1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文FOOTBALLPLAYERSASHUMANASSETSMEASUREMENTASTHECRITICALFACTORINASSETRECOGNITIONACASESTUDYINVESTIGATION“THESYSTEM,HECHARLIESEAR,PFASECRETARY1898CONTINUED,CAUSEDPLAYERSTOAPPEARASPROSPECTUSES,ASMOREORLESSVALUEDASSETSOFALIMITEDLIABILITYCOMPANYITHADDESTROYEDTHEOLDPERSONALBONDOFFRIENDLYFEELIN
2、GBETWEENUSANDCLUBMANAGERSANDBROUGHTTHELATTERTOREGARDUSASCHATTELSTOBEBOUGHTANDSOLDWEHAVETOTHANKTHETRANSFERSYSTEMFORBRINGINGUSDOWNTOTHELEVELOFBEASTSINTHEMARKETPLACETHECOMMODITYTHEPLAYERHASNOLOCUSSTANDING“HARDING1991,IMPORTANTDIFFERENCESBETWEENPROFESSIONALSPORTSMENANDOTHEREMPLOYEESAREWELLDOCUMENTEDBYHU
3、MANRESOURCEACCOUNTINGACADEMICSINTHEUNITEDSTATESMANYAUTHORSHAVECONSIDEREDTHEISSUEINDETAILWHILETHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDMANYAUTHORSMAKEPASSINGREFERENCETOPROFESSIONALSPORTFOREXAMPLE,JOHANSON,1991,HEKIMIANANDJONES,1967,DYSON,1992SURPRISINGLYHUMANRESOURCEACCOUNTINGISSUESWITHINTHEUKSMOSTPOPULARPROFESSIONALSPORT,
4、FOOTBALL,HAVENOTBEENASEXTENSIVELYRESEARCHEDCONTEMPORARYWORKHASBEENCARRIEDOUTINTHEAREAMORROW,1992,1995TOUCHEROSS,1992,1993,1994,HOWEVERMOSTOFTHERESEARCHHASEITHERBEENCARRIEDOUTSOMETIMEAGODOBBINSANDTRUSSEL,1975BEENMENTIONEDWITHINAMOREGENERALARTICLECONCERNINGFOOTBALLFINANCETEMPLE,1991ORBEENCONCERNEDWITH
5、SOMESPECIALIZEDASPECTOFTHESUBJECT,FOREXAMPLECONSIDERATIONOFCLUBSRECRUITMENTPOLICIESASINVESTMENTDECISIONSSUTHERLAND,1986,ORTHEOPERATIONOFTHETRANSFERSYSTEMANDITSIMPLICATIONSFORPLAYERSSLOANE,1969STEWART,1986MOORHOUSE,1992HUMANRESOURCEACCOUNTINGSINCETHE1960SHASBEENDOMINATEDBYTWOISSUESFIRSTLY,CANHUMANRES
6、OURCESBESATISFACTORILYDEFINEDANDRECOGNIZEDASACCOUNTINGASSETSANDSECONDLY,CANASATISFACTORYVALUATIONMETHODOLOGYBEPROVIDEDTOREFLECTTHOSEASSETSINTHISPAPERBOTHTHESEISSUESAREADDRESSEDINTHECONTEXTOFONEPARTICULARTYPEOFHUMANRESOURCETHEPAPERFIRSTLYCONSIDERSWHETHERANACCOUNTINGASSETISCREATEDBYVIRTUEOFTHEFACTTHAT
