1、外文文献翻译译文一、外文原文原文THENIHBUDGETINTRODUCTIONFEDERALFUNDINGFORBIOMEDICALRESEARCHINTHEUNITEDSTATESHASFUELEDDISCOVERIESTHATHAVEADVANCEDOURUNDERSTANDINGOFHUMANDISEASE,LEDTONOVELANDEFFECTIVEDIAGNOSTICTOOLSANDTHERAPIES,ANDMADEOURRESEARCHENTERPRISEANINTERNATIONALPARAGONALTHOUGHITWASNOTTHEORIGINALINTENT,THISINV
2、ESTMENT,THROUGHTHENATIONALINSTITUTESOFHEALTHNIH,HASALSOBECOMEANESSENTIALSOURCEOFSUPPORTFORACADEMICMEDICALCENTERS,PROVIDINGFUNDSFORFACULTYANDSTAFFSALARIES,OPERATIONALEXPENSES,ANDEVENCAPITALIMPROVEMENTSRELATEDTORESEARCHTHATCANNOLONGERBESUPPORTEDBYCLINICALINCOMEUNTILAPPROXIMATELY20YEARSAGO,CLINICALINCO
3、MEOFTENSUBSIDIZEDRESEARCH,BUTMANAGEDCARE,INCREASEDSCRUTINYANDEFFICIENCYINTHEMANAGEMENTOFCLINICALEXPENSES,ANDREDUCTIONSINFEDERALSUPPORTFORTEACHINGHOSPITALSHAVERENDEREDCLINICALMARGINSINSUFFICIENTTOSUPPORTTHERESEARCHMISSIONALTHOUGHSOMEMAYSEEINSTITUTIONBUILDINGASANINAPPROPRIATEUSEOFNIHFUNDS,ACONSISTENT,
4、PRODUCTIVEBIOMEDICALRESEARCHENTERPRISEREQUIRESASOLIDINFRASTRUCTUREENSURINGDURABLEFEDERALSUPPORTFORSUCHRESEARCHHASNOT,HOWEVER,BEENWITHOUTTRIBULATIONSASWITHALLLINEITEMSINTHEFEDERALBUDGET,NIHFUNDINGISSUBJECTTOTHEVICISSITUDESOFTHEPOLITICALPROCESS,ANDINTERMITTENTPERIODSOFGROWTHHAVEBEENFOLLOWEDBYPERIODSOF
5、DECLINESOMEARGUETHATFUNDINGCYCLESREFRESHTHERESEARCHENTERPRISE,ELIMINATINGTHROUGHCOMPETITIONINVESTIGATORSWHOSEWORKISNOTOFTHEHIGHESTQUALITYTHOUGHNOTASSANGUINEABOUTTHEIRPURPOSESORCONSEQUENCES,THEACADEMICMEDICALCOMMUNITYHASACCEPTEDTHESECYCLESANDWORKSTOFINDWAYSTODAMPENTHEEFFECTSOFDOWNTURNSONRESEARCHPROGR
6、AMSANDINSTITUTIONALSTABILITYREDEFINEDTHECONCEPTOFACOMPREHENSIVEBUDGETMANAGEMENTBUDGETORIGINATEDIN18THCENTURYENGLAND,FIRSTIMPLEMENTEDINGOVERNMENTDEPARTMENTS,THEPURPOSEISMAINLYUSEDTOCONTROLTHEKINGSRIGHTTOTAX,THEREBYLIMITINGGOVERNMENTSPENDINGTHENINTHEUS,THEBUDGETHASBEENFURTHERDEVELOPEDAMERICANSMALLTOWN
7、SBYTHEPUBLICBUDGETFORTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHENATIONALBUDGETSYSTEM,THEESTABLISHMENTOFTHEUNITEDSTATESPLAYEDANIMPORTANTROLEINSPIREDBYTHEGOVERNMENTBUDGETBUDGETMANAGEMENTCONCEPTWHICHWASSUBSEQUENTLYUSEDBYLARGECOMPANIESINTHEUNITEDSTATESTOGOTOBUSINESSMANAGEMENTLATEREMERGEDTHECONCEPTOFTHEOVERALLBUDGETMANAGEMEN
