1、 外文翻译 原文 THE DETERMINANTS OF EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION IN FAMILY-OWNED FIRMS Material Source: http:/.hk/search?q=THE+DETERMINANTS+OF+EXECUTIVE+COMPENSATION+IN 148 (59%) of these were led by a family CEO and 105 (41%) had a nonfamily CEO at the helm. We find that the presence of CEO family ties influenc
2、es the magnitude and composition of the executive pay package. We also observe strong interaction effects on CEO pay design between CEO family ties and three contextual factors, namely the presence of institutional block-holders, R Daily La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Kets de Vries, 1993) and empirical
3、 (Allen Gomez-Mejia et al., 2001; Schulze et al., 2001) evidence suggest that incumbents with family ties to owners enjoy greater employment security than professional managers. The latter are not sheltered by common family bonds as would be the case when the executive is related to the firms owners
4、. As argued by Beehret al. (1997), the family executive inherently plays two overlapping and interdependent roles: a work role (as steward of the company) and a non-work role (fulfillment of family obligations). In reciprocity for this role duality, the family CEO is rewarded with a relatively assur
5、ed job (Allen Kets de Vries, 1993; Gomez-Mejia et al., 2001). Moreover, the performance expectations of family CEOs are probably less demanding than those of professional managers who are often asked to play the role of “turnaround artists.” As noted by Smith and Amoako-Adu (1999:342), “a poorly per
6、forming family firm looking for a turnaround would rank its choice of CEOs as first being an outsider, second a non-family insider, and third a family member.” Thus, professional CEOs tend to be at the helm when the firm faces difficult prospects, implying a more challenging assignment for the incum
7、bent, with a greater probability of failure. The performance appraisal literature also suggests that evaluators are more likely to make positive performance attributions to employees when there are emotional ties between monitors and those being judged. The reverse is also true: scapegoating is more
8、 likely to occur when there are weak affective ties between supervisors and subordinates (see review by Cardy James, 1999). Another way of looking at this is that pecuniary “quid pro quo” motives in the agency relation should not loom as large for family executives. Consequently, they should be will
9、ing to accept a lower remuneration package in return for their services. This tendency is reinforced by the fact that family CEOs are unlikely to compete in the external market, while professional executives are free to chose the best offer among available alternatives open to them. This “family han
10、dcuff” lessens the need to reward the family CEO with a pay package that is comparable to that of a professional executive. As a result, their pay is likely to remain depressed. The preceding arguments lead to our first hypothesis: Hypothesis 1a: Family CEOs receive lower total compensation than pro
