1、Unit 5 Payment of Electronic Commerce,学习指导：本章将介绍：电子商务结算系统的基本功能网上支付工具储值卡在电子商务中的地位互联网技术在银行业的应用,5.1 Introduction to Online Payment,An important function of electronic commerce sites is the handling of payments over the Internet. Most electronic commerce involves the exchange of some form of money for g
2、oods or services., In this chapter, you will learn about a number of online payment alternatives that are available to individual consumers.,5.1.1 The Advantages of Online Payment systems for electronic commerce,Online payment systems for consumer electronic commerce are still evolving. A number of
3、proposals and implementations of payment systems currently compete for dominance.,Regardless of format, electronic payments are far cheaper than mailing paper checks.,Electronic payments can be convenient for customers and can save companies money. Estimates of the cost of billing one person by mail
4、 range between $1 and $1.50.,Sending bills and receiving payments over the Internet can drop the transaction cost to an average of 50 cents per bill. The total savings is huge when the unit cost is multiplied by the number of customers who could use electronic payment.,For example, a telephone compa
5、ny in a major metropolitan area might have 5 million customers, each of whom receives a bill every month. In one year, a savings of 50 cents on each of those 60 million bills adds up to about $30 million. The environmental impact is also significant.,Those 60 million paper bills weigh about 1.7 mill
6、ion pounds. It takes 2200 trees to make that much paperalong with the energy consumed and the wastes generated in the paper-making process.,5.1.2 the Modes of Electronic Payment,Today, four basic ways to pay for purchases dominate both traditional and electronic business-to-consumer commerce. Cash,
7、checks, credit cards, and debit cards account for more than 90 percent of all consumer payments in the United States.,A small but growing percentage of consumer payments are made by electronic transfer.,The most popular consumer electronic transfers are automated payments of auto loans, insurance pa
8、yments, and mortgage payments made from consumers checking accounts.,Credit cards are by far the most popular method that consumers use to pay for online purchases. Recent surveys have found that more than 85 percent of worldwide consumer Internet purchases are paid for with credit cards.,In the Uni
9、ted States, the proportion is about 96 percent.,Another payment medium is limited-use scrip. Scrip is digital cash minted by a company instead of by a government. Most scrip cannot be exchanged for cash; it must be exchanged for goods or services provided by the company that issued the scrip. Scrip
10、is like a gift certificate that is good at more than one store.,In the early days of the Web, many experts predicted that scrip would become a popular way of making payments for consumer goods and services online. Unfortunately for many investors this turned out not to be true.,5.2 Payment Cards,Bus
11、iness people often use the term payment card as a general term to describe all types of plastic cards that consumers (and some businesses) use to make purchases. The main categories of payment cards are credit cards, debit cards, and charge cards.,5.2.1 Credit Card,A credit card, such as a Visa or a
12、 Master Card, has a spending limit based on the users credit history; a user can pay off the entire credit card balance or pay a minimum amount each billing period. Credit card issuers charge interest on any unpaid balance.,Many consumers already have credit cards, or are at least familiar with how
13、they work. Credit cards are widely accepted by merchants around the world and provide assurances for both the consumer and the merchant. A consumer is protected by an automatic 30-day period in which he or she can dispute an online credit card purchase.,Merchants that already accept credit cards in
14、an offline store can accept them immediately for online payment because they already have established a mechanism for accepting credit card payments.,Online credit card purchases are similar to telephone purchases in that the card holder is not present and cannot provide proof of identity as easily
15、as he or she can when standing at the cash register. Online and telephone purchases are often called card not present transactions and both require an extra degree of security.,5.2.2 Debit Card,A debit card looks like a credit card, but it works quite differently. Instead of charging purchases again
16、st a credit line, a debit card removes the amount of the sale from the cardholders bank account and transfers it to the sellers bank account.,Debit cards are issued by the cardholders bank and usually carry the name of a major credit card issuer, such as Visa or MasterCard, by agreement between the
17、issuing bank and the credit card issuer.,By branding their debit cards with the Visa or MasterCard name , banks ensure that their debit cards will be accepted by merchants who recognize the credit card brand names.,5.3 Electronic Cash5.3.1 What the Electronic Cash Is,Although credit cards dominate o