8、T,BUDGETMANAGEMENTISTHEUSEOFTHEMAINLINEOFTHEINTERNALDEPARTMENTSOFVARIOUSFINANCIALANDNONFINANCIALRESOURCESTOCONTROL,REFLECTINGASERIESOFEVALUATIONACTIVITIES,ANDTOIMPROVETHEMANAGEMENTLEVELANDMANAGEMENTEFFICIENCYSINCETHE20THCENTURY,ACOMPREHENSIVEBUDGETMANAGEMENTBYTHEUNITEDSTATES,MANYLARGEENTERPRISESSUCH
9、ASGENERALELECTRIC,DUPONTANDGENERALMOTORS,SOSUCCESSFULLYAPPLIEDANDOBTAINEDGOODRESULTSSINCETHEN,THISMETHODWILLSOONBECOMEALARGEMODERNINDUSTRIALANDCOMMERCIALENTERPRISESONTHESTANDARDOPERATINGPROCEDURESFROMTHEINITIALPLANNING,COORDINATIONOFPRODUCTIONBECOMEBOTHNOWCONTROL,MOTIVATION,EVALUATIONFUNCTIONOFANINT
10、EGRATEDSTRATEGICAPPROACHTOTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFENTERPRISEMANAGEMENTMECHANISM,ANDTHENINTHEINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMOFTHEHEARTCOMPREHENSIVEBUDGETMANAGEMENTTOREFLECTTHEFOLLOWINGTHREEFEATURESFIRST,TOENHANCETHEORGANIZATIONSGOVERNANCECAPACITY,STRENGTHENINGORGANIZATIONANDMANAGEMENTOFCONTRACTUALSECONDLY,THEOVERAL
11、LBUDGETMANAGEMENTISTOORGANIZETHECONSTRAINTSNECESSARYINCENTIVESTOPLAYTHEPRICEINTHEMARKETSEPARATIONOFPOWERSANDINCENTIVESFINALLY,THEOVERALLBUDGETMANAGEMENTSTRATEGYANDDAILYOPERATIONSOFENTERPRISELINKESTABLISHANDPERFECTTHEMODERNENTERPRISESYSTEM,THEBUDGETMUSTBESETUPSCIENTIFICMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,THEFULLBUDGETI
12、SNOTJUSTAMODERNENTERPRISEBUDGETFORM,ANDISATARGET,COORDINATION,CONTROL,ASSESSMENTINONESETOFCONTROLMECHANISMSTHECOMPREHENSIVEBUDGETMANAGEMENTCONDUCIVETOENHANCEDRESISTANCETOADAPTTOMARKETCHANGESANDRISKS,WILLHELPSTREAMLINEBUSINESSMANAGEMENTSYSTEMANDOPERATIONALMECHANISMFORACHIEVINGTHEMOSTEFFECTIVEBUSINESS
13、STRATEGYSUPPORTSYSTEMCOMPREHENSIVEBUDGETMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,INCLUDINGBUDGETPREPARATION,BUDGETIMPLEMENTATIONANDMONITORINGANDEVALUATIONANDPERFORMANCEEVALUATIONOFTHEBUDGET,ETCTHEBUDGETWASFROMTHESTRATEGYFROMTHEBEGINNINGOFSHAREHOLDERSTODEMANDANDMARKETCONDITIONS,ANDTOTRANSFORMSTRATEGYINTODAILYOPERATIONALPERF
14、ORMANCEINDICATORSANDASERIESOFQUANTITATIVEANDSPECIFICFORMSANDDOCUMENTSASTHEREALIZATIONOFCARRIERBUDGETEXECUTIONANDMONITORINGISINTHEBUDGETGOALSINTOREALITYINTHEPROCESSOFBUDGETEXECUTIONWILLBEREFLECTEDINTHEPROGRESSANDRESULTSOFTHEIDENTIFICATIONANDDECOMPOSITIONOFDIFFERENCESANDTHUSASSESSMENTANDPERFORMANCEEVA
