIRLIABILITIESWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTISIMPORTANTBECAUSEOFITSEFFECTSONTHEFIRMSPROFITABILITYANDRISK,ANDCONSEQUENTLYITSVALUESM
5、ITH,1980ONTHEONEHAND,MAINTAININGHIGHINVENTORYLEVELSREDUCESTHECOSTOFPOSSIBLEINTERRUPTIONSINTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESS,OROFLOSSOFBUSINESSDUETOTHESCARCITYOFPRODUCTS,REDUCESSUPPLYCOSTS,ANDPROTECTSAGAINSTPRICEFLUCTUATIONS,AMONGOTHERADVANTAGESBLINDERANDMANCCINI,1991ONTHEOTHER,GRANTINGTRADECREDITFAVORSTHEFIRMSSA
6、LESINVARIOUSWAYSTRADECREDITCANACTASANEFFECTIVEPRICECUTBRENNAN,MAKSIMOVICANDZECHNER,1988PETERSENANDRAJAN,1997,INCENTIVIZESCUSTOMERSTOACQUIREMERCHANDISEATTIMESOFLOWDEMANDEMERY,1987,ALLOWSCUSTOMERSTOCHECKTHATTHEMERCHANDISETHEYRECEIVEISASAGREEDQUANTITYANDQUALITYANDTOENSURETHATTHESERVICESCONTRACTEDARECAR
7、RIEDOUTSMITH,1987,ANDHELPSFIRMSTOSTRENGTHENLONGTERMRELATIONSHIPSWITHTHEIRCUSTOMERSNG,SMITHANDSMITH,1999HOWEVER,FIRMSTHATINVESTHEAVILYININVENTORYANDTRADECREDITCANSUFFERREDUCEDPROFITABILITYTHUS,THEGREATERTHEINVESTMENTINCURRENTASSETS,THELOWERTHERISK,BUTALSOTHELOWERTHEPROFITABILITYOBTAINEDONTHEOTHERHAND
8、,TRADECREDITISASPONTANEOUSSOURCEOFFINANCINGTHATREDUCESTHEAMOUNTREQUIREDTOFINANCETHESUMSTIEDUPINTHEINVENTORYANDCUSTOMERACCOUNTSBUTWESHOULDBEARINMINDTHATFINANCINGFROMSUPPLIERSCANHAVEAVERYHIGHIMPLICITCOSTIFEARLYPAYMENTDISCOUNTSAREAVAILABLEINFACTTHEOPPORTUNITYCOSTMAYEXCEED20PERCENT,DEPENDINGONTHEDISCOUN
9、TPERCENTAGEANDTHEDISCOUNTPERIODGRANTEDWILNER,2000NG,SMITHANDSMITH,1999INTHISRESPECT,PREVIOUSSTUDIESHAVEANALYZEDTHEHIGHCOSTOFTRADECREDIT,ANDFINDTHATFIRMSFINANCETHEMSELVESWITHSELLERCREDITWHENTHEYDONOTHAVEOTHERMOREECONOMICSOURCESOFFINANCINGAVAILABLEPETERSENANDRAJAN,1994AND1997DECISIONSABOUTHOWMUCHTOINV
10、ESTINTHECUSTOMERANDINVENTORYACCOUNTS,ANDHOWMUCHCREDITTOACCEPTFROMSUPPLIERS,AREREFLECTEDINTHEFIRMSCASHCONVERSIONCYCLE,WHICHREPRESENTSTHEAVERAGENUMBEROFDAYSBETWEENTHEDATEWHENTHEFIRMMUSTSTARTPAYINGITSSUPPLIERSANDTHEDATEWHENITBEGINSTOCOLLECTPAYMENTSFROMITSCUSTOMERSSOMEPREVIOUSSTUDIESHAVEUSEDTHISMEASURET
11、OANALYZEWHETHERSHORTENINGTHECASHCONVERSIONCYCLEHASPOSITIVEORNEGATIVEEFFECTSONTHEFIRMSPROFITABILITYSPECIFICALLY,SHINANDSOENEN1998ANALYZETHERELATIONBETWEENTHECASHCONVERSIONCYCLEANDPROFITABILITYFORASAMPLEOFFIRMSLISTEDONTHEUSSTOCKEXCHANGEDURINGTHEPERIOD19741994THEIRRESULTSSHOWTHATREDUCINGTHECASHCONVERSI
