1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文CASHFLOWISAFACTNETINCOMEISJUSTANOPINIONNETINCOMEISJUSTANOPINION,BUTCASHFLOWISAFACTTHEREISAFINANCIALANDACCOUNTINGMAXIMWHICH,ALTHOUGHITISNOTABSOLUTELYTRUE,COMESVERYCLOSETOITANDWHICHITISAGOODIDEATOREMEMBER“NETINCOMEISJUSTANOPINION,BUTCASHFLOWISAFACT”STILLTODAY,MANYANALYSTSVIEWNETINCOMEA
2、STHEKEYANDONLYTRULYVALIDPARAMETERFORDESCRIBINGHOWACOMPANYISDOINGACCORDINGTOTHISSIMPLEAPPROACH,IFTHENETINCOMEINCREASES,THECOMPANYISDOINGBETTERIFTHENETINCOMEFALLS,THECOMPANYISDOINGWORSEITISCOMMONLYSAIDTHATACOMPANYTHATSHOWEDAHIGHERNETINCOMELASTYEAR“GENERATEDMOREWEALTH”FORITSSHAREHOLDERSTHANANOTHERCOMPA
3、NYWITHALOWERNETINCOMEALSO,FOLLOWINGTHESAMELOGIC,ACOMPANYTHATHASAPOSITIVENETINCOMECREATESVALUEANDACOMPANYTHATHASLOSSESDESTROYSVALUEWELL,ALLTHESESTATEMENTSCANBEWRONGOTHERANALYSTS“REFINE”NETINCOMEANDCALCULATETHESOCALLED“ACCOUNTINGCASHFLOW”,ADDINGDEPRECIATIONTOTHENETINCOME1THEYTHENMAKETHESAMEREMARKSASIN
4、THEPREVIOUSPARAGRAPHBUTREFERRINGTO“CASHFLOW”INSTEADOFNETINCOMEOFCOURSE,THESESTATEMENTSTOOMAYBEWRONGTHECLASSICDEFINITIONOFNETINCOMEREVENUESFORAPERIODLESSTHEEXPENSESTHATENABLEDTHESEREVENUESTOBEOBTAINEDDURINGTHATPERIOD,INSPITEOFITSCONCEPTUALSIMPLICITY,ISBASEDONASERIESOFPREMISESTHATSEEKTOIDENTIFYWHICHEX
5、PENSESWERENECESSARYTOOBTAINTHESEREVENUESTHISISNOTALWAYSASIMPLETASKANDOFTENIMPLIESACCEPTINGANUMBEROFASSUMPTIONSISSUESSUCHASTHESCHEDULINGOFEXPENSEACCRUALS,THETREATMENTOFDEPRECIATION,CALCULATINGTHEPRODUCTSCOST,ALLOWANCESFORBADDEBTS,ETC,SEEKTOIDENTIFYINTHEBESTPOSSIBLEMANNERTHEQUANTITYOFRESOURCESTHATITWA
6、SNECESSARYTOSACRIFICEINORDERTOOBTAINTHEREVENUESALTHOUGHTHIS“INDICATOR”,ONCEWEHAVEACCEPTEDTHEPREMISESUSED,CANGIVEUSADEQUATEINFORMATIONABOUTHOWACOMPANYISDOING,THEFIGUREOBTAINEDFORTHENETINCOMEISOFTENUSEDWITHOUTFULLKNOWLEDGEOFTHESEHYPOTHESES,WHICHOFTENLEADSTOCONFUSIONANOTHERPOSSIBILITYISTOUSEANOBJECTIVE
7、MEASURE,WHICHISNOTSUBJECTTOANYINDIVIDUALCRITERIONTHISISTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENCASHINFLOWSANDCASHOUTFLOWS,CALLEDCASHFLOWINTHESTRICTSENSETHEMONEYTHATHASCOMEINTOTHECOMPANYLESSTHEMONEYTHATHASGONEOUTOFITTWODEFINITIONSOFCASHFLOWINTHESTRICTSENSEAREUSEDEQUITYCASHFLOWANDFREECASHFLOWALSO,THESOCALLEDCAPITALCASHFL