15、LUATIONOFTHEBUDGETISTHROUGHREGULARANDADHOCEVALUATIONMETHODS,ANALYSISANDDECOMPOSITIONOFTHEDIFFERENCES,ANDCORRECTINGFORTIMELYANDAPPROPRIATEINCENTIVESTHEFUTUREOFBIOMEDICALRESEARCHWEHAVERECENTLYENTEREDANOTHERPERIODOFSTAGNANTFUNDINGFORTHENIHHAVINGDOUBLEDBETWEEN1998AND2003,THENIHBUDGETISEXPECTEDTOBE286BIL
16、LIONFORFISCALYEAR2007,A01PERCENTDECREASEFROMLASTYEAR,1ORA38PERCENTDECREASEAFTERADJUSTMENTFORINFLATIONTHEFIRSTTRUEBUDGETEDREDUCTIONINNIHSUPPORTSINCE1970WHEREASNATIONALDEFENSESPENDINGHASREACHEDAPPROXIMATELY1,600PERCAPITA,FEDERALSPENDINGFORBIOMEDICALRESEARCHNOWAMOUNTSTOABOUT97PERCAPITAARATHERMODESTINVE
17、STMENTIN“ADVANCINGTHEHEALTH,SAFETY,ANDWELLBEINGOFOURPEOPLE“1THISDOWNTURNISMORESEVERETHANANYWEHAVEFACEDPREVIOUSLY,SINCEITCOMESONTHEHEELSOFTHEDOUBLINGOFTHEBUDGETANDTHREATENSTOERODETHEBENEFITSOFTHATINVESTMENTITTAKESMANYYEARSFORINSTITUTIONSTODEVELOPINVESTIGATORSSKILLEDINMODERNRESEARCHTECHNIQUESANDTOBUIL
18、DTHECOSTLY,COMPLICATEDINFRASTRUCTURENECESSARYFORBIOMEDICALRESEARCHREBUILDINGTHEINVESTIGATORPOOLANDTHEINFRASTRUCTUREAFTERADOWNTURNISEXPENSIVEANDTIMECONSUMINGANDWEAKENSTHEBENEFITSOFPRIORFUNDINGTHISSITUATIONISUNLIKELYTOIMPROVEANYTIMESOONTHERESOURCESREQUIREDFORTHEWARINIRAQANDFORHURRICANERELIEF,ALONGWITH
19、THEEROSIONOFTHETAXBASEBYTHECURRENTADMINISTRATIONSFISCALPOLICIES,AREEXPECTEDTOHAVELONGTERM,FARREACHINGEFFECTSMOSTINSTITUTESWITHINTHENIHHAVEQUICKLYADOPTEDPOLICYCHANGESTOMINIMIZETHEADVERSECONSEQUENCES,INCLUDINGREDUCINGTHEMAXIMUMGRANTTERMFROMFIVEYEARSTOFOURYEARS,ELIMINATINGCOSTOFLIVINGINCREASES,ANDCAPPI
20、NGTHEAMOUNTSOFAWARDSTHESECHANGESHAVEIMPORTANTEFFECTSONCURRENTLYFUNDEDRESEARCHANDTHEINFRASTRUCTURETHATITREQUIRESMOREOVER,THEFUTUREOFBIOMEDICALRESEARCHISALSOAFFECTEDNIHTRAININGGRANTSREPRESENTAMAJORSOURCEOFSUPPORTFORPOSTDOCTORALANDCLINICALFELLOWSDURINGTHEIRRESEARCHEXPERIENCES,ANDBUDGETLIMITATIONSAFFECT
21、NOTONLYAVAILABLETRAININGSLOTSBUTALSOTHETRAININGCLIMATEASITBECOMESINCREASINGLYDIFFICULTFORESTABLISHEDINVESTIGATORSTORENEWTHEIRGRANTS,THEIRFRUSTRATIONISTRANSMITTEDTOTRAINEES,WHOINCREASINGLYOPTFORALTERNATIVECAREERPATHS,SHRINKINGTHEPIPELINEOFFUTUREINVESTIGATORSMEANWHILE,FORMORETHAN10YEARS,THEPHARMACEUTI
22、CALINDUSTRYHASBEENINVESTINGLARGERAMOUNTSINRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTTHANTHEFEDERALGOVERNMENT513BILLIONINFISCALYEAR2005,2FORINSTANCE,OR78PERCENTMORETHANNIHFUNDINGTHATYEARFISCALCONSERVATIVESMAYVIEWTHISINDUSTRYINVESTMENTASANAPPROPRIATE,MARKETDRIVENSOLUTIONTHATSHOULDSUFFICEANDTHATDOESNOTJUSTIFYADDITIONALGOV