18、nline payments today, electronic cash shows promise for the future.,Electronic cash (also called e-cash or digital cash) is a general term that describes any value storage and exchange system created by a private (nongovernmental) entity that does not use paper documents or coins and that can serve
19、as a substitute for government-issued physical currency.,A significant difference between electronic cash and scrip is that electronic cash can be readily exchanged for physical cash on demand Because electronic cash is issued by private entities, there is a need for common standards among all elect
20、ronic cash issuers so that one issuers electronic cash can be accepted by another issuer.,This need has not yet been met. Each issuer has its own standard and electronic cash is not universally accepted, as is government-issued physical currency.,5.3.2 The Advantage of Electronic Cash,1、Electronic c
21、ash has a factor in its favor: Most of the worlds population do not have credit cards. Many adults cannot obtain credit cards due to minimum income requirements or past debt problems.,Children and teenagers purchasers representing a significant percentage of online buyers-are ineligible, simply beca
22、use they are too young.,People living in most countries other than the United States hold few credit cards because they have traditionally made their purchases in cash. For all of these people, electronic cash provides the solution to paying for online purchases.,2、Even though there have been many f
23、ailures in the last few years in electronic cash introductions, the idea of electronic cash just refuses to die.,Electronic cash shows particular promise in two applications: the sale of goods and services priced less than $10the lower threshold than credit card paymentsand the sale of all goods and
24、 services to those without credit cards.,5.3.3 How Electronic Cash Works,To begin using electronic cash, a consumer should open an account with an electronic cash issuer (such as a bank that issues electronic cash or a private vendor of electronic cash, such as Pay Pal) and presents proof of identit
25、y.,The consumer can then withdraw electronic cash by accessing the issuers Web site and presenting proof of identity, such as a digital certificate issued by a certification authority, or a combination of a credit card number and a verifiable bank account number.,After the issuer verifies the consum
26、ers identity, it gives the consumer a specific amount of electronic cash and deducts the same amount from the consumers account. In addition, the issuer might charge a small processing fee.,The consumer can store the electronic cash in an electronic wallet (described later in this chapter) on his or
27、 her computer, or on a stored-value card (also described later in this chapter). In addition, the consumer can authorize the issuer to make payments to third parties from the electronic cash account.,5.4 Electronic Wallets,As consumers are becoming more enthusiastic about online shopping, they have
28、begun to tire of repeatedly entering detailed shipping and payment information each time they make online purchases.,Filling out forms ranks high on online customers lists of gripes about online shopping.,To address these concerns, many electronic commerce sites include a feature that allows a custo
29、mer to store name, address, and credit card information on the site. However, consumers must enter their information at each site with which they want to do business.,An electronic wallet (sometimes called an e-wallet), serving a function similar to a physical wallet, holds credit card numbers, elec
30、tronic cash, owner identification, and owner contact information and provides that information at an electronic commerce sites checkout counter.,Electronic wallets give consumers the benefit of entering their information just once, instead of having to enter their information at every site with whic
31、h they want to do business.,Maintaining records of a consumers purchasing habits is something that online giants such as A have mastered, but an enhanced digital wallet could reverse that process and use a Web robot to suggest where the consumer might find a lower price on an item that he or she pur
32、chases regularly.,5.5 Smart Cards,A smart card is a stored-value card that is a plastic card with an embedded microchip that can store your information. Credit, debit, and charge cards currently store limited information on a magnetic strip. A smart card can store information as about 100 times as t
33、hat a magnetic strip plastic card can store.,A smart card can hold private user data such as financial facts, encryption keys, account information, credit card numbers, health insurance information, medical records, and so on.,Smart cards are safer than conventional credit cards because the informat