8、OWISUSEDGENERALLYSPEAKING,ITCANBESAIDTHATACOMPANYISDOINGBETTERAND“GENERATESWEALTH”FORITSSHAREHOLDERSWHENTHECASHFLOWSIMPROVEINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTION,WEWILLTAKEACLOSERLOOKATTHEDEFINITIONSOFTHESECASHFLOWSACCOUNTINGCASHFLOW,EQUITYCASHFLOW,FREECASHFLOWANDCAPITALCASHFLOWALTHOUGHTHEFINANCIALPRESSOFTENGIVESTHE
9、FOLLOWINGDEFINITIONFORACCOUNTINGCASHFLOWACCOUNTINGCASHFLOWPROFITAFTERTAXPATDEPRECIATIONWEWILLUSETHREEDIFFERENTDEFINITIONSOFCASHFLOWEQUITYCASHFLOWECF,FREECASHFLOWFCFANDCAPITALCASHFLOWCCFEQUITYCASHFLOWECFISTHEMONEYTHATREMAINSAVAILABLEINTHECOMPANYAFTERTAX,AFTERHAVINGCOVEREDCAPITALINVESTMENTREQUIREMENTS
10、ANDTHEINCREASEINWORKINGCAPITALREQUIREMENTS(WCR,AFTERHAVINGPAIDFINANCIALEXPENSES,AFTERHAVINGREPAIDTHEDEBTSPRINCIPAL,ANDAFTERHAVINGRECEIVEDNEWDEBTTHEECFREPRESENTSTHECASHAVAILABLEINTHECOMPANYFORITSSHAREHOLDERS,WHICHSHALLBEUSEDFORDIVIDENDSORSHAREREPURCHASESTHEEQUITYCASHFLOWINAPERIODISSIMPLYTHEDIFFERENCE
11、BETWEENCASHINFLOWANDCASHOUTFLOWINTHATPERIODEQUITYCASHFLOWCASHINFLOWSCASHOUTFLOWSINAPERIODWHENMAKINGFORECASTS,THEFORECASTEQUITYCASHFLOWINAPERIODMUSTBEEQUALTOFORECASTDIVIDENDSPLUSSHAREREPURCHASESINTHATPERIODFREECASHFLOWFCFISTHECASHFLOWGENERATEDBYOPERATIONSAFTERTAX,WITHOUTTAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHECOMPANYSDE
12、BTLEVEL,THATIS,WITHOUTSUBTRACTINGTHECOMPANYSINTERESTEXPENSESITIS,THEREFORE,THECASHTHATREMAINSAVAILABLEINTHECOMPANYAFTERHAVINGCOVEREDCAPITALINVESTMENTREQUIREMENTSANDWORKINGCAPITALREQUIREMENTS,ASSUMINGTHATTHEREISNODEBTTHEFCFISTHECOMPANYSECFASSUMINGTHATITHASNODEBTFREECASHFLOWEQUITYCASHFLOWIFTHECOMPANYH
13、ASNODEBTITISOFTENSAIDTHATTHEFCFREPRESENTSTHECASHGENERATEDBYTHECOMPANYFORTHEPROVIDERSOFFUNDS,THATIS,SHAREHOLDERSANDDEBTHOLDERSTHISISNOTTRUE,THEPARAMETERTHATREPRESENTSTHECASHGENERATEDBYTHECOMPANYFORITSSHAREHOLDERSANDDEBTHOLDERSISTHECAPITALCASHFLOWCAPITALCASHFLOWCCFISTHECASHFLOWAVAILABLEFORDEBTHOLDERSP