12、ONCYCLETOAREASONABLEEXTENTINCREASESFIRMSPROFITABILITYMORERECENTLY,DELOOF2003ANALYZESASAMPLEOFLARGEBELGIANFIRMSDURINGTHEPERIOD19921996HISRESULTSCONFIRMTHATBELGIANFIRMSCANIMPROVETHEIRPROFITABILITYBYREDUCINGTHENUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEAREOUTSTANDINGANDREDUCINGINVENTORIESMOREOVER,HEFINDSTHATLESSPRO
13、FITABLEFIRMSWAITLONGERTOPAYTHEIRBILLSTHESEPREVIOUSSTUDIESHAVEFOCUSEDTHEIRANALYSISONLARGERFIRMSHOWEVER,THEMANAGEMENTOFCURRENTASSETSANDLIABILITIESISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTINTHECASEOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDCOMPANIESMOSTOFTHESECOMPANIESASSETSAREINTHEFORMOFCURRENTASSETSALSO,CURRENTLIABILITIESAREONEOFTHEIRMAINS
14、OURCESOFEXTERNALFINANCEINVIEWOFTHEIRDIFFICULTIESINOBTAININGFUNDINGINTHELONGTERMCAPITALMARKETSPETERSENANDRAJAN,1997ANDTHEFINANCINGCONSTRAINTSTHATTHEYFACEWHITED,1992FAZZARIANDPETERSEN,1993INTHISRESPECT,ELLIEHAUSENANDWOKEN1993,PETERSENANDRAJAN1997ANDDANIELSONANDSCOTT2000SHOWTHATSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDUSFIR
15、MSUSEVENDORFINANCINGWHENTHEYHAVERUNOUTOFDEBTTHUS,EFFICIENTWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTFORSMALLERCOMPANIESPEELANDWILSON,1996INTHISCONTEXT,THEOBJECTIVEOFTHECURRENTWORKISTOPROVIDEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEABOUTTHEEFFECTSOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTONPROFITABILITYFORAPANELMADEUPOF8,872SMESDURING
16、THEPERIOD19962002THISWORKCONTRIBUTESTOTHELITERATUREINTWOWAYSFIRST,NOPREVIOUSSUCHEVIDENCEEXISTSFORTHECASEOFSMESWEUSEASAMPLEOFSPANISHSMESTHATOPERATEWITHINTHESOCALLEDCONTINENTALMODEL,WHICHISCHARACTERIZEDBYITSLESSDEVELOPEDCAPITALMARKETSLAPORTA,LPEZDESILANES,SHLEIFER,ANDVISHNY,1997,ANDBYTHEFACTTHATMOSTRE
17、SOURCESARECHANNELEDTHROUGHFINANCIALINTERMEDIARIESPAMPILLN,2000ALLTHISSUGGESTSTHATSPANISHSMESHAVEFEWERALTERNATIVESOURCESOFEXTERNALFINANCEAVAILABLE,WHICHMAKESTHEMMOREDEPENDENTONSHORTTERMFINANCEINGENERAL,ANDONTRADECREDITINPARTICULARASDEMIRGUCKUNTANDMAKSIMOVIC2002SUGGEST,FIRMSOPERATINGINCOUNTRIESWITHMOR