7、ACLUBHOLDINGAPLAYERSREGISTRATIONHASTHERIGHTSTOTHESERVICESPROVIDEDBYTHATPLAYERITISINTUITIVELYAPPEALINGTOTHINKOFFOOTBALLPLAYERSASASSETSOTHERTHANACLUBSGROUNDORFACILITIESTHEYAREOFTENTHEONLYITEMOFVALUETOACLUBROBINSON1969ARGUESTHATTHEMAINDIFFERENCEBETWEENINVESTMENTINHUMANSANDINVESTMENTINPROPERTYLIESINTHEF
8、ACTTHATTHEEARNINGPOWEROFANINDIVIDUAL,UNLIKETHATOFPROPERTY,ISNOTASALEABLECOMMODITYTHETRANSFERSYSTEMINWHICHPLAYERSATALLLEVELSOFTHEGAMEAREBOUGHTANDSOLDISANEXCEPTIONTOTHISRULETHEHISTORICALROOTSOFTHISTRANSFERSYSTEMCANBETRACEDTOACLAUSEINSERTEDINTHEREGULATIONSOFTHEENGLISHFOOTBALLASSOCIATIONIN1885WHICHREQUI
9、REDALLPLAYERSTOBEREGISTEREDANNUALLYWITHTHEASSOCIATIONTHECLAUSE,WHICHWASDESIGNEDTOPREVENTTHEPOACHINGOFPLAYERSORPLAYERSCLUBHOPPING,INSTEADRESULTEDINTHEREGISTRATIONBECOMINGSOMETHINGTOBEBOUGHTANDSOLDINITSOWNRIGHTMILLER,1993ITISNOTHOWEVER,THEPLAYERHIMSELFWHOISTHEASSET,BUTRATHERTHEPROVISIONOFSERVICES,ALTH
10、OUGHASNOTEDINTHECHESTERREPORTOFTHECOMMITTEEONFOOTBALL,THISDISTINCTIONISSOMEWHATTECHNICAL“THETRANSACTIONMAYBEWRAPPEDUPINTHEJARGONOFREGISTRATIONS,BUTINEFFECTITISPAYMENTFORAMAN“DEPARTMENTOFEDUCATIONANDSCIENCE,POINT286,1968THEAPPROACHADOPTEDINTHISPAPERISBASEDONTHATUSEDBYBARWISEETAL1989INEXAMININGTHEISSU
11、EOFACCOUNTINGFORBRANDSTHEPAPERFIRSTEXAMINESTHEFUNDEMENTIAISSUESOFACCOUNTINGFORANINTANGIBLEASSET,NAMELYTHESERVICESPROVIDEDBYAFOOTBALLPLAYERONBEHALFOFTHECLUBHOLDINGHISREGISTRATIONWEBBANDBROADBENT1986HAVEIDENTIFIEDWHERETHEINFORMATIONREQUIREMENTSOFPARTIESINTERESTEDINTHEFINANCIALAFFAIRSOFFOOTBALLCLUBSDIF
12、FERFROMTHOSEOFORTHODOXCOMMERCIALORGANIZATIONSTHISPAPERCONTENDSTHATTHOSEREQUIREMENTSARENOTBEINGADDRESSEDINRESPECTOFTHISINTANGIBLERESOURCEDIFFICULTIESINTHISAREAAREFOUNDEDONPROBLEMSOFDEFINITIONANDRECOGNITIONANDTHEAPPROACHADOPTEDHASBEENTOTESTTHECLAIMSOFTHISASSETAGAINSTTHEUKACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDCRITER
13、IAFORDEFINITIONANDRECOGNITIONOFASSETSBYADOPTINGTHISAPPROACH,THEPAPERAIMSTODEMONSTRATETHEARGUMENTFORTHECONCEPTUALIZATIONASANACCOUNTINGASSETOFTHESERVICESPROVIDEDBYAFOOTBALLPLAYERONBEHALFOFTHECLUBHOLDINGHISREGISTRATION,ANDTOIDENTIFYTHELEGALANDECONOMICREALITIESTHATDIFFERENTIATEFOOTBALLPLAYERSFROMOTHERHU
14、MANRESOURCESTHEPAPERSECONDLYCONSIDERSCAPITALIZATIONOFTHEINTANGIBLEUNDERDIFFERENTACCOUNTINGMODELS,EXAMININGTHEVALIDITYOFTHEUSUALDISTINCTIONBETWEENPURCHASEDANDINTERNALLYDEVELOPEDINTANGIBLESTHEPAPERDOESNOTSEEKTOPROVIDEACOMPLETEMEASUREMENTMODELFORACCOUNTINGINCOME,RATHERCONCENTRATINGONTHECAPITALIZEDVALUA
15、TIONOFTHEINTANGIBLEINTHEBALANCESHEETMORROW1995IDENTIFIEDANDEVALUATEDTHREEVALUATIONMETHODOLOGIESAPPROPRIATETOTHEHUMANRESOURCEOFFOOTBALLPLAYERSSERVICESEACHMODELISEITHERCURRENTLYUSEDINACCOUNTINGPRACTICEBYONEORMORECLUBSORINSOMEFORMINTHEEXISTINGMARKETPLACEFORPLAYERSINTHISPAPERTHESEVALUATIONMETHODOLOGIESA
16、RETESTEDUSINGCASESTUDYDATAAMAJORSCOTTISHCLUBMADEAVAILABLETHESENSITIVEINFORMATIONTHATWASREQUIREDTOCARRYOUTTHESTUDYOTHERKNOWLEDGEABLESOURCESASSISTEDASEXPLAINEDINTHEPAPERVALUATIONMETHODOLOGIESHAVINGDEMONSTRATEDTHECASEFORDEFINITIONANDSUFFICIENCYOFEVIDENCEFORRECOGNITION,THENEXTCONSIDERATIONISTHEMETHODOFV
17、ALUATIONOFSUCHASSETSONTHEBALANCESHEETANDENSURINGTHERELIABILITYOFMEASUREMENTMORROW1995EVALUATEDTHREEVALUATIONMETHODOLOGIESAPPROPRIATETOTHEHUMANRESOURCEOFFOOTBALLPLAYERSSERVICES,EACHOFWHICHEITHERCURRENTLYISUSEDINACCOUNTINGPRACTICEBYONEORMORECLUBS,ORISUSEDINSOMEFORMINTHEEXISTINGMARKETPLACEFORPLAYERSINT
18、HISSECTION,INFORMATIONPROVIDEDBYAMAJORCLUBDURINGASERIESOFVISITSTOTHECLUBISUSEDTOILLUSTRATETHESEMETHODS,ALONGWITHANADDITIONALMETHODBASEDONDIRECTORSVALUATIONTHEHISTORICALCOSTMODELMETHOD1,INVOLVESCAPITALIZINGPLAYERSACQUIREDBYTHECLUBVIATHETRANSFERMARKETONTHEBALANCESHEETATTHEIRCOSTOFREGISTRATIONTHEEARNIN
19、GSMULTIPLIERMODELMETHOD2,INVOLVESAPPLYINGAMULTIPLIERTOAPLAYERSEARNINGSTOPRODUCEACURRENTVALUATIONOFTHATPLAYERTHEDIRECTORSVALUATIONMODELMETHOD3INTHISCASEINVOLVESCAPITALIZINGTHEPLAYERSATAVALUEPROVIDEDJOINTLYBYTHECHAIRMANANDMANAGERANINDEPENDENTMULTIPLEPLAYEREVALUATIONMODELMETHOD4,INVOLVESVARIOUSINFORMED