14、LUSTHEEQUITYCASHFLOWTHECASHFLOWFORDEBTHOLDERSCONSISTSOFTHESUMOFTHEINTERESTPAYMENTSPLUSREPAYMENTOFTHEPRINCIPALORLESSTHEINCREASEINTHEPRINCIPALCAPITALCASHFLOWEQUITYCASHFLOWDEBTCASHFLOWCALCULATINGTHECASHFLOWSEQUITYCASHFLOWECFCORRESPONDSTOTHECONCEPTOFCASHFLOWTHEECFINAPERIODISTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENALLCASHIN
15、FLOWSANDALLCASHOUTFLOWSINTHATPERIODCONSEQUENTLY,THEECFISCALCULATEDASFOLLOWSPROFITAFTERTAXPATDEPRECIATIONANDAMORTIZATIONINCREASEINWCRWORKINGCAPITALREQUIREMENTSPRINCIPALPAYMENTSOFFINANCIALDEBTINCREASEINFINANCIALDEBTINCREASEINOTHERASSETSGROSSINVESTMENTINFIXEDASSETSBOOKVALUEOFDISPOSALSANDSOLDFIXEDASSETS
16、ECFEQUITYCASHFLOWTHEECFINAPERIODISTHEINCREASEINCASHABOVETHEMINIMUMCASH,WHOSEINCREASEISINCLUDEDINTHEINCREASEINWCRDURINGTHATPERIOD,BEFOREDIVIDENDPAYMENTS,SHAREREPURCHASESANDCAPITALINCREASESTHEFREECASHFLOWFCFISEQUALTOTHEHYPOTHETICALEQUITYCASHFLOWTHATTHECOMPANYWOULDHAVEHADIFITHADNODEBTONTHELIABILITIESSI
17、DEOFITSBALANCESHEETCONSEQUENTLY,INORDERTOCALCULATETHEFCFFROMTHENETINCOME,THEFOLLOWINGOPERATIONSMUSTBEPERFORMEDPROFITAFTERTAXPATDEPRECIATIONANDAMORTIZATIONINCREASEINWCRWORKINGCAPITALREQUIREMENTSINCREASEINOTHERASSETSGROSSINVESTMENTINFIXEDASSETSINTEREST1TBOOKVALUEOFDISPOSALSANDSOLDFIXEDASSETSFCFFREECAS
18、HFLOWTAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEABOVETWOCALCULATIONS,ITCANBESEENTHAT,INTHECASEOFPERPETUITY,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENECFANDFCFISTHEFOLLOWINGFCFECFI1TDIFTHECOMPANYHASNODEBTINITSLIABILITIES,ECFANDFCFARETHESAMETHECAPITALCASHFLOWCCFISTHECASHFLOWAVAILABLEFORALLDEBTANDEQUITYHOLDERSITISTHEEQUITYCASHFLOWECFPLUSTHECASH
19、FLOWCORRESPONDINGTOTHEDEBTHOLDERSCFD,WHICHISEQUALTOTHEINTERESTRECEIVEDBYTHEDEBTILESSTHEINCREASEINTHEDEBTSPRINCIPALDCCFECFCFDECFIDWHENISPROFITAFTERTAXACASHFLOWUSINGTHEFORMULATHATRELATESPROFITAFTERTAXWITHTHEEQUITYCASHFLOW,WECANDEDUCETHATTHEPROFITAFTERTAXPATISTHESAMEASTHEEQUITYCASHFLOWWHENTHEADDENDSOFT
20、HEFOLLOWINGEQUALITY,WHICHHAVEDIFFERENTSIGNS,CANCELOUTEQUITYCASHFLOWPROFITAFTERTAXPATDEPRECIATIONANDAMORTIZATIONINCREASEINWCRWORKINGCAPITALREQUIREMENTSPRINCIPALPAYMENTSOFFINANCIALDEBTINCREASEINFINANCIALDEBTINCREASEINOTHERASSETSGROSSINVESTMENTINFIXEDASSETSBOOKVALUEOFDISPOSALSANDSOLDFIXEDASSETSAPARTICU