18、EDEVELOPEDBANKINGSYSTEMSGRANTMORETRADECREDITTOTHEIRCUSTOMERS,ANDATTHESAMETIMETHEYRECEIVEMOREFINANCEFROMTHEIROWNSUPPLIERSTHESECONDCONTRIBUTIONISTHAT,UNLIKETHEPREVIOUSSTUDIESBYSHINANDSOENEN1998ANDDELOOF2003,INTHECURRENTWORKWEHAVECONDUCTEDTESTSROBUSTTOTHEPOSSIBLEPRESENCEOFENDOGENEITYPROBLEMSTHEAIMISTOE
19、NSURETHATTHERELATIONSHIPSFOUNDINTHEANALYSISCARRIEDOUTAREDUETOTHEEFFECTSOFTHECASHCONVERSIONCYCLEONCORPORATEPROFITABILITYANDNOTVICEVERSAOURFINDINGSSUGGESTTHATMANAGERSCANCREATEVALUEBYREDUCINGTHEIRFIRMSNUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEANDINVENTORIESSIMILARLY,SHORTENINGTHECASHCONVERSIONCYCLEALSOIMPROVESTHEF
20、IRMSPROFITABILITYFROMTHISPOINT,THEWORKISSTRUCTUREDASFOLLOWSINSECTION2,WEDESCRIBETHESAMPLEANDVARIABLESUSEDINTHETHIRDSECTION,WEPRESENTTHEANALYSESCARRIEDOUTANDOURFINDINGSFINALLY,WEENDBYDISCUSSINGOURMAINCONCLUSIONSDATAANDVARIABLESIDATAWEOBTAINEDTHEDATAUSEDINTHISSTUDYFROMTHEAMADEUSDATABASETHISDATABASEWAS
21、DEVELOPEDBYBUREAUVANDIJK,ANDCONTAINSFINANCIALANDECONOMICDATAONEUROPEANCOMPANIESTHESAMPLECOMPRISESSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDFIRMSFROMSPAINTHESELECTIONOFSMESWASCARRIEDOUTACCORDINGTOTHEREQUIREMENTSESTABLISHEDBYTHEEUROPEANCOMMISSIONSRECOMMENDATION96/280/CEOF3RDAPRIL,1996,ONTHEDEFINITIONOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDFIR
22、MSSPECIFICALLY,WESELECTEDTHOSEFIRMSMEETINGTHEFOLLOWINGCRITERIAFORATLEASTTHREEYEARSAHAVEFEWERTHAN250EMPLOYEESBTURNOVERLESSTHAN40MILLIONANDCPOSSESSLESSTHAN27MILLIONOFTOTALASSETSINADDITIONTOTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHOSESELECTIONCRITERIA,WEAPPLIEDASERIESOFFILTERSTHUS,WEELIMINATEDTHEOBSERVATIONSOFFIRMSWITHANOMAL
23、IESINTHEIRACCOUNTS,SUCHASNEGATIVEVALUESINTHEIRASSETS,CURRENTASSETS,FIXEDASSETS,LIABILITIES,CURRENTLIABILITIES,CAPITAL,DEPRECIATION,ORINTERESTPAIDWEREMOVEDOBSERVATIONSOFENTRYITEMSFROMTHEBALANCESHEETANDPROFITANDLOSSACCOUNTEXHIBITINGSIGNSTHATWERECONTRARYTOREASONABLEEXPECTATIONSFINALLY,WEELIMINATED1PERC
24、ENTOFTHEEXTREMEVALUESPRESENTEDBYSEVERALVARIABLESASARESULTOFAPPLYINGTHESEFILTERS,WEENDEDUPWITHASAMPLEOF38,464OBSERVATIONSINORDERTOINTRODUCETHEEFFECTOFTHEECONOMICCYCLEONTHELEVELSINVESTEDINWORKINGCAPITAL,WEOBTAINEDINFORMATIONABOUTTHEANNUALGDPGROWTHINSPAINFROMEUROSTATIIVARIABLESINORDERTOANALYZETHEEFFECT
