1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文FACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHLEASEFINANCINGINTHEHOSPITALINDUSTRYINCONTRASTTOCAPITALLEASES,WHICHAREREPORTEDONTHEBALANCESHEETASDEBT,OPERATINGLEASESAREAFORMOFOFFBALANCESHEETFINANCINGONLYREPORTEDINTHENOTESTOTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTANDHAVELIMITEDDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTSFOLLOWINGTHEFINANCIALCOLLAPSEOFE
2、NRONANDWORLDCOM,SOMEANALYSTSARGUETHATCOMPANIESEMPLOYOPERATINGLEASESTOHIDEDEBTOFFTHEBALANCESHEETGUIDELINESAREPROVIDEDBYTHEGENERALFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDBOARDFASBTOVALUEACAPITALLEASEHOWEVER,THEDIFFICULTTASKANALYSTSFACEISESTIMATINGTHEOBLIGATIONVALUEOFOPERATINGLEASESOVERALL,LEASECONTRACTSVARYALONGAC
3、ONTINUUMINTERMSOFTHEIROBLIGATIONATONEEND,THELESSEEISPAYINGARENTALFEEFORTHEUSEOFANASSETOVERASHORTTIMEPERIODCONVERSELY,ATTHEOTHERENDOFTHESPECTRUM,THELESSORISPROVIDINGFINANCINGFORTHEPURCHASEOFTHEASSETLESSEECONTRACTSTEND,HOWEVER,TOFALLINTHEMIDDLEBECAUSEOFTHEORGANIZATIONSDESIRETOKEEPTHEDEBTOFFTHEBALANCES
4、HEETWITHRESPECTTOTHEHOSPITALINDUSTRY,LITTLEISKNOWNEMPIRICALLYABOUTTHEUSEOFOPERATINGLEASEFINANCINGWITHONLY1PERCENTGROWTHINHOSPITALCAPITALSPENDINGFROM1997TO2001,CHIEFFINANCIALOFFICERSEXPECTCAPITALOUTLAYSTOINCREASEBY14PERCENTOVERTHENEXTFIVEYEARSASHOSPITALASSETSAGEANDPATIENTSANDPHYSICIANSPLACEGREATERDEM
5、ANDFORTHELATESTINMEDICALTECHNOLOGYTOFINANCETHESEEXPENDITURES,ANALYSTSEXPECTGREATERUSEOFLEASEFINANCING,WHICHISPROJECTEDTOGROWBY85PERCENTANNUALLYANDINCREASETO74BILLIONIN2005COMPAREDTO4BILLIONIN1997OPERATINGLEASESAREATTRACTIVETOHOSPITALSBECAUSETHEYCANGAINACCESSTOTHELATESTMEDICALTECHNOLOGYANDAVOIDOBSOLE
6、SCENCEHOWEVER,FROMALIABILITYSTANDPOINT,CREDITRATINGAGENCIESVALUETHESEOPERATINGLEASESASDEBTOBLIGATIONSINACCORDANCEWITHFASBNUMBERS13AND17,RESPECTIVELY,HOSPITALSAREONLYREQUIREDTODISCLOSEINTHENOTESOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSMINIMUMFUTUREOPERATINGLEASEPAYMENTSFORFIVESUBSEQUENTFISCALYEARSHOWEVER,NORESEARCHABLED