23、ERNMENTFUNDINGFORBIOMEDICALRESEARCHHOWEVER,THELIONSSHAREOFINDUSTRYFUNDSISAPPLIEDTODRUGDEVELOPMENT,ESPECIALLYCLINICALTRIALS,RATHERTHANTOFUNDAMENTALRESEARCHANDISTARGETEDTOAPPLICATIONSTHATAREFIRSTANDFOREMOSTOFVALUETOTHEINDUSTRYFEDERALFUNDINGHASTRADITIONALLYTARGETEDABROADRANGEOFINVESTIGATORINITIATEDRESE
24、ARCH,FROMSTUDIESOFMOLECULARMECHANISMSOFDISEASETOPOPULATIONBASEDSTUDIESOFDISEASEPREVALENCE,PROMOTINGANUNRESTRICTEDENVIRONMENTOFBIOMEDICALDISCOVERYTHATSERVESASTHEBASISFORINDUSTRYDRIVENDEVELOPMENTTHESEAPPROACHESARECOMPLEMENTARY,ANDBOTHHAVESERVEDSOCIETYWELLHOW,THEN,CANWEENSURETHATFUNDINGFORBIOMEDICALRES
25、EARCHISMAINTAINEDATADEQUATELEVELSFORTHEFORESEEABLEFUTUREKORNANDCOLLEAGUESHAVEARGUEDTHATSTABILITYANDQUALITYCANBEENSUREDBYMAINTAININGOVERALLFUNDINGATANANNUALGROWTHRATEOF8TO9PERCENTUNADJUSTEDFORINFLATION3THEYBASETHEIRCONCLUSIONONTHECOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHSIXBASICGOALS,WHICHIENDORSEPRESERVINGTHEINTEGRITYOFT
26、HEMERITANDPEERREVIEWPROCESS,WHICHREQUIRESTHATFUNDINGLEVELSNOTFALLBELOWTHE30THPERCENTILESUCCESSRATEMAINTAININGASTABLEPOOLOFNEWINVESTIGATORSSUSTAININGCOMMITMENTSTOCONTINUINGAWARDSPRESERVINGTHECAPACITYOFINSTITUTIONSTHATRECEIVEGRANTSBYMINIMIZINGCOSTSHARINGWITHTHEFEDERALGOVERNMENTEG,FORLEASECOSTSORANIMAL
27、CARERECOGNIZINGTHECONTINUOUSGROWTHOFNEWRESEARCHTECHNOLOGIESANDMAINTAININGAROBUSTINTRAMURALNIHRESEARCHPROGRAMIWOULD,HOWEVER,MODIFYTHEANNUALREQUIREDGROWTHRATETO5TO6PERCENTREALGROWTHPLUSINFLATIONTHEANNUALGROWTHRATEOVERTHEPAST30YEARSHASBEENAPPROXIMATELY10PERCENT,WHICHREFLECTSANANNUALAVERAGEREALGROWTHRAT
28、EOF52PERCENTANDANAVERAGEINFLATIONRATEOF48PERCENTRANGINGFROM11TO133PERCENTUNFORTUNATELY,THEFEDERALGOVERNMENTPROBABLYCANNOTACCOMMODATETHISGROWTHRATEUNDERITSCURRENTFISCALCONSTRAINTSSOMAINTAINING,BYSTATUTE,ASTABLEBASELEVELOFFUNDINGEQUIVALENTTOTHEFISCALYEAR2006BUDGET,WITHANNUALINFLATIONARYADJUSTMENTS,SEE
29、MSTOMEAREASONABLESTARTINGPOINTCONGRESSMAYTHENCHOOSETOALLOCATEADDITIONALRESOURCESANNUALLY,SUBJECTTOAVAILABILITY,AIMINGFORANANNUALREALGROWTHRATEOF5TO6PERCENTALTERNATIVELY,TOAVOIDPOLITICIZATIONOFTHEFLOWOFFUNDSANDTHEIRTARGETS,ADEDICATEDTAXCOULDBEIMPOSEDONCONSUMERPRODUCTSTHATTHREATENHUMANHEALTHSUCHASFAST