21、LARLYINTERESTINGCASEINWHICHTHISHAPPENSISWHENTHECOMPANYISNOTGROWINGANDTHEREFOREITSCUSTOMER,STOCKANDSUPPLIERACCOUNTSREMAINCONSTANT,BUYSFIXEDASSETSFORANAMOUNTIDENTICALTODEPRECIATION,KEEPSDEBTCONSTANTANDONLYWRITESOFFORSELLSFULLYDEPRECIATEDASSETSANOTHERCASEISTHATOFACOMPANYWHICHCOLLECTSFROMITSCUSTOMERSINC
22、ASH,PAYSINCASHTOITSSUPPLIERS,HOLDSNOSTOCKSTHESETHREECONDITIONSCANBESUMMARIZEDASTHISCOMPANYSWORKINGCAPITALREQUIREMENTSBEINGZERO,ANDBUYSFIXEDASSETSFORANAMOUNTIDENTICALTODEPRECIATIONWHENISTHEACCOUNTINGCASHFLOWACASHFLOWFOLLOWINGTHEREASONINGOFTHEPREVIOUSSECTION,THEACCOUNTINGCASHFLOWISEQUALTOTHEEQUITYCASH
23、FLOWINTHECASEOFACOMPANYTHATISNOTGROWINGANDKEEPSITSCUSTOMER,STOCKANDSUPPLIERACCOUNTSCONSTANT,KEEPSDEBTCONSTANT,ONLYWRITESOFFORSELLSFULLYDEPRECIATEDASSETS,ANDDOESNOTBUYFIXEDASSETSALSOINTHECASEOFACOMPANYTHATCOLLECTSFROMITSCUSTOMERSINCASH,PAYSINCASHTOITSSUPPLIERS,HOLDSNOSTOCKTHISCOMPANYSWORKINGCAPITALRE
24、QUIREMENTSAREZERO,ANDDOESNOTBUYFIXEDASSETSISCASHFLOWMOREUSEFULTHANNETINCOMETHISQUESTIONCANNOTBEANSWEREDIFWEHAVENOTDEFINEDBEFOREHANDWHOTHERECIPIENTOFTHISINFORMATIONISANDWHATITISSOUGHTTOFINDOUTBYANALYZINGTHEINFORMATIONALSO,BOTHPARAMETERSCOMEFROMTHESAMEACCOUNTINGSTATEMENTSBUT,ASAGENERALRULE,YESTHEREPOR
25、TEDNETINCOMEISONEAMONGSEVERALTHATCANBEGIVENONEOPINIONAMONGMANY,WHILETHEEQUITYCASHFLOWORFREECASHFLOWISAFACTASINGLEFIGUREEQUITYCASHFLOWANDDIVIDENDSWEHAVEALREADYSAIDTHATWHENMAKINGPROJECTIONS,THEEQUITYCASHFLOWMUSTBEEQUALTOTHEFORECASTDIVIDENDSWHENMAKINGPROJECTIONS,THEFORECASTDIVIDENDSMUSTBEEXACTLYEQUALTO
26、THEEQUITYCASHFLOWOTHERWISE,WEWILLBEMAKINGHYPOTHESESABOUTWHATUSEISGIVENTOTHEPARTOFTHEEQUITYCASHFLOWTHATISNOTTOBEUSEDFORDIVIDENDSCASH,INVESTMENTS,REPAYINGDEBTANDITWILLBENECESSARYTOSUBTRACTITBEFOREHANDFROMTHEEQUITYCASHFLOWDISTRIBUTINGDIVIDENDSINTHEFORMOFSHARESISNOTSTATEDASACASHFLOWBECAUSEITISNTTHESHARE