25、SOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTONTHEFIRMSPROFITABILITY,WEUSEDTHERETURNONASSETSROAASTHEDEPENDENTVARIABLEWEDEFINEDTHISVARIABLEASTHERATIOOFEARNINGSBEFOREINTERESTANDTAXTOASSETSWITHREGARDSTOTHEINDEPENDENTVARIABLES,WEMEASUREDWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTBYUSINGTHENUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE,NUMBEROFDAYSOFINVENT
26、ORYANDNUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSPAYABLEINTHISRESPECT,NUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEARISCALCULATEDAS365ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE/SALESTHISVARIABLEREPRESENTSTHEAVERAGENUMBEROFDAYSTHATTHEFIRMTAKESTOCOLLECTPAYMENTSFROMITSCUSTOMERSTHEHIGHERTHEVALUE,THEHIGHERITSINVESTMENTINACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEWECALCULATEDTHENUMBEROFDAYS
27、OFINVENTORYINVAS365INVENTORIES/PURCHASESTHISVARIABLEREFLECTSTHEAVERAGENUMBEROFDAYSOFSTOCKHELDBYTHEFIRMLONGERSTORAGETIMESREPRESENTAGREATERINVESTMENTININVENTORYFORAPARTICULARLEVELOFOPERATIONSTHENUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSPAYABLEAPREFLECTSTHEAVERAGETIMEITTAKESFIRMSTOPAYTHEIRSUPPLIERSWECALCULATEDTHISAS365ACCOU
28、NTSPAYABLE/PURCHASESTHEHIGHERTHEVALUE,THELONGERFIRMSTAKETOSETTLETHEIRPAYMENTCOMMITMENTSTOTHEIRSUPPLIERSCONSIDERINGTHESETHREEPERIODSJOINTLY,WEESTIMATEDTHECASHCONVERSIONCYCLECCCTHISVARIABLEISCALCULATEDASTHENUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEPLUSTHENUMBEROFDAYSOFINVENTORYMINUSTHENUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSPAYABLET
29、HELONGERTHECASHCONVERSIONCYCLE,THEGREATERTHENETINVESTMENTINCURRENTASSETS,ANDHENCETHEGREATERTHENEEDFORFINANCINGOFCURRENTASSETSTOGETHERWITHTHESEVARIABLES,WEINTRODUCEDASCONTROLVARIABLESTHESIZEOFTHEFIRM,THEGROWTHINITSSALES,ANDITSLEVERAGEWEMEASUREDTHESIZESIZEASTHELOGARITHMOFASSETS,THESALESGROWTHSGROWASSA
30、LES1SALES0/SALES0,THELEVERAGEDEBTASTHERATIOOFDEBTTOLIABILITIESDELLOF2003INHISSTUDYOFLARGEBELGIANFIRMSALSOCONSIDEREDTHERATIOOFFIXEDFINANCIALASSETSTOTOTALASSETSASACONTROLVARIABLEFORSOMEFIRMSINHISSTUDYSUCHASSETSAREASIGNIFICANTPARTOFTOTALASSETSHOWEVEROURSTUDYFOCUSESONSMESWHOSEFIXEDFINANCIALASSETSARELESS