20、ANDKNOWLEDGEABLESOURCESPROVIDINGAVALUEFORTHEPLAYERSOFTHECLUBINQUESTIONTHISMODELISBASEDONAMODELSETOUTBYOGAN1977FORVALUINGUSPROFESSIONALSPORTSTEAMSHISTORICALCOSTMETHODTHREESCOTTISHCLUBS,CELTIC,HEARTOFMIDLOTHIANANDRANGERSCAPITALIZETHOSEPLAYERSBOUGHTBYTHECLUBONTHETRANSFERMARKETATTHEIRCOSTOFREGISTRATIONI
21、NTHEIRACCOUNTSASURVEYOFENGLISHCLUBSIDENTIFIEDFOURCLUBSALSOFOLLOWINGTHISACCOUNTINGTREATMENTTOUCHEROSS,1994,P8THECORRESPONDING1993SURVEYCONCLUDEDTHAT“COMMERCIALLOGICSUPPORTSAHISTORICALCOSTCAPITALIZATIONAPPROACH“,GIVENTHEVALUEOFCURRENTTRANSFERSANDPLAYERSQUADSTOUCHEROSS,1993,P12TABLEISETSOUTTHEINFORMATI
22、ONTHATWOULDBERECORDEDFORTHECASESTUDYCLUBUNDERTHISMETHODTABLE1FIRSTTEAMSQUADHISTORICALCOSTATYEAREND1993COSTOFREGISTRATIONRESIDUALVALUEPERUEFACOEFFICIENTFACTORAMORTISATIONCHARGE1993NETBOOKVALUEWRITEDOWNTONETREALISABLEVALUEYEARENDBALANCESHEETVALUE000000000000000000195026248816833081375INPRACTICETHECOST
23、OFREGISTRATIONWOULDBEAMORTIZEDOVERTHELENGTHOFAPLAYERSCONTRACT,HOWEVERINTHISCASE,EACHPLAYERSCOSTOFREGISTRATIONHASBEENAMORTIZEDOVERTHEPERIODSINCEHEJOINEDTHECLUBUNTILTHEENDOFHISEXISTINGCONTRACT,CONSISTENTWITHTHEREGULARREVIEWANDREVISIONOFTHEUSEFULLIFEOFASSETSASSUGGESTEDINSSAP12,PARAGRAPH18ASC,1987THERES
24、IDUALVALUEHASBEENESTIMATEDUSINGTHEUNIONOFEUROPEANFOOTBALLASSOCIATIONSCOEFFICIENTFACTORFORMULABYREFERENCETOAPLAYERSEARNINGSANDAMULTIPLIERFACTORBASEDONHISAGEATTHEENDOFHISCONTRACTUEFA,1992,ARTICLE3,ASUSEDINPRACTICEBYTHECLUBSREFERREDTOABOVEASTHEEXERCISEWASCARRIEDOUTRETROSPECTIVELYAPLAYERSEARNINGSOVERTHE
25、MOSTRECENTSEASONHAVEBEENUSEDWITHINTHEMULTIPLIERFORMULATOESTABLISHTHERESIDUALVALUECONSEQUENTLYTHERESIDUALVALUEOFEACHPLAYERHASBEENINFLATEDANDINMANYCASESISCONSIDERABLYINEXCESSOFTHEACQUISITIONCOSTTHEUSEOFTHEUEFAMULTIPLIERTOESTABLISHRESIDUALVALUESONTHISEVIDENCE,NOTWITHSTANDINGTHEDISTORTIONCAUSEDBYUSINGCU