7、ATABASESEXISTTHATLISTDETAILEDFOOTNOTEANALYSISOFLEASESTOOVERCOMETHISWEAKNESS,SEVERALSTUDIESINCORPORATEFINANCEHAVEDEVELOPEDAPPROACHESTOCREATECAPITALIZEVALUESOFOPERATINGLEASESIMHOFF,ETALSAPPROACHWASTOESTIMATEACAPITALIZEDLEASEVALUEBYCOMPUTINGTHEPRESENTVALUEOFTHEAMOUNTSPAYABLEFORTHENEXTFIVEYEARSDISCLOSED
8、INTHENOTESTOTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTANDANASSUMPTIONOFANESTIMATEDVALUEFORTHESUBSEQUENTFIVEYEARSUSINGIMHOFF,ETALSAPPROACH,GRAHAM,ETAL,DEFINEANESTIMATEDVALUEFORCAPITALIZEDOPERATINGLEASESASTHEPRESENTVALUEOFTHECURRENTYEARLEASEEXPENSEPLUSLEASEPAYMENTSOVERTHENEXTFIVEYEARSDISCOUNTEDTOTHEPRESENTVALUEATARATEOF10
9、PERCENTONLYONESTUDYHASEMPIRICALLYANALYZEDLEASESINTHEHOSPITALINDUSTRYHOWEVER,THISPRIOREMPIRICALWORKONLYFOCUSEDONCAPITALLEASESOFHOSPITALSWITHINTHESTATEOFCALIFORNIAANDWASCONDUCTEDINTHELATE1980STHEAIMOFTHISSTUDYWASTOOVERCOMETHESESHORTCOMINGSANDDEVELOPABROADERMEASUREOFLEASEFINANCINGTOINCLUDENOTONLYCAPITA
10、LLEASESBUTALSOOPERATINGLEASESANDTOEXPANDTHEANALYSISNATIONALLYOPERATINGLEASESWEREMEASUREDBYUTILIZINGTHEPERPETUITYMETHOD,WHICHWASDEVELOPEDBYLIM,ETALINADDITION,THISSTUDYINVESTIGATEDTHESUBSTITUTABILITYBETWEENLEASEANDDEBTFINANCINGASWELLASTHERELATIONSHIPOFMARKET,MISSION,OPERATING,ANDFINANCIALFACTORSONLEAS
11、EFINANCINGFORALLSHORTTERM,ACUTECAREHOSPITALSACROSSTHEUNITEDSTATESOVERCOMINGTHEDATAREQUIREMENTSOFTHEPREVIOUSWORK,LIM,ETAL,VALIDATEDTHEPERPETUITYMETHODTOCAPITALIZEANOPERATINGLEASEVALUETHEPERPETUITYMETHODCOMPUTESTHEAVERAGEOFTHECURRENTOPERATINGLEASEEXPENSEANDNEXTYEARSMINIMUMOPERATINGLEASEDISCOUNTEDTOTHE
12、PRESENTATTHECOSTOFDEBTUSINGREGRESSIONANALYSIS,THEYFOUNDTHEPERPETUITYAPPROACHABETTERPREDICTOROFFUTUREOPERATINGLEASEPAYMENTSTHANTHEAPPROACHUSEDBYGRAHAM,ETAL,WHICHTHEYEMPIRICALLYFOUNDUNDERSTATESTHELEASEVALUETHISUNDERVALUATIONFROMGRAHAM,ETALSAPPROACHSTEMSFROMTHEIRMETHODOLOGYTHATONLYCONSIDERSFUTUREOPERAT