11、fessional CEOs. As a corollary to Hypothesis 1a, it seems reasonable to expect that the greater the concentration of ownership in the hands of the family, the more protection can be afforded to an amily CEO, and conversely the greater the risk exposure of a professional CEO. In other words, unencumb
12、ered family members should be able to offer greater employment security to one of its members and act more decisively and unilaterally to discipline the professional CEO for real or alleged incompetence. Agency theory logic would again suggest that this should depress the relative compensation of th
13、e family CEO (who would be more sheltered from employment risk by powerful family members), and increase it for the professional CEO (who should require a pay premium to take on the riskier assignment). Thus: Hypothesis 1b: The greater the concentration of ownership in the hands of family members, t
14、he greater the compensation gap between family CEOs (who are paid less) and professional CEOs (who are paid more). The Moderating Role of Institutional Investors Recent research suggests that agency problems may be substantial in family owned firms and that these manifest in different forms dependin
15、g on CEO family ties (e.g., Gomez-Mejia et al., 2001; Schulze et al., 2001). Consistent with prior literature (Tosi et al., 1999), institutional investors should play an active policing role to reduce these agency problems for family firms in their portfolio. Accordingly, as discussed next, we belie
16、ve that the design of the CEO compensation package will vary by family status as a function of the ownership position of institutional investors. One important factor for institutional investors to consider in CEO compensation design is the timeframe for decision making. The broader literature on co
17、rporate governance suggests that institutional investors are particularly concerned with agency costs associated with “managerial myopia” (Hansen see also review by Laverty, 1996). These investors are interested in long-term value (Davis David, Kochhar Murphy, 2000) are greatly diminished for family
18、 CEOs. Emphasizing long-term pay for family CEOs may not only provide dubious benefits to shareholders, but may inadvertently promote agency problems associated with managerial entrenchment. An ever present danger with family CEOs is that the executive may stay in power 7 even though continued tenur
19、e may not be justified based on performance results (Kets de Vries, 1993). Unfortunately, “because ownership rights and the formal authority of office combine with family status to reduce turnoverthe CEOs of most family f irms are firmly entrenched” (Shulze et al., 2001: 104).1 Emotional ties betwee
20、n the CEO and the board (Schroeder, 2001), and family altruism (Casson, 1999) tend to prolong this tenure. Gomez-Mejia et al. (2001) document how entrenched family CEOs set in motion sub-optimal risk taking and lower performance. This same study also suggests that those family firms that have proced