26、RRENTEARNINGSTOCALCULATERESIDUALVALUEMENTIONEDABOVE,WOULDSEEMTOBEOPENTOQUESTIONINALLBUTONECASE,INCLUDINGPLAYERSWHOAREINTHEIRFIRSTCONTRACTATTHECLUBANDTOWHOMTHEREFORETHEPROBLEMOFINFLATEDRESIDUALVALUESISNOTRELEVANT,THEPLAYERSRESIDUALVALUEPERTHEUEFAMULTIPLIERISINEXCESSOFTHECHAIRMAN/MANAGERSESTIMATEOFTHE
27、RECOVERABLEAMOUNTONTHEPLAYER,ANDINALLBUTTHREECASESISINEXCESSOFTHEORIGINALCOSTOFACQUISITIONALLPLAYERSHAVEBEENWRITTENDOWNTOTHECHAIRMAN/MANAGERSESTIMATEOFNETREALIZABLEVALUEIFAPPROPRIATEDUETOITSNATURETHEVALUEOFAPLAYERMUSTCONTINUALLYFLUCTUATEHOWEVER,GIVENTHEWIDELYHELDBELIEFTHATALLPLAYERSAREFORSALEATTHERI
28、GHTPRICE,IFTHEDIRECTORSBELIEVEONTHEBASISOFTHEIREXPERIENCEOFTHEMARKETPLACETHATTHEBOOKVALUEISNOTRECOVERABLE,THENANIMMEDIATEWRITEOFFISAPPROPRIATEFROMTABLEIITAPPEARSTHATSEVERALPLAYERSHAVEBEENSUBJECTTOPERMANENTDIMINUTIONINVALUEONEEXPLANATIONFORTHISISTHECONDITIONSOFREEMPLOYMENTIMPOSEDONCLUBSBYTHESCOTTISHL
29、EAGUE,WHEREBYWHENAPLAYERREACHESTHEENDOFHISCONTRACTHISEMPLOYERMUSTEITHEROFFERHIMANEWCONTRACTONATLEASTTHESAMEBASICTERMSORALTERNATIVELYSETTHEPLAYERFREETOARRANGETHETRANSFEROFHISOWNREGISTRATIONINTHECLIMATEOFRECESSIONWHICHAPPLIEDATTHETIMEOFTHEEXERCISE,CLUBSWEREUSINGTHEFREETRANSFERASAMEANSOFAVOIDINGFUTUREC
30、OSTSFORMANYPLAYERSWHOTHEYBELIEVEDHADAREALIZABLEVALUE,BUTINRESPECTOFWHOMTHERISKSOFBEINGUNABLETOARRANGEASALEANDTHUSHAVINGTOCONTINUETOMEETTHESALARYCOSTSWERECONSIDEREDTOOHIGHEARNINGSMULTIPLIERMETHODTHEMULTIPLIERVALUATIONAPPROACHISUSEDINPRACTICEBYUEFATOVALUEOUTOFCONTRACTPLAYERSWHOARETRANSFERRINGBETWEENTW
31、OCLUBSWITHINEUROPE,WHERETHECLUBSAREUNABLETOAGREEAFEEINRESPECTOFTHETRANSFERINESSENCETHETRANSFERFEEMUSTBEATLEASTTHEGROSSINCOMEOFTHEPLAYERMULTIPLIEDBYACOEFFICIENTFACTORWHICHVARIESACCORDINGTOTHEPLAYERSAGE6UEFA,1992,ARTICLE3INTHEUK,TRANSFERPRICESOFOUTOFCONTRACTPLAYERSARENOTVALUEDONTHEMULTIPLIERBASIS,BUTI
