1、1高教版跨文化交际与地球村民部分练习参考答案Key to Some of the Exercises(for your reference only)UNIT 1 Globalization and Intercultural CommunicationPart One Warm UpQuestion 4This is a Canadian host family (Canadian husband on the left, Russian wife in the middle and their son left to the mother) hosting students abroad.
2、 From left to right, there are Chinese, Malaysian, Japanese and Singaporean who are international students in Canada. This picture best illustrates the concept of global village where people from different cultural backgrounds meet and even live together for whatever reasons. Part Three ExercisesSec
3、tion A Culture Quiz1. national level 2. global standard 3. cheap production 4. financial crises 5. popular culture 6. new opportunities and new challengesSection D Case StudiesCase 1 Finding an Interested BuyerExplanationsA. This could be an explanation for what happened. However, not enough informa
4、tion was provided to support this choice. Had he truly been interested and then unexpectedly detained by important business matters, it is most likely that Mr. Li would have left additional instructions suggesting a new time to meet or a method of contact. There is a better alternative.B. This is an
5、 inaccurate generalization. Although time concepts vary across national borders, businesspeople in China are generally as dependable as those in the United State and dependability is considered a virtue in Chinese society. If Mr. Li believed that he had set a firm appointment with George, he would h
6、ave been at the appointed place, and he would have been on time.C. This is the best answer. There are two important cultural aspects at work in this interaction. The first is the issue of directness. In many situations where Americans tend to prefer directness, the Chinese are usually more comfortab
7、le with indirectness and ambiguity. The second is the concept of “face”. Having face means that one is in good standing with others vis-vis（面对）his or her obligation to peers, subordinates, and superiors and is maintaining harmony in society as a whole. It is important to preserve ones face and, as m
8、uch as possible, the face of others. A Chinese person would have recognized that Mr. Li was clearly not interested in Georges products at all. He had indicated his lack of interest by saying that he was busy. However, George failed to pick up the signal. Instead of saying “I am not interested” direc
9、tly, Mr. Li chose a more polite way, according to Chinese cultural norms, to convey this message to George. Mr. Li did not want to tell George “no” directly and cause George to lose face (because his products were rejected). By failing to set a definite time for a follow-up meeting 2and by only half
10、-agreeing to the specifics that George was pressing on him, Mr. Li was saying, in no uncertain terms（直截了当地） , that he was not interested in pursuing the matter. George didnt have the cultural sensitivity to interpret Mr. Lis response correctly.D. This is not a good explanation. Mr. Li didnt show any
11、 interest in the exchange. George was the one who showed a lot of enthusiasm.E. This is a true statement. However, it doesnt apply to the situation described in the incident. This was a trade show, where companies could establish initial contacts and introduce new products. Therefore, George really
12、had no chance to develop a relationship of trust with Mr. Li, who was obviously not impressed by Georges initial approach.Case 2 Understanding the Cultural BackgroundExplanationThe insurance saleswoman could argue that the people she deals with are in the United States and therefore, should adapt to
13、 American practices; however, with that attitude she would not reach her customers, who are from East Asian countries. The result would have been a severe restriction of her business practice. Instead, her ability to communicate in a foreign language and at the same time understand the cultural back
14、ground of her clientele makes her successful.UNIT 2 Communication and CulturePart Three ExercisesSection A Culture Quiz1. Watch the video Collectivism-Individualism Through Dance to learn some differences between me-culture and we-culture and fill in the following blanks, and then explain why the st
15、udent and the teacher have their different opinions on the same answer in the exam.Me-culture means individualistic culture which plays individual first. People from individualistic cultures like the United States and Western Europe are more likely to value uniqueness over harmony, expression over a
16、greement, and to define themselves as unique or different from the group,We-culture means collectivist culture which plays group first. People from collectivist cultures are more likely to value social harmony over individuality. Relative to people in an individualistic culture, they are more likely
17、 to endorse behaviors that increase group cohesion and interdependence,2. The following is a communication model. Would you please fill in the missing elements based on what you have learned in Passage One, and then retell the process of communication in your own words? 3Section D Case StudiesCase 1
18、 Am I a Good Teacher?ExplanationTheir different understanding of territory and their different cultures caused the conflict in this case. In Sarahs opinion, her apartment is her territory. Though she invites the students into her sitting room, it doesnt mean that they can go into her study and read
19、her book. As for the boy, he obviously doesnt know the British way of being a guest. In China, if you are invited into others house, it means you are permitted into any room with an open door without asking for permission. To search through the house is impolite, but to read the book on the desk see