30、FOODS,TOBACCO,ANDALCOHOLANDUSEDTOMAINTAINTHEBIOMEDICALRESEARCHINFRASTRUCTUREBYAFORMULAICALLOCATION,MUCHASTHEGASOLINETAXISUSEDTOMAINTAINTHEFEDERALHIGHWAYINFRASTRUCTURETHENIHCANOPTIMIZETHEUSEOFTHESEFUNDSBYLIMITINGTHESIZEANDDURATIONOFAWARDSASWELLASTHENUMBEROFAWARDSPERINVESTIGATORITMIGHTALSOCONSIDERSHIF
31、TINGTHETARGETOFGRANTSWHEREASOTHERCOUNTRIESOFTENPROVIDEFUNDINGASANAWARDFORWORKACCOMPLISHEDBEFORETHEAPPLICATION,THENIHTHEORETICALLYFUNDSPROPOSEDWORKTHOUGHINREALITY,THEPEERREVIEWPROCESSEFFECTIVELYREQUIRESTHATAHYPOTHESISVIRTUALLYBEPROVEDCORRECTBEFOREFUNDINGISAPPROVEDWITHINTHENIHINTRAMURALRESEARCHPROGRAM
32、,FUNDINGLEVELSFORINDIVIDUALLABORATORIESAREOFTENDECIDEDONTHEBASISOFACCOMPLISHMENTSDURINGTHEPREVIOUSCYCLE,SOTHEREISALREADYAPRECEDENTTHATCANBEAPPLIEDTOTHEEXTRAMURALPROGRAMOFCOURSE,NEWINVESTIGATORSWOULDNEEDTOBEREVIEWEDDIFFERENTLYTOENSUREAPPROPRIATEALLOCATIONOFFUNDSTOTHESEPROMISINGMEMBERSOFTHERESEARCHCOM
33、MUNITYWHOHAVENOORLIMITEDPREVIOUSRESEARCHACCOMPLISHMENTSEVENWITHSUCHCHANGES,HOWEVER,ITWOULDBEPREFERABLEFORACADEMICMEDICALCENTERSTOCEASERELYINGSOHEAVILYONTHENIHFORRESEARCHFUNDINGINADDITIONTOHAVINGINVESTIGATORSSEEKFUNDINGFROMNOTFORPROFITORGANIZATIONSANDFROMINDUSTRY,IBELIEVETHATCENTERSSHOULDENCOURAGEMAJ
34、ORNONGOVERNMENTALFUNDINGORGANIZATIONSTOCONSOLIDATETHEIRRESOURCESINTOADURABLEPOOLOFSUPPORTFORTHEBESTRESEARCHPROPOSALSINTHELIFESCIENCESINADDITION,INDIVIDUALCENTERSSHOULDENCOURAGEGENEROUSDONORSTOSUPPORTUNRESTRICTEDRESEARCHENDOWMENTSDESIGNEDTOFUNDTRANSLATIONALANDCLINICALRESEARCHPROGRAMSWITHINTHEMEDICALC
35、ENTERORTOCONTRIBUTETOANATIONALPOOLLINKEDWITHSUPPORTFROMINDUSTRYTOESTABLISHANATIONALENDOWMENTFORFUNDINGTRANSLATIONALRESEARCHANDDRUGORDEVICEDEVELOPMENTWITHINACADEMICMEDICALCENTERSSUCHPROMOTIONOFLATERPHASERESEARCHWITHINACADEMICMEDICALCENTERSCOULDENHANCETHEVALUEOFTHEINTELLECTUALPROPERTYDERIVEDFROMIT,FIN
36、ANCIALBENEFITSFROMWHICHCOULD,INTURN,BEUSEDTOESTABLISHRESEARCHENDOWMENTSWITHINTHEMEDICALCENTERSTHEFEDERALGOVERNMENTMIGHTALSOCONSIDERALTERNATIVEWAYSTOFUNDTHENIHBUDGETTHATAREINDEPENDENTOFALLOCATIONSFROMTHETAXBASEONEAPPROACHMIGHTINCLUDESEEKINGSUPPORTFROMINDUSTRIESWHOSEPRODUCTSCONTRIBUTETOTHEBURDENOFDISE