32、NSTEADBYANINDEPENDENTTRANSFERTRIBUNALWHICHEXISTSTOARBITRATEBETWEENCLUBSINSUCHCIRCUMSTANCESINFORMATIONWASDISCLOSEDBYTHECLUBFORRESEARCHPURPOSESINRESPECTOFTHESALARYLEVELSOFINDIVIDUALPLAYERSCLEARLYSUCHINFORMATIONREQUIRESREMAININGCONFIDENTIALASACONSEQUENCETHEINFORMATIONONSALARYANDSUBSEQUENTPLAYERVALUATIO
33、NSHASBEENACCUMULATEDFOREACHRELEVANTUEFACOEFFICIENTFACTORCATEGORY,ANDDISCLOSEDONTHATBASISTABLEIISETSOUTTHEVALUATIONWHICHWOULDBEOBTAINEDFORTHECLUBUNDERTHISAPPROACHTABLE2FIRSTTEAMSQUADVALUATIONATYEAREND1993EARNINGSMUTIPLIERAPPROACHCOEFFICIENTFACTORNUMBEROFPLAYERSIGROSSINCOMEOFTOTALGROSSINCOMEVALUATIONO
34、FTOTALVALUATION00000001425001299119922000003000006419323115820883263826084410614417144024123526062410248561005929100ALTHOUGHTHEREISATHEORETICALBASISFORUSINGSALARIESASASURROGATEOFHUMANRESOURCEVALUE,THETHEORETICALCONDITIONSTHATMUSTHOLDARESOSTRINGENT,THATINPRACTICETHEYCANNOTREALISTICALLYBEMETSCARPELLO斯
35、图尔特,1986穆尔豪斯,1992)。从1960年以来,关于人力资源会计的研究争论主要集中在两点,首先人力资本能否准确的计量并且作为会计资产处置,其次是如何采用适当地方法对人力资本进行估价。本文对这两个方面的研究是基于一类特殊的人力资源。本文首先考虑的是运动员会计资产的确认是否取决于俱乐部为球员注册,享受球员提供的服务的权利。这是确认球员是俱乐部资产的最直观的观点除了俱乐部的基础设施,他们往往是唯一能够体现俱乐部价值的。罗宾逊(1969)认为,人力投资和实物投资最主要的不同在于人力不像实物一样,人力资本是不能自由出售的商品。这个转会政策的历史根源可以追溯到1885年英格兰职业足球协会的一条准则
36、,该准则规定协会的俱乐部每年都必须为球员注册。该条款主要是为了防止球员或者俱乐部的暗中操作,取代那些在球员注册后,俱乐部在自己的权利内私下买卖球员的行为(米勒,1993)。运动员自身不仅作为资产同时还提供服务,尽管如在切斯特足球委员会报告指出的那样,这是某些技术上的区别。“球员交易的完成是以注册为形式,实际上它是支付给一个人的付款”(教育部和科学部,286点1968年)。本文所采用的研究方法是基于巴斯等人在品牌方面所采用的会计研究方法。本文首先讨论了关于无形资产的会计核算问题,即俱乐部为球员注册,球员给俱乐部带来的收益。韦伯和布拉德本特(1986)确认投资者对俱乐部财务信息的要求不同于其他的商
37、业机构。本文认为这些要求中并没有关于无形资产的要求。这一方面的困难在于定义和确任,通常被采用的测试无形资产的要求和英国会计委员会的关于资产定义以及确认的准则相违背。通过采用这种方法,本文旨在展示关于运动员作为服务性的会计资产的争论,从法律和经济两方面区别球员与其他人力资产。其次本文考虑了无形资产在不同会计模式下的资本化,调查对比了内部开发的无形资产与购买的之间的差距。本文并非旨在提供一个完整的会计计量模型,而是提供一种无形资产的在资产负债表上估值计量的方法。莫罗(1995)提出了三种模型方法来评估和计量足球运动员人力资本提供的服务。每一个模型都可以在一个或者多个俱乐部甚至是现有的球员市场中的会
38、计实务中应用。在本文中将采用案例来验证这些估价方法。一个苏格兰的俱乐部提供给我们一些内部的信息以供我们研究,其他的提供信息的人将在文中辅助说明。估值方法在已经定义和确认的情况下,下一步需要考虑的是如何在估计这些资产在资产负债表中的价值并且确保估值方法的可靠性。莫罗(1995)提出了三种模型方法来评估和计量足球运动员人力资本提供的服务。每一个模型都可以在一个或者多个俱乐部甚至是现有的球员市场中的会计实务中应用。在本文中我们将会永在访问俱乐部期间调查的一系列数据来验证这三种方法以及一种以董事估值为基础的方法。历史成本法,涉及通过球员在转会市场上的转会费来表现其在资产负债表上的价值。收益乘数法,涉及