20、ms acceptable. But for Sarah, that is her private thing. Anyone who would like to touch it should get her permission.The significance and understanding of territory differs from one culture to another. In China, when being invited to a house, guests are permitted into rooms with an open door and can
21、 touch things on the table or sofa. If some room is considered inappropriate to let the guests in, the host may close it or even lock it. The things that the host doesnt want the guests to touch will be put away before they come. So things that are unlocked usually mean no secrets. As for British, t
22、he house is ones territory, and without permission, no one can enter any room, no matter whether its open or not. Likewise，without asking for permission, one is not expected to touch others possessions, even though they are placed by your hand. Generally speaking, Westerners have a stronger sense of
23、 claiming territory and protecting privacy.Because Sarah and the boy have different views about territory, misunderstanding arises, which even leads Sarah to think of quitting the job. Perhaps she believes that the students dont respect her and dont appreciate her teaching. The fact is that the boy
24、just does something he usually does in his friends house. So if you are invited to a foreigners house, you should “do in Rome as the Romans do”.Case 2 First Name or Last Name?ExplanationIt is because they have different cultural backgrounds. There is a tendency in American 4business circles to prefe
25、r close, friendly, egalitarian (平等的) relationships in business engagements. This system of symmetrical solidarity (一致) is often expressed in the use of given (or “first”) names in business encounters. Mr. Richardson feels most comfortable in being called Andy, and he would like to call Mr. Chu by hi
26、s first name. At the same time, he wishes to show consideration of the cultural differences between them by avoiding Mr. Chus western name, David. His solution to this cultural difference is to address Mr. Chu by the given name he sees on the business card, Hon-fai.Mr. Chu, on the other hand, prefer
27、s an initial business relationship of symmetrical deference (尊敬). He would feel more comfortable if they called each other Mr. Chu and Mr. Richardson. Nevertheless, when he was away at school in North America he learned that Americans feel uncomfortable calling people Mr. for extended period of time
28、. His solution was to adapt a western name. He chose David for use in such situations.When Mr. Richardson insists on using Mr. Chus Chinese given name, Hon-fai, Mr. Chu feels uncomfortable. The name is rarely used by anyone, in fact. What Mr. Richardson does not know is that Chinese have a rather co
29、mplex structure of names which depends upon situations and relationships, which includes school names, intimate and family baby names, and even western names, each of which is used just by the people with whom a person has a certain relationship. Isolating just the given name, Hon-fai, is relatively
30、 unusual and to hear himself called this by a stranger makes Mr. Chu feel quite uncomfortable. His reaction, which is also culturally conditioned, is to smile.Unfortunately, Mr. Richardson is not aware that one means of expressing acute embarrassment for Mr. Chu is to smile. While within North Ameri
31、can culture there is consciousness of what might be called “nervous laughter”, there is a general expectation that a smile can be taken as a direct expression of pleasure or satisfaction. Mr. Richardson misinterprets Mr. Chus embarrassment as agreement or even pleasure at their first encounter, and
32、as a result, he goes away from the encounter unawareness of the extent to which he has complicated their initial introduction.We can see from the above case, culture plays a very important role in the communication between these two men. Though everyone has a unique style of communication, culture d
33、etermines a general style for its members. We are not always aware of the subtle influences of our culture. Likewise, we may not perceive that others are influenced by their cultures as well. Case 3 Friends Were Friends Forever?ExplanationIn the above case, neither Yaser nor Steve is to be blamed fo
34、r their relationship. The reason why Yaser felt confused is that he is an outsider to American culture. He doesnt understand the way Americans view friendship. Americans use the word “friend” in a very general way. They may call both casual acquaintances and close companions “friends.” Americans hav
35、e school friends, work friends, sports friends and neighborhood friends. These friendships are based on common interests. When the shared activity ends, the friendship may fade. Now Steve and Yaser are no longer classmates. Their friendship has changed.In some cultures friendship means a strong life
36、-long bond between two people. In these cultures friendships develop slowly, since they are built to last. However, American society is one of rapid change and studies show that one out of every five American families moves every year. 5American friendships develop quickly, and they may change just
37、as quickly.People from the United States may at first seem friendly. Americans often chat easily with strangers. They exchange information about their families, hobbies and work. They may smile warmly and say, “Have a nice day” or “See you later.” Schoolmates may say, “Lets get together sometimes.”