13、INGLEASEPAYMENTSFORFIVEYEARSANDTHEREFOREFAILSTOACCOUNTFORLEASESNOTRENEWEDANDASSETSNOTREPLACEDTHEPERPETUITYMETHODOVERCOMESTHESESHORTCOMINGSANDASSUMESOPERATINGLEASESAREAPERMANENTPARTOFTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREANDACCOUNTSFORTHEVALUATIONWHENTHELEASECONTRACTEXPIRESANDTHEORGANIZATIONCONTINUESTOUSETHEASSETTOASSE
14、SSTHECREDITMARKETSASSESSMENTOFOPERATINGLEASESTOBALANCESHEETDEBT,LIM,ETAL,ALSOEVALUATEDTHESETWOFORMSOFFINANCINGRELATIVETOCOSTOFDEBTTHEYFOUNDOFFBALANCESHEETOPERATINGLEASEDEBT,ESTIMATEDBYTHEPERPETUITYMETHOD,HADTHESAMEINFLUENCEONNEWDEBTPRICINGASDEBTONTHEBALANCESHEET,WHEREASGRAHAM,ETALSAPPROACHUNDERSTATE
15、DTHEMARKETSESTIMATIONOFTHEOPERATINGLEASEDEBTCORPORATEFINANCETHEORYCLAIMSLEASEANDDEBTFINANCEAREVIEWED,TOSOMEDEGREE,ASSUBSTITUTES,SPECIFICALLYWHEREINCREASESINLEASEFINANCINGDECREASEDEBTFINANCINGMOREIMPORTANTLY,FINANCIALTHEORYCLAIMSTHATITISAONETOONERELATIONSHIPGIVENTHATCASHPAYMENTSFORLEASEOBLIGATIONSARE
16、EQUIVALENTTODEBTCASHPAYMENTSONESTUDYCLAIMS,HOWEVER,THATTHENATUREANDTERMSOFLEASECONTRACTSDIFFERFROMDEBTANDRESULTINASUBSTITUTEEFFECTOFLESSTHANONEBECAUSELEASEFINANCINGCONSUMESLESSDEBTCAPACITYANOTHERSTUDYCONTENDSTHATDEBTANDLEASINGARECOMPLEMENTSBECAUSELEASESALLOWFORTHETRANSFEROFTAXSHIELDSTOORGANIZATIONST
17、HATCANNOTUSETHEMLESSEESTOORGANIZATIONSTHATCANEMPLOYTHEMLESSORSEMPIRICALLY,ANGANDPETERSONTESTEDTHESUBSTITUTIONTHEORYANDFAILEDTOSUPPORTTHISRELATIONSHIP,FINDINGINSTEADACOMPLEMENTARYRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHETWOFORMSOFFINANCINGHOWEVER,MARSTONANDHARRISSRESULTSSUPPORTEDTHESUBSTITUTIONEFFECTBETWEENLEASEANDDEBT
18、FINANCINGANDFOUNDTHISRELATIONSHIPTOBELESSTHANONE,ALTHOUGHTHEYONLYINCLUDEDCAPITALLEASESANDNOTOPERATINGLEASESBYCONTROLLINGFORDEBTCAPACITYOFLEASEANDNONLEASEFIRMS,ADEDEJIANDSTAPLETONALSOFOUNDTHATDEBTANDFINANCELEASESWERELESSTHANPERFECTSUBSTITUTESINTERMSOFTHEHOSPITALINDUSTRY,MCCUEEVALUATEDTHISRELATIONSHIP
