1、Born to win2018 考研英语（二）冲刺测试卷试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET . (10 points)If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resour
2、ce management is not traditionally seen as _1_ to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired or _2_ at the lowest possible costmuch _3_one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance _4_ to human resource management
3、can be seen in the corporation hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second _5_ command. The _6_ of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who _7_ it is never consulted on major s
4、trategic decisions and has no chance to _8_ to Chief Executive Officer(CEO). _9_, in Japan the head of human-resource management is centralusually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firms _10_.As a _11_, problems _12_ when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American wor
5、kers, for example, take much longer to learn _13_ to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers on Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is _14_ in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and th
6、e need for _15_ retraining _16_ costs and creates bottlenecks that _17_ the speed with _18_ new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological _19_. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population _20_ the wages of the top half. If the bottom half cant effecti
7、vely staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1. A necessary B dispensable C central D understandable2. A rented Bacquired C required D got3. A like B that C as D while4. A compared B attached C detached D entitled
8、5. A in B on C through D by6. A responsibility B personality C importance D post7. A supervises B holds C manages D brings8. A pick up B start up C put up D move up9. A Furthermore B Similarly C Although D However10. A hierarchy B post C position D management11. A matter B fact C result D case12. A
9、invent B emerge C perform D expose13. A how B what C where D whom14. A fewer B higher C littler D lower15. A extensive B intensive C excessive D decisive16. A produces B generates C manufactures D grows17. A promote B limit C confine D accelerate18. A which B that C where D whom19. A innovation B re
10、cession C progression D adaptationBorn to win20. A raise B lift C affect D balanceSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET . (40 points)Text 1A divided Supreme Court
11、ruled Monday that police may take DNA samples when booking those arrested for serious crimes, narrowly upholding a Maryland law and opening the door to more widespread collection of DNA by law enforcement.The court ruled 5 to 4 that government has a legitimate interest in collecting DNA from arreste
12、es, just as it takes photographs and collects fingerprints. Rejecting the view that the practice constitutes an unlawful search, the majority said it was justified to establish the identity of the person in custody. “DNA identification represents an important advance in the techniques used by law en
13、forcement to serve legitimate police concerns for as long as there have been arrests,” Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote for the majority.The dissenters were three of the courts liberals plus conservative Justice Antonin Scalia, who amplified his displeasure by reading a summary of his dissent.“The c
14、ourt has cast aside a bedrock rule of our Fourth Amendment law: that the government may not search its citizens for evidence of crime unless there is a reasonable cause to believe that such evidence will be found,” In his dissent, Scalia wrote that the majoritys attempts to justify the use of DNA as
15、 an identification tool “taxes the naivety of the naive.” He added, “Make no mistake about it: As an entirely predictable consequence of todays decision, your DNA can be taken and entered into a national DNA database if you are ever arrested, rightly or wrongly, and for whatever reason.”Kennedy said
16、 Marylands law is more limited than that. He noted that DNA can be taken only from those suspected of “serious” crime, that the sample is destroyed if the arrestee is not convicted, and that the DNA tests did not violate the privacy of the person by revealing genetic traits or medical information. B
17、esides that, Kennedy said, DNA identification contains critical clues about whether an arrestee should be eligible for being released on bail or whether he would be likely to flee because he had committed a crime more serious than the one for which he was arrested.But Scalia said “Solving unsolved c
18、rimes is a noble objective, but it occupies a lower place in the American noble objectives than the protection of our people from suspicionless law-enforcement searches,” He concluded with a nod to the Framers of the Constitution: “I doubt that the proud men who wrote the charter of our liberties wo
19、uld have been so eager to open their mouths for royal inspection.”The decision was evidence of how the courts ideological differences blur on Fourth Amendment cases. Earlier this term, Scalia joined Ginsburg, Sotomayor and Kagan to rule that bringing a police dog to a suspected drug dealers door wit
20、hout a warrant amounted to an unlawful Born to winsearch. And Scalia joined Sotomayors broad ruling in another case that held police officers generally must try to get a warrant before forcing uncooperative drunken-driving suspects to submit to a blood test.21. The majority of Supreme Court Justices
21、 hold that the collection of DNA samples from arrestees_.A. overestimates the implications of techniquesB. provides an effective identification toolC. serves the interest of the governmentD. constitutes an illegal police search22. According to Paragraph 3, Justice Antonin Scalias dissent is largely
22、out of_.A. his strict adherence to the Fourth Amendment lawB. his concern over misjudgment and wrong arrestsC. his defense of a citizens privacy in law enforcementD. his doubt about the reliability of DNA identification23. To which of the following would Kennedy agree, according to Paragraph 4?A. Ma
23、rylands law about DNA collection has obvious limitations and needs to be improved.B. DNA samples should be taken from for both serious crimes and minor offences.C. DNA samples collected from arrestees should be entered into a national DNA database.D. DNA identification provides critical information
24、about the potential danger posed by an arrestee.24. By mentioning the Framers of the Constitution, Scalia intended to _.A. question the nobility of the judicial process of Maryland caseB. demonstrate the historic significance of Maryland caseC. denounce the courts decision as against the protection
25、of personal rightsD. illustrate the embarrassing DNA sample collection procedure25. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?A. The courts attitude on Fourth Amendment cases is increasingly apparent.B. The justices usually split on decisions about the Fourth Amendment cases.C. Scali