27、HOLDERTHATRECEIVESNEWSHARESHASMORESHARESWITHALOWERVALUE,BUTTHESAMETOTALVALUEATTENTIONTOTHEACCOUNTINGANDTHEMANAGINGOFNETINCOMEWHENANALYZINGACCOUNTINGSTATEMENTS,WHICHAREUSEDBYMOSTLISTEDCOMPANIES,ITISIMPORTANTTOCONSIDERTHEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSTHETECHNIQUESUSEDBYTHEFIRMTHEMOSTIMPORTANTARERECOGNITIONOFREVE
28、NUESSOMEFIRMSRECOGNIZEREVENUESTOOEARLYANDOTHERSTOOLATECOMPANIESHAVESOMEDEGREESOFFREEDOMTORECOGNIZEREVENUESCAPITALIZINGEXPENSESCOMPANIESMAYMAKEPAYMENTSTHATDONOTAPPEARINTHEINCOMESTATEMENTBUTAREENTEREDDIRECTLYASANINCREASEINASSETSCAPITALIZEDFOREXAMPLE,OILCOMPANIESCAPITALIZEEXPLORATIONCOSTSELECTRICUTILIT
29、IESCAPITALIZEINTERESTEXPENSEUSEOFACCRUALANDRESERVESFIRMSMAYBUILDUPACCRUALSANDRESERVESFORCOURTSETTLEMENTS,CONSUMERSDEMANDS,BADDEBTS,ANDOTHERPOTENTIALLOSSESANDEXPECTEDPAYMENTSHOWEVER,MANYFIRMSBUILDUPEXCESSACCRUALSANDRESERVESINGOODYEARSTOUSETHISEXCESSINBADYEARSBYDOINGTHAT,COMPANIESSMOOTHOUTNETINCOMEEXT
30、RAORDINARYPROFITSFROMINVESTMENTSMANYFIRMSHOLDINTHEIRBALANCESHEETSMARKETABLESECURITIESVALUEDBELOWTHEIRMARKETVALUESANDSELLTHESEINVESTMENTSINBADYEARSTOSMOOTHOUTNETINCOMEPASSIVECONSOLIDATIONTHESHARESPURCHASEDAREENTEREDINTHEASSETSATPURCHASECOST,THEDIVIDENDSRECEIVEDAREENTEREDASFINANCIALINCOME,ANDTHEPROCEE
31、DSOFTHESALEOFTHESHARESAREENTEREDASEXTRAORDINARYINCOMEINADDITION,APROVISIONMUSTBEMADEFORFUTURELOSSES,INCLUDINGPOTENTIALLOSSESINORDERTOCALCULATETHEPROVISIONS,THEREFERENCETAKENMUSTBETHESHARESPRICEONTHESTOCKMARKETEQUITYMETHODRECOMMENDEDFORHOLDINGSBETWEEN2050INUNLISTEDCOMPANIESAND35INLISTEDCOMPANIESTHESH
32、ARESPURCHASEDAREENTEREDINTHEASSETSATPURCHASECOSTDISTRIBUTEDBETWEENTHESHARESBOOKVALUEANDGOODWILLTHECORRESPONDINGPERCENTAGEOFTHENETINCOMEAPPEARSINTHEINCOMESTATEMENTTHEBALANCINGENTRYINTHEINVESTMENTTHEDIVIDENDSRECEIVEDAREENTEREDASADECREASEINTHEINVESTMENTANDTHEPROCEEDSOFTHESALEOFTHESHARESAREENTEREDASEXTR
33、AORDINARYINCOMETHEGOODWILLGENERATEDINTHEPURCHASEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHESHARESPURCHASEVALUEANDBOOKVALUEISDEPRECIATEDOVER20YEARSOVERALLCONSOLIDATIONINTHISCASE,THEINCOMESTATEMENTSANDTHEBALANCESHEETSAREADDEDTOGETHER,ELIMINATINGTHEACCOUNTINGOPERATIONSTHATSTARTANDENDWITHINTHEGROUPIFTHECOMPANYISNOTFULLYOWNED,