19、BETWEENCAPITALLEASESANDDEBTHISRESULTSSUPPORTEDTHECOMPLEMENTARYRELATIONSHIPOFANGANDPETERSONANDFOUNDTHATLESSEEHOSPITALSUSEDMOREDEBTRECENTLY,SEVERALSTUDIESEVALUATEDTHISSUBSTITUTABILITYRELATIONSHIPBYDEVELOPINGAMORECOMPREHENSIVEANDVALIDMEASURE,WHICHINCLUDESBOTHOPERATINGANDCAPITALLEASESBEATTIE,ETAL,INCLUD
20、EDOPERATINGLEASESANDFOUNDTHATLEASINGANDDEBTWEREPARTIALSUBSTITUTESTHEYCONCLUDEDTHATTHISPARTIALSUBSTITUTEEFFECTREFLECTSTHERISKOFTHERESIDUALVALUEOFTHEOPERATINGLEASE,WHICHISASSUMEDBYTHELESSORTHISSTUDYFOLLOWSTHEEMPIRICALMODELOFANGANDPETERSONANDBEATTIE,ETALTOEVALUATETHISLEASETODEBTSUBSTITUTABILITYMEASURED
21、FROMTHEDEBTTOLEASEDISPLACEMENTRATIOANGANDPETERSONNOTETHATONEMUSTCONTROLFORTHEBORROWINGCAPABILITIESOFTHEFIRMTOACCOUNTFORTHESEBORROWINGDIFFERENCES,ASETOFCONTROLVARIABLESUNIQUETOTHEHOSPITALAREINCORPORATEDINTOTHEMODELTHERATIOOFLONGTERMDEBTTOTOTALASSETSWASUSEDTOMEASURETHEDEBTRATIO,DRHITANALYZINGLEASEFINA
22、NCINGINCALIFORNIAHOSPITALS,MCCUEFOUNDTHATDEBTFINANCINGWASACOMPLEMENTRATHERTHANASUBSTITUTEFORLEASEFINANCINGTHISOUTCOMEIMPLIEDTHATLENDERSANDLESSORSWEREWILLINGTOINCREASETHEBORROWINGCAPACITYOFHOSPITALSDURINGTHELATE1980S,WHICHMAYSTEMFROMTHECOSTBASISREIMBURSEMENTFORCAPITALMARKETFACTORSINCLUDEAHOSPITALSMAR
23、KETSHAREANDITSLOCATIONMARKETSHAREWASASSOCIATEDWITHLOWERBONDRATINGS,WHICHREFLECTSHIGHERCREDITRISK,FORHOSPITALSWITHSMALLERMARKETSHARESINADDITION,HOSPITALSLOCATEDINURBANMARKETSMAYEXPERIENCEHIGHERLABORSCOSTSANDGREATERCOMPETITION,WHICHCOULDAFFECTTHESERVICEMIXANDDEMANDFOREQUIPMENTANDCAPITALHOSPITALSLOCATE
24、DINSTATESWITHCERTIFICATEOFNEEDREGULATIONSFACEGREATERSCRUTINYFROMREGULATORS,WHICHMAYCONTROLEXCESSCAPITALEXPENDITURESANDTHETYPEOFEQUIPMENTPURCHASEDFINANCIALFACTORSINCLUDELONGTERMDEBTTOTOTALASSETS,CASHFLOWMARGIN,DAYSCASHONHAND,ANDCAPITALEXPENDITURESPERBEDTOEXAMINETHEDEBTSUBSTITUTIONEFFECT,THISSTUDYFOLL
25、OWEDBEATTIE,ETAL,ANDUTILIZEDLONGTERMDEBTTOTOTALASSETRATIOBECAUSELEASEFINANCINGISACONTRACTUALOBLIGATION,THEABILITYTOMEETTHESEPAYMENTSISMEASUREDBYTHECASHFLOWMARGINRATIOHOSPITALSWITHHIGHERCASHFLOWANDLIQUIDITY,ASMEASUREDBYTHEDAYSCASHONHANDRATIO,HAVEALOWERCREDITRISKANDACHIEVEAGREATERACCESSTODEBTCAPITALAN