21、ures in place to prevent this from happening (e.g., appointing professional CEOs when profitability falls below industry norms) perform better and survive longer. In other words, entrenched family CEOs either through incompetence or the pursuit of non-economically motivated preferences (e.g., vetoin
22、g a new venture because it threatens the status quo, investing in pet projects, or showing favoritism for particular relatives) “may take actions that do not advance the common (economic) good and still remain at the helm” (Schulze et al., 2001: 101). Designing a compensation package for the family
23、CEO that is heavily oriented towards long-term incentives augments the incumbents already high equity position (e.g. in the present study it exceeds 17% of the firms equity). This should enhance his/her ownership rights vis-vis other stakeholders in the firm, increasing the possibility of entrenchme
24、nt (Shulze et al., 2001). Thus, any agency benefits that may be potentially gained through increased equity ownership for family CEOs (e.g., greater performance accountability) could be offset by excessive control and moral hazard problems. Compounding this problem, family ownership tends to shield
25、the firm from the disciplinary pressure of the market for corporate control and it is more difficult for the stock market to appropriately value the firms stock prices in response to “hidden actions” (Stulz, 1988). This provides family executives with greater latitude of action to pursue their own a
26、gendas sheltered 1 Three data sets using very different samples indicate that the tenure of family CEOs is on average more than double 8 from market pressures. Given closer monitoring by the family, entrenchment is a less serious pitfall for the non-family CEO. Thus, in addition to fostering a longe
27、r time horizon, greater ownership rights for the professional CEO should strengthen the incumbents leverage position vis-vis that of influential family members. 译文 家庭企业高管人员报酬的决定因素 资料来源 : http:/.hk/search?q=THE+DETERMINANTS+OF+EXECUTIVE+COMPENSATION+IN拉肝门,洛佩兹德 -硅烷,与施莱弗, 1999)。据估计,这些企业雇佣的员工超过 85 美国劳动力
28、(奥斯特, 1999 年)。第三,我们提供的理论和实证文献对公司治理 ,是 通过展示一个家庭内部的代理关系的国有企业(涉及家庭的 CEO,职业经理人,家族股东和外部投资者)各种各样的差异影响 着 CEO 薪酬设计。最后,我们认 可 支持这一概念, 就是 在过去的表现来预测 CEO 薪酬(即 R D 强度和商业风险)表现为一个家庭关系在顶部功能差异的重要变数。 理论框架和 假设 家庭关系和行政收费 我们期望,家庭的 CEO 应该得到的报酬总额低于专业的 CEO 级别。这种期望是有几个原因 的。 首先,双方 董事 (阿普尔盖特 , 1994; Kets 德弗里斯,1993 年)和 经理 (艾伦 和
29、 Panian, 1982 年 ;戈麦斯希亚等, 2001;舒尔茨等人,2001 年)的证据表明, 多名专业管理人员 与家 庭 联系的业主享受更多的在职人员就业保障。后者却不能 为 普通家庭的债券 庇护 , 对 有关该公司的拥有人而言。正如 Beehret( 1997 年) 辩称 等 , 家庭 执行官 本身扮演两个重叠的行政和相互依存的角色:一个工作中的作用(作为 公司管家)和非工作中的作用(家庭义务的履行)。在这个角色的二重性互惠 里 ,家庭 CEO 是一个相对有保证奖励的 工作(艾伦 和 Panian, 1982 年 ; Kets 德弗里斯, 1993 年 ;戈麦斯希亚等人,2001 年)
30、。此外,家庭 CEO 的业绩预期可能不及经常被要求扮演 “ 艺术家 ”角色 的专业经理人 。 所指出的史密斯和阿莫亚科 -阿杜( 1999:342),一个家庭的职业经理人表现不佳 , 那些要求坚决转机将被列为第一个 的 是一个局外人,第二个是不带家属的行家, 第三是 家庭成员寻找首席执行官的选择。因此,专业的 CEO 们往往掌舵是当企业面临困 难的前景,这意味着更具挑战性任务的义务 与失败的概率更大。 考绩文献还表明,评价者是更有可能做出积极表现归因雇员之间有监视器时者和被审判的情感联系。反过来也是如此: 有弱的情感管理人员和下属之间的关系 时,寻找替罪羊是更可能发生的 (参见卡尔迪多宾斯,