34、THEPERCENTAGEOFTHENETINCOMECORRESPONDINGTOOUTSIDEPARTNERSISDEDUCTEDINTHEINCOMESTATEMENTONTHELIABILITIESSIDE,THEQUANTITYOFSHAREHOLDERSEQUITYCORRESPONDINGTOOUTSIDEPARTNERS,ALSOCALLEDMINORITYHOLDINGS,ISALSOINDICATEDITISIMPORTANTTOADEQUATELYANALYZECONSOLIDATIONINORDERTOCORRECTLYCALCULATETHECASHFLOWSGENE
35、RATEDBYTHECOMPANYTOCALCULATETHECASHFLOWSINTHECASEOFOVERALLCONSOLIDATION,EACHCOMPANYMUSTBEANALYZEDSEPARATELYSOURCEPABLOFERNNDEZ,2002“CASHFLOWISAFACTNETINCOMEISJUSTANOPINION”ACADEMICPRESS,SEPTEMBERPP113译文现金流量是一个事实,净收益只是一个观点净收益只是一个观点,但现金流量是一个事实在财务会计上有一句格言,虽然不是绝对正确,但它非常贴近现实,并且是一个值得记住的好主意“净收益只是一个观点,但现金流量
36、是事实。”直到今天,许多分析人士认为,净收益是一个公司经营得如何的关键和有效参数。根据这个简单的方法,如果净收益增加,则公司做得更好;如果净收益减少,则净收益做得更糟。通常所说,一个去年表现出较高净收益的公司比另一个表现出较低净收益的公司,为它的股东“创造了更多的财富”。同样地,按照相同的逻辑,一家有着正净收益的公司创造价值,而一家亏损的公司损坏价值。使得,这些陈述可能是错误的。另一些分析人士“改进”净收益,计算所谓的“会计现金流量”,在净收益中加入了折旧。然后,他们做出和前面段落中提到的相同的评论,但是涉及了“现金流量”来代替净收益。当然,这些陈述也可能是错误的。经典的净收益的定义(一个经营
37、期的收入减去使这些收入在此经营期获得的费用),尽管概念简单,但是,是基于设法确定哪些费用是取得这些收入所必须的这一系列前提下的。这并不是一个简单的任务,往往意味着接受若干假设。争点如预提费用的调度,折旧的处理,产品成本的计算,坏账准备的计提等,以最好的方式,寻求确定获得收入而必要的牺牲资源数量。尽管这个“指标”,一旦我们接受了习惯的前提,可以给我们充足的信息了解公司经营得如何,但是净收益数字的取得往往没有这些前提假设,这往往导致混乱。另一种可能性是使用客观的衡量,而不受任何个人准则的限制。这就是现金流入与现金流出的差额,即所谓的严格意义上的现金流量已经到公司的钱减去已经从公司流出的钱。两种严格
38、意义上的现金流量定义正在使用股权现金流和自由现金流。一般来说,当一个公司的现金流量改善,就可以说这个公司做得好,为它的股东“创造价值”了。在下面的章节中,我们将进一步研究现金流量的这些定义。会计现金流量,股权现金流量,自由现金流量和资本现金流量尽管金融媒体经常给出会计现金流量的定义如下会计现金流量税后利润(PAT)折旧我们将使用三种不同的现金流量定义股权现金流量(ECF),自由现金流量(FCF)和资本现金流量(CCF)。股权现金流量是指扣除所得税,满足资本投资需要和营运资金增长的需求,偿还债务利息,偿还负债资本,取得新负债后留在公司可使用的钱。股权现金流量表示这些现金可以被股东支配,用于发放股
39、利或者股票回购。一个经营期内的股权现金流量,就是一个经营期内现金流入与现金流出的差额。股权现金流量一个时期的现金流入现金流出在作预测时,一个时期内的预期股权现金流量必须等于一个时期内预期的股利加上股票回购额。自由现金流量(FCF)是由经营活动产生的税后现金流量,没有把公司的负债水平考虑进去,也就是没有扣掉公司的利息费用。也就是说,已经满足资本投资的需要和营业资本的需求后留在公司的可利用的现金,假设没有负债。自由现金流量是假设没有负债时该公司的股权现金流量。自由现金流量股权现金流量,如果该公司没有负债我们通常说,自由现金流量代表由公司生成的属于资金提供者的现金,即股东和债权人。这是不正确的,代表
40、由公司生成的属于股东和债权人的现金流量的参数是资本现金流量。资本现金流量是债权人可利用的现金流量加上股权现金流量。债权人的现金流量包括支付的利息加上本金偿还款项(或减去增加的本金)。资本现金流量股权现金流量债务现金流量计算现金流量股权现金流量(ECF)对应现金流的概念。一个经营期内的自由现金流量就是这个经营期内所有流入现金流量与所有流出现金流量的差额。因此,自由现金流量的计算方法如下税后利润折旧及摊销增加的WCR(营运资金需求)金融债务本金的支付增加的金融债务增加的其他资产固定资产投资总额出售的固定资产账面价值ECF(股权现金流量)一个时期内的股权现金流量是这个时期内在现金股利支付、股票回购和