26、DLOWERCOSTOFDEBTTHUS,HOSPITALSWITHWEAKERCASHFLOWANDLIQUIDITYMAYSEEKLEASEFINANCINGASASOURCEOFCAPITALFINALLY,HOSPITALSWITHGREATERCAPITALEXPENDITURESINPLANTANDEQUIPMENTMAYEXHIBITAGREATERLIKELIHOODTOUSELEASEFINANCINGINORDERTOAVOIDTHERISKOFOBSOLESCENCEPRIORANALYSISOFLEASEFINANCINGINTHEHOSPITALINDUSTRYIGN
27、OREDTHEOBLIGATEDVALUEOFOPERATINGLEASESANDSTUDIEDONLYCALIFORNIAHOSPITALDATAINCONTRAST,THISSTUDYFOLLOWEDTHEWORKOFLIM,ETALANDAPPLIEDTHEPERPETUITYMETHODTOESTIMATEACAPITALIZEDOPERATINGLEASEVALUETHERATIOOFCAPITALIZEDOPERATINGLEASESTOTOTALASSETSRANGEDFROM111IN1999/2000TO148IN1998/1999ACCESSING6,800PUBLICLY
28、TRADEDCOMPANIESFROM1980TO1999,LIM,ETALAPPLIEDTHEPERPETUITYMETHODANDCOMPUTEDANAVERAGEOPERATINGLEASERATIOTOFIRMVALUERATIOOF167INADDITION,THISSTUDYTESTEDTHECORPORATFINANCETHEORYOFDEBTDISPLACEMENTBYBOTHCAPITALANDOPERATINGLEASESONANATIONALBASISFORALLSHORTTERM,ACUTECAREHOSPITALSTHEMULTIVARIATEFINDINGSINDI
29、CATEDANEGATIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDEBTANDLEASEFINANCING,THUSSUPPORTINGTHEBELIEFTHATLEASINGANDDEBTAREPARTIALSUBSTITUTESTHEMAGNITUDEOFTHEDISPLACEMENTISSMALL,WITH1DOLLAROFLEASINGDISPLACING09OFDEBT,ONAVERAGETHISOUTCOMESUGGESTSTHATLEASEFINANCINGUSESLESSDEBTCAPACITYTHANASIMILARAMOUNTOFDEBTITALSOIMPLIESTHAT
30、THELESSORISBEARINGSOMERISK,SPECIFICALLYTHERISKASSOCIATEDWITHTHERESIDUALVALUEOFTHEASSETATTHEENDOFTHELEASE,WHICHISTHEPRIMARYRISKOFOPERATINGLEASESOPERATIONALFACTORSINDICATETHATOCCUPANCYRATE,BEDSIZE,ANDPAYORMIXRELATETOTHEDECISIONTOLEASEHOSPITALSWITHFEWERUNOCCUPIEDBEDSBUTAHIGHERPROPORTIONOFGOVERNMENTPAYO
31、RSHADAGREATERPROPENSITYTOLEASEDESPITEAGREATERDEMANDFORTHEIRSERVICES,HOSPITALSTREATINGAGREATERNUMBEROFGOVERNMENTPAYORSFACEDGREATERRISKBECAUSEOFTHEDECLINESINMEDICAREPAYMENTAFTERTHEBALANCEDBUDGETACTOF1997ASARESULT,THISGREATERUNCERTAINTYLIMITEDTHEIRABILITYTOACCESSTHECREDITMARKETSANDCAUSEDHOSPITALSTOACCE