34、ion stored on a smart card is encrypted. For example, conventional credit cards show your account number on the face of the card and your signature on the back. The card number and a forged signature are all that a thief needs to purchase items and charge them against your card.,With a smart card, c
35、redit theft is much more difficult because the key to unlock the encrypted information is a PIN; there is no visible number on the card that a thief can identify, nor is there a physical signature on the card that a thief can see and use as an example for a forgery.,5.6 Internet Technologies and the
36、 Banking Industry,As you learned earlier, the largest dollar volume of payments today are still made by using paper checks.,These paper checks are processed through the worlds banking system. The other major payment forms in use today also involve banks in one way or another. This section outlines h
37、ow Internet technologies are providing new tools and creating new threats for the banking industry.,5.6.1 Check Processing,In the past, checks were processed physically by banks and clearinghouses. When a person wrote a check to pay for an item at a retail store, the retailer would deposit the cheek
38、 in its bank account.,The retailers bank would then send the paper check to a clearinghouse, which would manage the transfer of funds from the consumers bank to the retailers account.,The paper check would then be transported to the consumers bank, which might then send the cancelled check to the co
39、nsumer. In recent years, many banks have stopped sending cancelled checks to their consumer account holders to save postage. Despite these savings, the cost of transporting tons of paper checks around the country has grown each year.,Banks have been working for years to develop technologies that wil
40、l help them reduce the float. In 2004, a U.S. law went into effect that many bankers believe will eventually eliminate the float. This law, called the Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (or, more simply, Check 21), permits banks to eliminate the movement of physical checks entirely.,In a Check
41、21-compliant world, the retailer can scan the customers check.,The scanned image is transmitted instantly through a clearing system and posts almost immediately to both accounts (that is, the withdrawal from the customers account and the deposit to the retailers account occur instantly), eliminating
42、 any float on the transaction.,5.6.2 Fishing Attacks,The basic structure of a fishing attack is fairly simple. The attacker sends e-mail messages to a large number of recipients who might have an account at the targeted Web site.,The e-mail message tells the recipient that his or her account has bee
43、n compromised and it is necessary for the recipient to log in to the account to correct the matter.,The e-mail message includes a link that appears to be a link to the login page of the Web site. However, the link actually leads the recipient to the fishing attack perpetrators Web site, which is dis
44、guised to look like the targeted Web site.,The unsuspecting recipient enters his or her login name and password, which the perpetrator captures and then uses to access the recipients account. Once inside the victims account, the perpetrator can access personal information, make purchases, or withdra
45、w funds at will.,The links in fishing e-mails are usually disguised. One common way to disguise the real URL is to use the sign, which causes the Web server to ignore all characters that precede the and only use the characters that follow it.,For example, a link that displays: https:/218.36.41.188/f
46、l/login.html looks like it is an address at PayPal. However, the sign causes the Web server to ignore the and instead takes the victim to a Web page at the IP address 218.36.41.188.,5.6.3 Fishing Attack Countermeasures.,Several groups are working on ways to improve the Internets mail transport prot
47、ocols so that spam senders can be identified. Since spam is a key element of fishing attacks, any protocol change that improves e-mail recipients ability to identify the source of an e-mail message will also help to reduce the threat of fishing attacks.,The most important step that companies can tak
48、e today, however, is to educate their Web site users. Most online banking sites continually warn their customers that the site never sends e-mail that asks for account information or that asks the recipient to log in to their Web site and make changes to his or her account information.,Vocabulary,me
49、tropolitan / metrplit()n / n. 大都市的居民,大主教,母国的居民a. 大都市的,大主教区的,母国的loan / lun / n. 贷款,借出,债权人mortgage / m:gid / n.ve. 抵押 还贷 survey / s:vei / vt. 审视,视察,通盘考虑,调查; n.调查，概况proportion / prp:n / n. 比例,均衡,部份,scrip / skrip / n. 便条,纸条,纸片,代币 mint / mint / vt. 铸造,铸币,伪造 发行 n.造币厂issue / isju: / v.发行,流出,造成.结果Category / ktigri / n. 种类,类别Substitute / sbstitju:t / n. 代替者,代用品; v. 代替ineligible / inelidbl / a. 无被选任资格的, 不适任的,不适当的 n. 无被选任资格的人, 不合录用资格的人,