31、1993 年审查)。这意味着,人们可以预料,家族拥有的公司在其董事会成员中 监控的作用可能不太倾向归因于 家庭的 CEO 面对一个职业经理人 的 令人失望的结果 。此外,董事会 亦可 更有力地反对 对职业经理人解释含糊不清的性能数据时给予 造福于家庭的 CEO 的疑问(例如,坏运气或不幸的情况 下),而不是局外人(谁可能被判定为不称职)。 应用代理理论的逻辑,上述情况表明, 家族拥有的公司 risk-averse 制剂可以 以 较低的收入 换取 较高的工作安全,反过来 ,职业经理人将 为 他们 支付更高的汇率 ,较低的就业安全和更高性能的期望 。家庭代理合同的其他属性也有助于这一工资差距。家庭
32、 CEO 比专业 经理人 对 公司管理更有感情,所以 委托合同 后者相对于前者是 更 能计算的 和功利 的 (戈麦斯希亚等, 2001;詹姆斯, 1999年)。在此寻找另一种方式是,在该机构的金钱关 系“报偿“的动机不应该比家庭执行官还 大。因此,他们应该愿意接受 对 他们 服务回报低的薪酬方案。这种趋势是加强家庭 关系 的事实, CEO 们不可能在外部市场竞争,而职业经理人可以 自由地选择最佳的可用的替代品来 提供开放给他们。这种“家庭手铐” 减少了需要奖励与薪酬相媲美的一个职业经理人, 而这 就是 这个家庭的 CEO。因此,他们的薪酬可能继续低迷。前面的参数导致我们的第一个假设: 假设 1
33、a 的:家庭 CEO 比专业首席执行官 接受更低的总赔偿。 作为对假设 1a 的必然结果,它似乎是合理的期望, 在家庭手中,更多的保护 ,可以给予 总裁,反之越大,一个专业的总裁所有权集中风险。换言之,支配家庭成员应能够提供更 多的就业安全,并采取更果断和单方面纪律为真正的或所谓的无能专业的首席执行官。代理理论的逻辑将再次表明,这应该降低家庭的首席执行官( 从更强大的 家族成员 中谁会能被 更多 的 就业风险庇护)的相对补偿,并增加对专业 CEO(谁应该支付的溢价要求它采取高风险的分配)的薪酬 。因此: 假设 1b:家庭成员手中股权集中度越大,那么 家庭的 CEO 薪酬(谁的薪水)和专业的 C
34、EO(谁支付更多) 差距 就越大 。 对机构投资者的调节作用 最近的研究表明,代理问题可以在家族拥有的公司 中持续出现 , 而且 这些证据表明不同的形式取决于 CEO 家庭关系 (例如, 戈麦斯,希亚等, 2001;舒尔茨等人, 2001 年)。与以前的文献一致(托西等 , 1999 年),机构投资者应发挥积极作用,减少家族企业在其投资组合这些机构的问题。因此,如下面讨论,我们认为,该公司首席执行官补偿方案设计将通过家庭状况变化作为机构投资者所有权的定位功能。 一个重要的因素为机构投资者考虑 CEO 的 薪酬设计是决策时间表 。对公司治理的更广泛的文献表明,机构投资者,特别是与“管理近视” 相
35、关机构有关费用(汉森希尔, 1991 年,又见审查拉弗蒂, 1996), 这些投资者有兴趣的长期价值(戴维斯和汤普森, 1994) ,而经理可能为了短期效果,缺乏 承诺长期投资 (大卫,伊特, Gimeno, 2001: 144)。对于这些冲突的目标的原因在于一个事实,即 CEO 们往往有一个较机构投资者的决策更为直接的时间范围(正如大卫等 , 2001: 145) 。 虽然长期投资可以增加公司对业主的价值,这种投资可能是从管理者的 次优 角度 出发 .经理们可能得到更快的回报,使他们 能够迅速提高自己的声誉,从而从 实现 个人利益 最大化 。加快事业发展与此观点一致,许多研究都表现出对股权的
36、所有权有偿使用制度的积极影响,树立长期经营的角度(例如,托西和戈麦斯梅西亚, 1989 年,大卫, Kochhar与维塔斯, 1998)。 在家庭关系上有可能改变这种情况。对于家庭的 CEO, 家庭关系,忠诚,就业保险,稳定,预计将 延长 有效 管理人 员 的视野 ,以及提供家庭管理人员的激励机制,使企业有效地在家庭 进行 长期投资 (詹姆斯, 1999: 41)。关于与家族企业, Kets 德弗里斯 ( 1993: 62) 等 300 多名相关人员进行深入的访谈指出,一个关键的区别家庭的 CEO 和职业经理人的特点是,前 面的“ .季度业绩不被猎杀, 他们都受到较小的压力 .他们担心收购的威
37、胁少 。有那么需要创建毒丸和黄金降落伞精心计 划。他们更愿意把企业利润放 后面 .”因为从 一家庭经理长远的角度来看是一个系统的成员在家庭的自然产物 。 从机 构投资者的角度来看,长期支付的优势(也就是说,一个 共同的命运 之间的总裁和公司创造 ;墨菲, 2000 年)是大大减少家庭的 CEO。 强调长期为家庭付出的 CEO 不仅可以向股东提供可疑的利益,但可能无意中推动与巩固相关机构的管理问题。一个家庭的 CEO 曾经存在的危险是,长官可以继续执政 7 年 即使继续任职可能是没有道理的基础上的业绩( Kets 德弗里斯, 1993)。不幸的是, 因为所有权和办公室的正式权力与家庭状况相结合,
38、 减少周转 .大多数家族企业的 CEO 们根深蒂固 ( Shulze 等, 2001: 104)0.1 之间的总裁和董事会的情感联系(施罗德, 2001 年),家庭利他主义(卡森, 1999)往往延长这一任期。戈麦斯希亚等 ( 2001)文档:如何在运动中根深蒂固的家庭首席执行官次优承担风险和较低的性能设置。同样的研究还表明,这些家族企业已实施程序,以防止这种情况的发生(例如,任命时盈利下降低于行业规范专业的 CEO)有更好的表现和生存时间。换言之,无论是通过不称职或不追求经济动机偏好根深蒂固家庭的 CEO(例如,否决一项新的合资企业,因为它威胁到现状,在 PET项目的投资,或在特定亲属偏袒)
39、可能采取的行动没有前进的共同的(经济)好,但仍保持在掌舵 (舒尔茨等人, 2001: 101。)。 设计一个家庭 高管薪酬 在很大程度上 是 对 CEO 的长期激励导向的补偿方案,增强了 已经超过 现任的位置很高的股票( 例如 , 在本研究中超出该公司 17的股权 )。 这面 对 其他利益相关者在公司 , 应该加强他 /她的所有权 ,增加了巩固的可能性( Shulze 等 , 2001)。因此,任何机构,可通过家庭潜在的 CEO(例如,更高的性能问责制),增加股权获得的好处可以抵消过多的控制和道德风险问题 。除了这种问题,家族所有权往往避开市场的公司 控制权的纪律压力的公司,这是更困难的股市适当价值回应“隐藏行动” (斯图尔兹, 1988)该公司的股票价格。这提供了更大的行动自由度家庭高管追求自己的议程庇护 。三个数据集使用非常不同的样本显示,家庭的 CEO 的平均任期为一倍以上的市场压力。鉴于家庭的密切监测,壕沟是一个非家族总裁不太严重的缺陷。因此,除了建立一个较长的时间跨度为专业的 CEO,更大的所有权应加强对在职者的杠杆位置面对面的人认为有影响力的家庭成员。