32、SSTHELEASEFORMOFFINANCINGCONVERSELY,THESIZEANDDIVERSITYOFSERVICESASSOCIATEDWITHLARGERHOSPITALSMIGHTHAVEALLOWEDTHEMTOUTILIZEOTHERFORMSOFFINANCESUCHASINTERNALLYGENERATEDFUNDSORDEBTANDDEPENDLESSONLEASEFINANCINGBECAUSEOFCHANGINGTECHNOLOGY,IMAGINGEQUIPMENTAREMORECONDUCIVETOFINANCINGBYLEASESHOSPITALSWITHO
33、WNERSHIPOFTWO“HIGHTECHNOLOGY”PIECESOFIMAGINGEQUIPMENTWEREMORELIKELYTOLEASEFINALLY,FINANCIALFACTORSSHOWTHATLIQUIDITYANDTHELEVELOFCAPITALEXPENDITURESAREASSOCIATEDWITHLEASEFINANCINGDURINGTHETIMEFRAMEOFTHISSTUDY,CREDITRATINGAGENCIESPLACEDGREATERPRESSUREONHOSPITALSTOMAINTAINSTRONGLIQUIDITY,SPECIFICALLYLA
34、RGERAMOUNTSOFCASHANDINVESTMENTSONHAND,TOACHIEVEAHIGHCREDITPROFILETHERESULTSOFTHISANALYSISRECONFIRMTHISOUTCOMEANDSHOWEDWEAKLIQUIDITYHOSPITALS,WITHFEWERDOLLARSTOEXPENDONPLANTANDEQUIPMENT,DEPENDEDUPONLEASEFINANCINGFINALLYPOLICYMAKERS,HOSPITALMANAGERS,ANDCREDITRATINGANALYSTSSHOULDBEAWARETHATLEASESCONSUM
35、ESOMEHOSPITALDEBTCAPACITY,ALTHOUGHITISLESSTHANAONETOONEBASISMOREIMPORTANTLY,DURINGTHEPERIODOFTHISSTUDY,ITWASDEMONSTRATEDTHATOPERATINGLEASESAREANIMPORTANTSOURCEOFHOSPITALFINANCINGANDACCOUNTSFOR,ONAVERAGE,BETWEEN11PERCENTTO15PERCENTOFAHOSPITALSTOTALASSETSARECENTHEALTHCAREFINANCIALMANAGEMENTASSOCIATION
36、REPORTINDICATESTHATLEASEFINANCINGGREWFROM37BILLIONIN1997TO58BILLIONIN2002BECAUSEOFTHEDECLINEINOTHERSOURCESOFFINANCING,SPECIFICALLYBANKLOANSBANKSLIMITEDTHEIREXPOSURETOTHISLINEOFBUSINESSBECAUSEOFTHEUNCERTAINTYCREATEDBYTHEBALANCEDBUDGETACTOF1997ANDTHELARGESTNONPROFITHOSPITALBANKRUPTCYOFALLEGHENYHEALTH,
37、EDUCATIONANDRESEARCHFOUNDATIONIN1998ONEWOULDEXPECTOPERATINGLEASESTOGROWINTHEFUTUREANDREMAINAVIABLESOURCEOFCAPITALTOFINANCEPLANTANDEQUIPMENTPURCHASES,ESPECIALLYFORFACILITIESWITHLESSLIQUIDITYANDAHIGHERNUMBEROFOCCUPIEDBEDSSOURCEMICHAELJMCCUE,2007“FACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHLEASEFINANCINGINTHEHOSPITALINDUSTRY