39、以球员的收益乘以适当的乘数来确定价值的方法。董事估值模型在这个案例中是由董事与经理共同估计球员资本化的价值的大小。独立多重评估模型是由与球员相关的各种资源,信息所提供的价值来确定球员的价值,该模型是以奥根(1977)研究美国职业运动员价值计量的模型为基础的。历史成本法三个苏格兰俱乐部,凯尔特人、赫斯和格拉斯哥流浪者俱乐部确定他们的球员的价值是通过俱乐部为球员注册和转会市场上的所花的费用。一份关于英国俱乐部的调查表明有四个俱乐部同样是用这种会计处理方法(德勤罗斯,1994年,第8页),相应的1993年的调查结果是“商业交易支持历史成本法”假定球员在转会市场和球队的价值。表一是此项研究所采用的相关
40、信息表一,历史成本估值法注册成本欧足联每个因子的剩余价值93年摊销账面净值记录的可变现价值年末资产负债表价值000000000000000000195026248816833081375在实际操作中,每个球员的注册费用将以他的合同为周期进行摊销,但事实上,球员注册费用的摊销将会超过他的合同周期,从他加入俱乐部开始直到离开,如同会计准则12,第18段建议的那样定期的审查和确认资产的有效期(会计协会,1987)。在以上提到的俱乐部的实践中,剩余价值的确认将通过运用欧足联提出的因素公式并参考运动员在合同结束时的年龄所确定的收益乘数(欧足联,1992,第三条)。这项工作通过回顾运动员在最近一个赛季的收
41、入确定乘数公式从而确定剩余价值。所以每个运动员的剩余价值都被夸大了,甚至超过运动员的收购成本。欧足联关于通过乘数来确定球员价值的方法受到了质疑,这种方法产生差异的原因时拿现在的收益来估计剩余价值。那些在俱乐部的合同运动员的第一份合同与运动员剩余价值的夸大是没有关联的,在一个案例中,运动员的剩余价值超出了俱乐部主席和经理所能收回的收益,有三个案例中球员的剩余价值超过了球员的购置成本。所有球员的都被俱乐部主席和经理以适当地可变现价值确认。由于运动员人力资本的本质,其可变现价值在不断地变化。因此,鉴于所有的球员可以在适当的价格变卖的这个理念,如果经理以他的市场经验认为无法收回球员的账面价值,那么在适
42、当地时候会选择交易掉球员。在表一中有一些球员已经开始永久的贬值。这样做的一个解释就是苏格兰俱乐部联赛的一项规定,如果一个球员的合同到期,俱乐部所能做的是要么再提供一份相同规格的合同,要么选择让球员自由转会。一些球员仍然具有价值,但俱乐部一旦无法出售该球员,就不得不接受继续付给球员高于其价值的薪酬,在经济不景气的时候俱乐部采用自由转会这种手段来规避球员的这种交易风险。收益乘数法收益乘数法是欧足联用来计量那些在两个欧洲俱乐部之间转会,但俱乐部在准会费上无法达成一致的球员的价值。在本质上转会费是球员的带来的总收入乘以一个与球员年龄相关的因子(欧足联,1992,第三条)。在英国球员的转会价格并不是以乘
43、数为基础估价的,而是由一个专门的仲裁委员会来确定的,这个委员会是专门解决不同情况下的转会。俱乐部公开关于球员薪水水平的相关信息用来进行研究。很明显的这些信息应该是保密的。随着球员薪水水平的公开,随后的球员的评估就通过欧足联的提供的系数积累起来。表二就是在这种方式下获得的估值表二,收益乘数估值法系数因子(运动员数量)净收益占全部收益比例估值占全部估值百分比00000001425001299119922000003000006419323115820883263826084410614417144024123526062410248561005929100尽管已经有人力资本估值的理论基础,但是在实践中它并不能完全满足,因为该理论的条件要求十分严格。它的一个重要缺陷是忽略了资金的时间价值。一个更高级的收益乘数模型在荷兰足球协会中应用,即用潜在的转会费(总年薪系数由球员工资和年薪决定)乘以025。这个方法类似于赫斯曼(1964)提出的未来现金贴现调整的方法。虽然这个方法是一个尝试将未来收益贴现的方法,但025这个系数却还是能够使我们在资产负债表上估计的价值有一定的可靠性。出处英斯蒂芬莫罗,足球运动员人力资本作为资产计量的关键因素的案例研究,人力资成本会计,第1卷(1),1996P7597