38、But friendliness is not always an offer of true friendship in America.People like Yaser shouldnt give up trying to make American friends. Americans do value strong life-long friendship, with Americans and non-Americans. When making friends, it helps to have a good dose of cross-cultural understandin
39、g.Here are just a few tips given by Americans to non-Americans who want to make friends with Americans.1. Visit places Americans enjoy: parties, churches, western restaurants, parks, sports clubs.2. Be willing to take the first step. Dont wait for them to approach you. Americans may not know if you
40、speak English. They may be embarrassed if they cant speak your language.3. Use small talk to open the conversation. Ask them where theyre from. Why they came to China, etc. Remember: Be careful to avoid personal questions about age, salary, marital status and appearance.4. Show an interest in their
41、culture, their country or their job. (Americans like to talk about themselves!)5. Invite them to join you for dinner or just for coffee or tea. Try to set a specific time. Americans sometimes make general invitations like “Lets get together sometimes.” Often this is just a way to be friendly. It is
42、not always a real invitation.6. Dont expect too much at first. Maybe theyre just being friendly. But maybe they do want to be your good friends. It will take time to tell.UNIT 3 Verbal CommunicationPart One Warm Up1. The newly married couple understand the meaning of the word honeymoon from their ow
43、n perspectives.2. Confusion can result when you look for meaning in the words and not in the person.3. In interpersonal communication we use language to confirm or disconfirm another person. Two general types of meanings are covered: denotation and connotation. The denotative meaning of a word is it
44、s objective definition, while the connotative meaning is its subjective or emotional meaning.Part Three ExercisesSection B Group Discussion1. Saturday ShiftCommunication in this dialogue goes wrong from the very first line in which Ms. Jones, from a direct culture, thinks she has just told Mr. Wu ab
45、out a need she has for workers on Saturday. However, Mr. Wu, from an indirect culture, has not heard this first line as a statement of a need but as an indirect and very polite request to come in on Saturday, for this is, in fact, almost exactly how Mr. Wu would make such a request in his culture.Th
46、ings go rapidly downhill from here. Wu answers this “request” in the negative (“I see,” which in his culture is a polite way of saying no without actually using the word). In his culture, if 6Wu would come in on Saturday, he would immediately say so at this point; that he does not, that the best he
47、can manage is “I see,” is a clear indication that he cant come in.This is not exactly how Ms. Jones reads it. Indeed, Ms Jones doesnt even realize that shes asked a question yet, much less that it has already been answered. Accordingly, she now proceeds to ask Wu if he can come in. Wu is taken aback
48、, of course, having already said he cant, but he repeats his position with another indirect negative: “Yes, I think so,” Needless to say, this is probably going to come across as a yes to Ms. Jones, who interprets things quite literally.Imagine Wus surprise at the next line, “Thatll be a great help.
49、” He has twice told Ms. Jones he cant come in, and she still thinks he can. Now Wu doesnt know what to do, so he tries what for him must be the direct approach, telling Ms. Jones exactly why he wont be there on Saturday-it is his sons birthday. Ms. Jones, who has been in the dark for most of this conversation (from Wus point of view, that is) goes even further astray at this point, finding Wus comment on the birthday quite far from the subject under discussion.Because of Wu