38、”JHEALTHCAREFINANCEMARCHPP7284译文医疗产业中租赁融资的相关因素融资租赁是作为负债被记录在资产负债表上的,相比较而言,经营租赁则是被记录成表外融资的项目,同时只是被记录在财务报表附注里并且是被要求有限的披露。随着安然和世界通信公司的金融崩溃,一些分析师表明公司会采用经营租赁而隐藏其资产负债表上的负债数额。一般财务会计准则委员会(FASB)提供了一些可评估的方向,以评估租赁融资价值;然而,分析师们面临的难题却是评估经营租赁的债务价值。总体上,租赁合同在它们的义务条款方面沿着一个连续变化的方向变化。一方面,承租人在短时间内为使用资产而支付租金。反过来,在一定范围内的另一
39、个方面,出租人则提供购买资产的资金。然而,由于组织的意愿一般是保持资产负债表的负债数额不变,因此承租人的合约往往趋向上述两方面的中间情况。对于医疗产业,使用经营性租赁融资的方式是很少被大家所知道的。在1997年到2001年间,医院的资本支出只增长了百分之一,因此首席财务长期望在五年之后,资本支出能够比原先增长百分之十四,这些支出一般用于延长资产的使用年限,提供病人和医生更好且最新的医疗设备的需求。为资助这些开支,分析师们预计将使用更多方式的融资租赁,预计这些融资租赁方式每年能够带动资本支出百分之八点五的增长,同时预期从1997年的4亿美元支出增长到2005年的74亿美元支出。经营租赁对医院有吸
40、引力,因为他们能获得最新的医疗技术并避免过时;然而,从义务的立场上,信用评级机构将经营租赁业务评估为负债部分。根据FASB编号13至17日为例,在未来的5个经营租赁会计年度里,医院只需要支付在附注中披露的财务报表中的最低的经营租赁款项。然而,在附注中的租赁分析中并没有研究数据。为克服这个缺陷,几项研究对于公司融资提出了几条评估经营租赁创造多少价值的方法。英霍夫等人估计租赁价值的方法是通过在附注中披露的财务状况中的应付款项计算接下来5年的现值。格雷厄姆等人使用英霍夫等人的方法定义一个估计值来表示后续5年内的经营租赁的现值,这个估计值是通过10的折旧率计算当年租赁费用和租赁付款额之和。目前只有一个
41、实证研究分析了医疗行业的租赁方面;然而,这之前的实证研究只着重融资租赁在加利福尼亚州内的医院,并且是在20世纪80年代末才开始进行的。这个研究的主旨在于克服之前研究的不足,并且开拓了以租赁作为融资方式下更广泛的措施,不仅包括融资租赁也包括经营租赁,并且在全国展开。经营租赁是通过利用永久性测量方法测量的,这个方法是由LIM等人开拓的。此外,此项研究调查可替代应用于租赁和负债融资之间,也可替代应用于市场、使命、经营和经济因素之间,并同时贯穿全美国所有短期、医院急诊中心的租赁融资。LIM等人克服了以往工作中的数据要求,用永久方法验证了经营租赁的可利用价值。永久方法计算出了经营租赁的平均费用,并且计算
42、出折现到当前的债务成本的最小值。利用回归分析,对经营租赁用永久方法进行估值,这是比格雷厄姆等人发现的更好的预测方法,而格雷厄姆等人的方法则低估了租赁价值。格雷厄姆等人之所以低估了租赁的价值,是因为他们只考虑未来五年的经营租赁款项,而没有考虑是否续租,也没有考虑到资产是不可替代的。永久方法客服了这些缺点,并表明经营租赁是资本结构的一部分,当租赁合同期满,承租人将继续使用该资产。为了计算经营租赁在资产负债表中的债务估计值,LIM等人还评估了两种方法下的债务成本。他们发现经营租赁债务成本,由永久法估算,对资产负债表上的债务费用和新债定价有同样的影响力,而格雷厄姆等人的做法则低估了市场下经营租赁债务估
43、计。在某种程度上,企业融资理论声明租赁和负债融资是被视为互相替代的,尤其在增加租赁融资而减少负债融资。更重要的是,融资理论声明,对于租赁义务的现金支付相当于负债现金支付时,两者是一对一的相互关系。一个研究表明,然而,租赁合同的性质和条件的不同于负债并导致不可替代负债,这是因为租赁融资消耗更少的负债能力。另一个研究争辩道负债和租赁时补充的关系,因为租赁允许税盾转让给组织使其不能给组织使用承租人但能雇佣出租者。实际上,安格和彼得森测试了替代理论,但最后的结论却并不支持这层替代关系,却发现两种融资形式是相辅相成的关系;但是,马斯顿和哈里斯的结论却又支持了租赁和负债融资之间的替代影响,并且发现这种关系