41、资本增加之前所增加的现金(高于最低现金,现金的增加已包含于营运资金的增加)。自由现金流量等于假设状态下的股权现金流量,假设公司的资产负债表的负债列没有负债。因此,为了计算从净收益角度计算自由现金流量,必须执行以下操作税后利润(PAT)折旧及摊销增加的WCR(营运资金需求)增加的其他资产固定资产投资总额利息(抵税后的)出售的固定资产账面价值FCF(自由现金流量)根据上述两个计算公式,可以看出,股权现金流量(ECF)和自由现金流量(FCF)有以下永久的关系FCFECFI1TD如果公司在负债列没有负债,那么股权现金流量(ECF)和自由现金流量(FCF)是相同的。资本现金流量(CCF)是所有债权和股权
42、持有人共同可用的现金流量。它等于股权现金流量(ECF)加上与债权人所对应的现金流量(CFD)。与债权人所对应的现金流量(CFD)等于因债务所收到的利息减去债务的本金(D)。CCFECFCFDECFID什么时候的税后利润是实际现金流使用涉及税后利润的股权现金流量公式,我们可以推断出,当下面等式中的前面有加减号的加数取消时,税后利润等于股权现金流量。股权现金流量税后利润折旧及摊销增加的WCR(营运资金需求)金融债务本金的支付增加的金融债务增加的其他资产固定资产投资总额出售的固定资产账面价值一个特别有趣的案例,这种情况发生是当公司不再成长(因此其客户,库存和供应商的账户保持不变),购买某一金额的固定
43、资产与当年计提的折旧相同,债务保持不变,仅报废或者出售提足折旧的固定资产。另一种情况是,一个公司,以现金从它的客户那里收款,以现金向供应商支付,没有库存(这三个条件可以总结为公司的营运资金需求为零),并且购买某一金额的固定资产与当年计提的折旧相同。什么时候的会计现金流量就是实际现金流继上一节的推理,会计现金流量等于股权现金流量是在这样的案例中,一个不再成长的公司(保持其客户,库存和供应商的账户不变),保持债务不变,仅报废或者出售提足折旧的资产,也不买固定资产。还一种情况是,公司从它的客户那以现金收账,向供应商支付现金,没有库存(这家公司的营运资金为零),也不买固定资产。现金流量比净利润更有用吗
44、这个问题是不能回答的,如果我们没有预先定义,谁是这些信息的接受者,通过分析这些信息又试图发现什么。此外,这两个参数来自相同的会计报表。但是,一般情况下,是的,报告的净收益是几个给出中的一个(许多观念中的一个),而股权现金流量或者自由现金流量是一个事实一个单一的数字。股权现金流量和股利我们已经说过,当进行预测时,股权现金流量必须等于预测股息。当进行预测时,预测股息必须精确地等于股权现金流量。否则,我们将一直假设不被用作股利部分的股权现金流量的用途(现金,投资,偿还债务),并且预测时减去这部分股权现金流量是必要的。以股份的形式分红没有说明是现金流,因为本来就不是。接收新股份的股东拥有更多股份,但是
45、每股的价值降低了,但总价值不变。净收益的会计核算和管理的注意事项当我们分析被大多数上市公司使用的会计报表时,考虑公司的会计准则以及技术是重要的。最重要的是收入的确认。一些企业确认收入过早,而另一些太迟企业有一定程度的时间自由来确认收入。资本化支出。公司可能支付一些款项,不出现在损益表内,而直接算作一项资产的增加(资本化)。例如,石油公司资本化勘探成本;电力设备资本化利息支出。应计项目的使用和储备。公司可能建立应计项目和储备以备庭外和解,消费者需求,坏账准备,以及其他潜在的损失和预期支出。然而,很多公司在效益好的年份建立额外的应计项目和储备,以在恶劣的年份使用。这样做的话,公司有平稳的净收益。投
46、资的超常利润。很多公司将可供出售有价证券以低于市场价值的金额记录在资产负债表中,而在恶劣的年份出售这些投资以平稳净收益。消极兼并。购买的股票以购买成本计入资产,获得的股利分配作为财务利息收入,出售股票的收益则作为营业外收入。此外,必须为将来的损失,包括潜在的损失,计提减值准备。为了计算减值准备,必须参照股票市场上的该股票的价格。权益法核算。推荐持有2050非上市公司,35上市公司的股份。购买的股票以购买成本计入到资产中(在股票的账面价值和商誉中分配);相应比例的净收益计入到损益表(与投资相平衡);收到的股利分配作为投资的增加;出售股票的收益作为营业外收入。在购买成本中生成的商誉(股票的购买价格与账面价值的差额)在超过20年时间内折旧。整体合并。这种情况下,母公司和子公司的损益表以及母公司和子公司的资产负债表被加在一起,在集团中消除了会计业务的开始和结束。如果不完全拥有该公司,外部合作者相对应的那部分净收益在损益表中扣除。在负债方,外部合作者,也叫少数控股者,所持有的股票数量也被列示出来。重要的是,充分分析兼并类型,以正确计算出公司内部产生的现金流量。在整体盘整的情况下,要计算出现金流量,必须对每个公司单独分析。出处帕罗佛门罗,现金流量是一个事实,净收益只是一个观点,学术出版社,2002(9)113