31、IMPORTANTINFACT,COMPANIESINOURSAMPLEINVESTLITTLEINFIXEDFINANCIALASSETSAMEANOF392PERCENT,BUTAMEDIANOF005PERCENTNEVERTHELESS,THERESULTSREMAINUNALTEREDWHENWEINCLUDETHISVARIABLEFURTHERMORE,ANDSINCEGOODECONOMICCONDITIONSTENDTOBEREFLECTEDINAFIRMSPROFITABILITY,WECONTROLLEDFORTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHEECONOMICCYCLEU
32、SINGTHEVARIABLEGDPGR,WHICHMEASURESTHEANNUALGDPGROWTHIIIDESCRIPTIONOFSAMPLETABLEIIOFFERSDESCRIPTIVESTATISTICSABOUTTHEVARIABLESUSEDFORTHESAMPLEASAWHOLETHESEAREGENERALLYSMALLFIRMS,WITHMEANASSETSOFMORETHAN6MILLIONTHEIRRETURNONASSETSISAROUND8PERCENTTHEIRNUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEISAROUND96DAYSANDTHEI
33、RNUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSPAYABLEISVERYSIMILARAROUND97DAYSTOGETHERWITHTHIS,THESAMPLEFIRMSHAVESEENTHEIRSALESGROWBYALMOST13PERCENTANNUALLYONAVERAGE,AND2474PERCENTOFTHEIRLIABILITIESISTAKENUPBYDEBTINTHEPERIODANALYZED19962002THEGDPHASGROWNATANAVERAGERATEOF366PERCENTINSPAINTABLEIIDESCRIPTIVESTATISTICSROAMEASUR
34、ERETURNONASSETS,ARNUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE,INVNUMBEROFDAYSOFINVENTORY,APNUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSPAYABLE,CCCCASHCONVERSIONCYCLE,ASSETSVALUEOFASSETSINTHOUSANDEUROS,SGROWSALESGROWTH,DEBTFINANCIALDEBTLEVEL,ANDGDPGRANNUALGDPGROWTHVARIABLEOBSMEANSDMEDIAN10THPERC90THPERCROA384640079200834006780004101768A
35、R384649682995576829629622209451652533INV38452772140700499593042686921666171AP383719780905735689380752453441749668CCC383717631179064136477041969071902017ASSETS38464695510904461394013308271855541SGROW326740129903105008620092803492DEBT352370247401839023060009805021GDPGR384640036600075004200024000430CON
36、CLUSIONSWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTINTHECASEOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDCOMPANIESMOSTOFTHESECOMPANIESASSETSAREINTHEFORMOFCURRENTASSETSALSO,CURRENTLIABILITIESAREONEOFTHEIRMAINSOURCESOFEXTERNALFINANCEINTHISCONTEXT,THEOBJECTIVEOFTHECURRENTRESEARCHHASBEENTOPROVIDEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEABOUTTHEEF
37、FECTSOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTONTHEPROFITABILITYOFASAMPLEOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDSPANISHFIRMSFORTHISPURPOSE,WECOLLECTEDAPANELCONSISTINGOF8,872SMESCOVERINGTHEPERIOD19962002ACCORDINGTOPREVIOUSSTUDIESFOCUSONLARGEFIRMSSHINANDSOENEN,1998DELOOF,2003,THEANALYSESCARRIEDOUTCONFIRMTHEIMPORTANTROLEOFWORKINGCAPIT
38、ALMANAGEMENTINVALUEGENERATIONINSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDFIRMSWEFINDASIGNIFICANTNEGATIVERELATIONBETWEENANSMESPROFITABILITYANDTHENUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEANDDAYSOFINVENTORYWECANNOT,HOWEVER,CONFIRMTHATTHENUMBEROFDAYSACCOUNTSPAYABLEAFFECTSANSMESRETURNONASSETS,ASTHISRELATIONLOSESSIGNIFICANCEWHENWECONTROLF
39、ORPOSSIBLEENDOGENEITYPROBLEMSFINALLY,SMESHAVETOBECONCERNEDWITHWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTBECAUSETHEYCANALSOCREATEVALUEBYREDUCINGTHEIRCASHCONVERSIONCYCLETOAMINIMUM,ASFARASTHATISREASONABLESOURCEPEDROJGARCA,PEDROMARTNEZ,2007“EFFECTSOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTONSMEPROFITABILITY”INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMANAGER
40、IALFINANCEVOL3,NO2PP164177译文营运资金管理对中小企业盈利能力的影响摘要这里提供的研究的目的是提供有关营运资金管理对示例的中小型西班牙公司盈利能力的影响的实证证据。就这一点,我们收集了一组涵盖19962002年这一期间的8872家中小型公司。健全的内生性问题的存在的这一结果,表明管理人员能够通过减少公司的应收账款天数和存货天数来创造价值。同样,缩短转换周期现金也能够提高公司的盈利能力。引言企业财务文学对长期财务决策的研究有传统的关注。研究人员特别提供了分析投资、资本结构、股息或公司估价,还有其他项目之间的研究。但是公司作出的短期决策和使用一年以下期限的资源的投资,都代表
41、了一个公司资产负债表上的项目的主要份额。事实上,在我们的示例中,小型和中型的西班牙公司的流动资产占它们总资产的6948,同时,它们的流动负债也超过它们总负债的5282。营运资金管理之所以很重要,是因为它影响公司的盈利能力和风险,从而影响其价值史密斯,1980。一方面,由于产品的匮乏要维持高的存货水平,降低生产过程中可能中断的成本或者可能损失的业务,降低成本供应,并防止其他优势之间的价格波动布林德和曼西尼,1991。另一方面,发放贸易信贷有利于公司以不同的方式销售。贸易信贷可以充当有效的价格削减布伦南,马克辛莫维克和泽迟恩,1998;皮特森和拉詹,1997,刺激顾客在低需求时获得商品埃默里,19
42、87,允许顾客在收到商品时按照协定检查他们的商品(数量和质量),并确保服务合同得以实施史密斯,1987,帮助公司同他们的客户加强长期合作的关系NG,史密斯和史密斯,1999。不过,公司投资大量的存货和贸易信贷可能使公司的获利能力减少。因此,对流动资产的投资越大,风险越低,但是也使公司的获利能力更低。另一方面,贸易信贷是一种自发的融资,减少了所需资金在存货和顾客账户之间的捆绑。但我们应谨记在从供应商融资时,如果有可利用的折扣提早付款可能有非常高的隐式成本。事实上,根据对折扣率和折扣期间的授予,机会成本可能超过20威尔纳,2000;NG,史密斯和史密,1999。对此,以前的研究已经分析了贸易信贷的
43、成本高,并发现了当他们没有其他更多的融资经济来源可使用时的公司财务和卖方信贷。投资多少在客户、存货账户以及从供应商那里接受多少信用的决定,都反映在公司的现金周转期所代表的平均天数,这些平均天数指的是公司必须开始向供应商支付货款和开始向它的客户收取货款之间的天数。以前的研究已经使用这项指标来分析现金周转周期的缩短是否对公司的盈利能力有正面的或负面的影响。具体而言,斯津和索恩1998分析了在现金周转周期和一个19741994年期间在美国股票交易所上市的样本公司的盈利能力之间的关系。其结果显示,在合理范围内减少现金转换周期可以增加公司的盈利能力。较近期,戴鲁夫2003分析了在19921996年间的大