26、a has an inconsistent attitude on the issue of law-enforcement searches.D. The court sometimes goes against the Fourth Amendment deliberately.Text 2Being the first to do something matters. Being the first to tell other folks that you did it matters too. For scientists, publication in a peer reviewed
27、 journal is the primary way of communicating experimental results, so getting a manuscript through the review process and into publication in a timely manner is important. This can get complicated if you are also trying to be published in the most prestigious journal possible.For example, a scientis
28、t could submit their manuscript to a prestigious journal like Nature or Science. The article is sent out for review and within a few months the authors get a note back saying that while their science was methodologically sound, it just wasnt innovative enough for those journals. Next, the scientist
29、submits it to the top journal in their field, only to be told in a few Born to winmonths that it was too interdisciplinary for that journal. A scientist may go through several rounds of submission and rejection looking for a suitable home for their manuscript, worrying as the months slip by that som
30、eone else has beat them to the publication of similar results.Enter the folks behind new “portable peer review” services. Traditionally, the review process was done within the organizational structure of the journal you submitted your manuscript to. These new services are independent of specific jou
31、rnals and their goal is to cut down on the redundant work being done in the publication process. This separates the review process from the publication process, and authors could take their reviews with them as they search for an appropriate publication venue.While the details vary widely, it is sim
32、ilar to traditional journal based peer review. An author submits a manuscript, reviewers are located, and the reviewers provide commentary on the paper. The portable peer review services have generally taken the time to develop detailed rubrics and detailed guiding questions for reviewers. The autho
33、rs can then revise their manuscripts and take everything to a journal of their choice. The portable peer review services are also working hard to cooperate with journal editors, allowing them to tell their authors that reviews from their service will be welcomed at specific journals. Some journals h
34、ave instituted policies accepting outside peer review, starting to welcome manuscripts that have been rejected by higher impact journals.Importantly, these services often mention the desire to develop a “reputation economy” for reviewers. While many reviewers take the time to provide polite, constru
35、ctive criticism of a manuscript, there are others who may simply say “this sucks.” Knowing who is more likely to provide the former ahead of time could be useful. For example, Peerage of Science offers a “peer review of peer review” that rates reviewer reviews, and provides reviewer scores on review
36、er profiles.Although scientists recognize that peer review has problems, most recognize that it serves a valued role in communicating scientific research. New portable peer review services hope to improve the quality of reviews while simultaneously reducing the amount of redundancy in the publicatio
37、n system.26. In the first two paragraphs, the author discusses_.A. the background information of journal editingB. the significance of submitting manuscripts timelyC. the complicated route of getting published in prestigious journalsD. the redundant procedure followed in the traditional publication
38、system27. The portable peer review services emerge to help_.A. keep peer reviews independent and impartialB. avoid repetition of scientific studiesC. speed up the publication processD. curb the excessive publication28. According to Paragraph 4, the new services can help authors_.A. better their manu
39、scripts before submitting to journalsB. get a detailed revising guidelines from reviewersC. learn review results from journal editors in advanceD. eliminate reviewers negative feelings toward once-rejected manuscripts29. Paragraph 5 indicates that “reputation economy” is developed to _.Born to winA.
40、 guarantee the quality of manuscriptsB. earn reviewers academic credit and huge profitsC. make the reviews polite and easily accepted by authorsD. improve reviewers conscientiousness in their reviews30. What is the subject of the text?A. Peer review still has a role to play.B. Portable peer review i
41、s emerging.C. The merits and problems of portable peer review.D. Online publication: solver to the redundant publication system.Text 3The Internet has turned into a massive surveillance tool. Were constantly monitored, sometimes by corporations wanting to sell us stuff and sometimes by governments w
42、anting to keep an eye on us. Momentary conversation is over. Wholesale surveillance is the norm.Its about to get worse, though. The Internet of Things refers to a world where much more than our computers and cell phones is Internet-enabled. Soon there will be Internet-connected modules on our cars a
43、nd home appliances. Internet-enabled medical devices will collect real-time health data about us. In its extreme, everything can be connected to the Internet. Its true that the “Internet of Things“ will make a lot of wonderful things possible, but it also gives the governments and corporations that
44、follow our every move something they dont yet have: eyes and ears.In the near term, the sheer volume of data will limit the sorts of conclusions that can be drawn. The invasiveness of “Internet Things” new technologies depends on asking the right questions. For example, if a private investigator is
45、watching you in the physical world, she or he might observe odd behavior and investigate further based on that. Such occasional observations are harder to achieve when youre filtering databases based on pre-programmed queries. In other words, its easier to ask questions about what you purchased and
46、where you were than to ask what you did with your purchases and why you went where you did. These analytical limitations also mean that companies like Google and Facebook will benefit more from the Internet of Things than individuals - not only because they have access to more data, but also because
47、 they have more sophisticated query technology. In the longer term, the Internet of Things means ubiquitous surveillance. If an object “knows“ you have purchased it, and communicates via either Wi-Fi or the mobile network, then whoever or whatever it is communicating with will know where you are. Yo
48、ur car will know who is in it, who is driving, and what traffic laws that driver is following or ignoring. Fast food restaurants will know what you usually order, and exactly how to entice you to order more. Will you know any of this? It depends. Lots of these devices have, and will have, privacy settings. But these settings are remarkable not in how much privacy they afford, but in how much they deny. Access will likely be similar to your browsing habits, your searches on Google, and your te