44、是不止一种的,尽管他们研究时只包括融资租赁而并不包括经营租赁。通过控制租赁和非租赁形式的负债能力,阿德德吉和斯泰普尔顿也发现负债和融资租赁达不到完全替代的。在医院行业来讲,麦丘评价了融资租赁和负债的关系。他的结论支持了安格和彼得森的互补的关系并且发现医院承租人使用更多的债务。近来,一些研究通过开拓更全面和有效的方式的来评价租赁和负债的可替代关系,这里的租赁融资同时包括了经营租赁和融资租赁。比蒂等人,在包含了经营租赁的前提下,发现租赁和负债是部分可替代的。他们总结这些部分可替代性反映了经营租赁剩余价值的风险性,而这些风险是由出租人承担的。此研究按照安格、彼得森和比蒂等人的实证模型来评估租赁和负债
45、可替代比率。安格和彼得森注意到一点,便是控制公司的借贷能力。考虑到一些借款的差异,医院中的独特的变量设置纳入到模型中。对长期债务与总资产的比率是用来衡量资产负债率的。通过分析加州医院的租赁融资,麦丘发现,债务和租赁融资是一对一的补充,而不是替代的。这一结果意味着,在80年代末,贷款者和出租者愿意增加在资本成本基础上的借款金额。市场因素包括医院的市场份额和它的地理位置。市场份额是以较低的比率来反映出较高的信用风险,医院则一般是较小的市场份额。此外,医院在市场的地理位置可能会遇到较高的劳动力成本和更大的竞争,这可能会影响设备和资本的服务组合和需求。为符合规定而开具证明书,审查监管机构需要对位于美国
46、的医院进行更严格的审查,因此可控制过剩资本性支出和购买的设备类型。经济因素包括长期债务与总资产,现金流保证金,手头现金,资本支出为检验债务的替代效应,此研究参照比蒂等人的研究,并利用长期债务和总资产的比率。由于融资租赁是一项合同义务,是否有能力满足这些款项则是根据现金流量保证金比率。具有较高的现金流动性的医院,是由每日手头现金比率来计算的,由一个较低的信贷风险和资本成本来获得更大的资金。因此,较弱的现金流动性的医院可寻求融资租赁作为一个资金来源。最后,用租赁的融资方式避免了过时的风险,在此情况下,有可能在一定的资本开支下使用更大的设备资源。在医疗行业的事先分析中忽略了经营租赁的义务价值,并且只
47、研究加利佛尼亚的医院数据。与此相反,这些研究跟随LIM等人的工作并且应用了永久方法去估计一个资本化经营租赁的价值。对于总资产,资本化经营租赁价值的比率介于1999/2000年的0111和1998/1999的0148之间。LIM等人从1980年到1999年间,访问了6800家上市公司,应用了永久性方法并且计算出经营租赁比例平均占到一个平稳的0167的价值比率。此外,在企业金融理论下,这项研究测试了融资租赁和经营租赁在医院所有短期、急性护理的基础上的债务转移。多因素结果显示负债和租赁的融资方法之间的负相关关系,从而支持了租赁和债务的部分替代性。两者之间的转移幅度较小,1美元的租赁平均取代债务的00
48、9美元。这一结果表明,租赁的融资方法使用不到类似的债务的能力。它还意味着出租人承担一定的风险,特别是与该资产在经营租赁的年底剩余价值相关的风险。经营因素表明,入住率、床的大小和付款人本身都会涉及租赁合约的决定。医院会有较少的空置病床,一般政府付款人会愿意承担较高比例的医院租赁额。尽管对他们的服务需求较大,医院治疗费用使政府面临更大的付款额,因为更多的1997年后的平衡预算法案。因此,这更大的不确定性限制了他们能够访问的信贷市场,在医疗保险支付风险下降造就了医院租赁的融资形式。相反,规模较大的医院和相关服务的多样性可能使他们能够利用其他融资形式,如内部产生的资金或债务,而依靠租赁融资则较少。当然
49、,由于技术的发展变化,更有利于由租赁融资的方式引进高科技设备。医院更偏向于用租赁的融资方式引进两个“高科技”的成像设备。最后,经济因素展示了流动性和租赁融资相关的资本性支出。在这个研究的时间框架里,信用评级机构置于医院更大的压力以保持强大的流动性,尤其是更大数额的流动资金和投资额,以达到高信用的个人资料。依赖租赁融资方式,在厂房和设备方面花费更少的美元的基础上,这次分析的结果确认了支出和显示了医院弱流动性。最后决策者、医院的管理者和信用评级分析师应该要注意租赁会消耗些医院的一部分偿债能力。更重要的是,在这个研究的期间里,它展示了经营租赁是医院融资里一个重要的资源,并且经营租赁融资获得的资产总额平均上占到医院总资产额度的百分之十一到百分之十五。最近的医疗财务管理协会报告预示租赁融资额将从1997年的37亿美元增长到2002年的58亿美元,原因是其他融资资源的减少,尤其是银行贷款。由于1997年的平衡预算法案带来的不确定性和最大的阿勒格尼卫生、教育及研究基金会的非盈利性医院在1998年破产,银行则限制它们自己接触到这方面的业务。所以人们以为,经营租赁在未来的增长仍是可行的资金来源,用来资助厂房和设备的购买,尤其是弱流动性的设施和较高数量的床位占用方面。出处迈克尔J麦丘,医疗产业中租赁融资的相关因素保健财经2007127284