44、比利时公司的示例。他的结果显示比利时公司能够通过减少未付的应收账款天数和减少存货来提高他们的盈利能力。此外,他发现获利少的公司需要更长的时间的来支付他们的账单。这些以前的研究都将他们的分析研究集中在大公司上。然而,流动资产和负债的管理对中小型公司却显得尤其重要。这些公司的大多数资产都是流动资产的形式。而且,考虑到他们在长期资本市场上获得资金的困难皮特森和拉詹,1997和他们所面临的财务约束怀特德,1992;法査瑞和皮特森,1993,流动负债是外部财务的主要来源之一。在这方面,埃利豪森和沃肯1993,皮特森和拉詹1997和丹尼尔森和斯科特2000表明中小型的美国公司已经用完他们的债务时使用供应商
45、融资。因此,有效的营运资金管理对小公司显得尤其重要皮尔和威尔逊,1996。在这种环境下,当前工作的目标是为1996年2002年期间的8,872中小型企业组成的一个小组提供关于营运资金管理对获利能力的影响的实证证据。这项工作对文学的贡献有两种方式。第一,以前没有中小企业存在的这些证据。我们使用西班牙中小企业中的一个样本,通过较不发达的资本市场拉波塔,洛配兹西拉内斯,施莱弗,和维什尼,1997和多数资源通过金融中介机构潘皮隆,2000这个特点,在所谓的大陆模型内经营。这一切表明西班牙的中小型企业有较少的外部可替代资源,一般使得他们更多的取决于短期融资,尤其是在贸易信贷上。德米伽克卡特和马克辛莫维克
46、2002建议,国家间的公司经营应该在更加发达的银行系统向客户发放更多的贸易信贷,同时他们应供应商那里从得到更多的资本。第二个贡献是,不像斯津和索恩1998和戴鲁夫2003先前的研究,在当前我们曾对可能出现的内在性问题进行了健全的测试。目的是确保在实施分析中发现的关系是由于现金转换周期对公司盈利能力的影响而不是相反。我们的研究结果表明,管理人员可以通过减少他们公司的应收账款和存货天数来创造价值。同样的,缩短现金转换周期也可以提高公司的盈利能力。从这点来看,工作的结构如下在第一部分,我们描述样本和变量的使用;在第三部分,我们目前实施的分析和我们的发现;最后,我们讨论我们的主要结论。数据与变量1、数
47、据我们从AMADEUS数据库中获得这些研究的数据。这些数据由范迪克局开发,里面包含了欧洲公司的金融和经济数据。样本由西班牙的小型和中型公司组成。中小型企业的选择是在中小型企业的定义下根据欧洲委员会1996年四月三号的96/280/CE建议的建立需求而做出的。具体而言,我们选择了至少三年满足以下条件的公司A)员工人数少于250人;B)销售额少于4000万欧元;C)拥有低于2700万的总资产。除了采用这些选择条件,我们还使用一系列的过滤器。因此,我们消除公司在它们的账户上的不同观察值,诸如在资产,流动资产,固定资产,负债,流动负债,资本,折旧或利息支付的负值。我们从背离了合理的期望的资产负债表和利
48、润表还有亏损账户展示迹象中删除了项目的观察值。最后,我们消除了1的由几个变量中出现的极值。作为这些过滤器应用的结果,我们得出样本的38464个观察值。为了介绍营运资金投资水平对经济周期的影响,我们从欧盟统计局获得了西班牙的年国内生产总值增长的信息。2、变量为了分析营运资金管理对公司盈利能力的影响,我们使用资产回报率(ROA)作为因变量。我们定义这个变量作为支付利息和税收前的收益比率。作为独立变量,我们通过使用应收账款周转天数,存货周转天数和应付账款周转天数来衡量营运资金管理。在这方面,应收账款周转天数(AR)以365(应收账款/销售收入)来计算。这个变量表示这个公司从它的客户那里收回货款所花费
49、的平均天数。值越高,说明投资占应收账款的部分越高。我们计算存货周转天数(INY)的式子是365(存货/购买)。此变量反映了该公司所持有的股票的平均天数。储存时间越长说明对某一特定水平的经营活动的存货的投资越大。应付账款周转天数(AP)反映了公司支付其供应商所花费的时间。我们用365(应付账款/购买)来计算它的值。值越高,公司向其供应商承诺付款的时间就更长。我们应同时考虑这三个时期来估计现金转换周期。现金转换周期的计算是应收账款周转天数加上存货周转天数减去应付账款周转天数。现金转换周期越长,对流动资产的净投资越大,对流动资产中的金融资产的需求就越大。我们作为公司规模的控制变量介绍这些变量,销售收入的增长和它的杠杆作用。我们用资产对数规模大小,用(销售收入1销售收入0)/销售收入0来衡量销售增长,用负债的债务比率来衡量杠杆作用。戴鲁夫(2003)在他的大比利时公司的研究中也认为固定金融资产占总资产的比率是一个可控变量。在他的研究中的一些公司,这些资产是总资产的重要组成部分。然而我们的研究集中在那些固定金融资产不重要的中小型企业。事实上,在我们的样本中的公司几乎不投资在固定金融资产上(平均值为392,但是中位数为005)。尽管如此,包括这个变量时结果仍不变。此外,由于良好的经济条件往往反映一家公司的盈利能力,我们使用衡量年均国内生产总值增