37、ASE,PROVIDINGTAXCREDITSASANINCENTIVEFORTHEIRCONTRIBUTIONTHESERESOURCESCOULDBEUSEDTOESTABLISHANINDEPENDENTLYMANAGEDNATIONALFUND,WHICHCOULDBEUSEDTOENSUREADEQUATESUPPORTFORBIOMEDICALRESEARCHWITHOUTTHEFUNDINGGAPSOROSCILLATIONSTHATCURRENTLYPLAGUETHEPROCESSINTHISSCENARIO,UNUSEDMONEYFROMANYFISCALYEARWOULDB
38、ERETAINEDINTHEFUND,WITHTHEGOALOFACHIEVINGSELFSUSTAINEDGROWTHWHATEVERMECHANISMSAREULTIMATELYCHOSEN,ITSEEMSCLEARTHATNEWMETHODSOFSUPPORTMUSTBEDEVELOPEDIFBIOMEDICALRESEARCHISTOCONTINUETOTHRIVEINTHEUNITEDSTATESTHEGOALOFADURABLE,STEADYSTREAMOFSUPPORTFORRESEARCHINTHELIFESCIENCESHASNEVERBEENMOREPRESSING,SIN
39、CETHERESEARCHDERIVEDFROMTHATSUPPORTHASNEVERPROMISEDGREATERBENEFITSTHEFATEOFLIFESCIENCESRESEARCHSHOULDNOTBECONSIGNEDTOTHEPOLITICALWINDSOFWASHINGTONSOURCEJOSEPHLOSCALZOTHENIHBUDGETTHENEWENGLANDJOURNALOFMEDICINEAPRIL20,2006VOL35416P16651667二、翻译文章译文NIH预算介绍美国联邦对生物医学研究的资助,推动我们对人类疾病的认识和发现,指出了新的和有效的诊断工具和治疗方
40、法,使我们的研究成为企业的国际典范。虽然这不是它原来投资国家卫生研究院的意图,但也成为学术医疗中心的支持的重要来源,提供资金用于教师和工作人员的薪水,操作开支,甚至是资本的改进与研究,不再能支持临床收入。20年前,收入经常资助临床的研究,但是管理式医疗,增加了临床费用管理的审查和效率,以及在教学医院联邦支持的降低,利润不足以支持临床研究任。尽管可以看到一些作为制度建立国家卫生研究院NIH不恰当使用基金,但必须的是,生产生物医学研究企业需要坚实的基础设施。联邦不能确保持久的支持这类研究,因为,总是要经历磨难的。正如在联邦预算的所有项目,美国国立卫生研究院的资金饱受政治进程的沧桑,以及间歇性的增长
41、已经进入衰退期后时期。一些人认为,经费刷新周期的研究事业,消除通过竞争调查人员,他们的工作不是最高的质量。且不关心他们的目的或后果,学术界医学界接受了这些周期和工程找到方法来遏抑对低迷时期在研究项目和制度的稳定的影响。重新定义全面预算的定义预算起源于18世纪的英国,起初是在政府部门施行,其目的主要是用于控制国王的征税权,进而限制政府的支出。而后在美国,预算得到了进一步的发展。美国小城镇所实施的公共预算制度对美国国家预算的确立起了很大作用。受政府预算的启发,预算管理的理念进而被美国的一些大公司运用到企业管理中去。晚些出现的全面预算管理的概念,正是利用预算管理这一主线对企业内部各部门的各种财务及非
42、财务资源进行控制、反映与考评等一系列活动,并借此提高企业的管理水平和管理效益。20世纪以来,全面预算管理被美国的多家大型企业如通用电器、杜邦及通用汽车公司等等成功应用,并取得了良好的效果。此后,这一方法很快就成为大型现代工商企业的标准作业程序。从最初的计划、协调生产发展成为现在兼具控制、激励、评价等功能的一种综合贯彻企业战略方针的经营机制,进而处于企业内部控制系统的核心位置。全面预算管理能体现以下三个方面的功能首先,能提升组织的治理能力,强化契约性的组织管理其次,全面预算管理是组织所必需的约束激励机制,能够起到价格之于市场中的分权和激励作用最后,全面预算管理是企业战略与日常经营的链接。建立与完
43、善现代企业制度就必须建立科学化的预算管理体系,现代企业全面预算不仅仅是预算表格,而且是集目标、协调、控制、考核于一体的一整套管理机制。企业实行全面预算管理有利于增强企业适应市场变化和抵御风险的能力,有助于理顺企业管理体制和运行机制,是实现企业战略的最有效的保障体系。全面预算管理的体系主要包括预算编制、预算的执行与监控以及预算的考核与业绩评价等等。预算的编制是从战略、从股东要求和市场状况开始的,将战略转化为日常可操作的业绩指标,并以一系列量化的、具体的表格和文件作为实现载体。预算执行与监控是在将预算目标变为现实的过程中,将预算执行的进度和结果加以反映并进而确定和分解差异。预算的考核与业绩评价是通
44、过定期与不定期的考评方式,对差异进行分析与分解,并进行及时的纠编和适当的奖惩。生物医学研究的未来我们最近进入了另一个时期,国家卫生研究院资助处于停滞状态。在1998年至2003年增加了一倍,卫生研究院2007年的预算预计将达到286亿美元,增减变化百分之零点一,相比去年减少381个百分点,成为第一个真正的自1970年以来的因通货膨胀影响而减少支持预算的国家卫生研究院NIH。生物医学的研究在国防支出已经达到人均大约1600美元,联邦开支总数现已为人均97美元。一个价值不高的投资在“我们的人民中推进健康、安全。“这次衰退比我们以前所面临的则更严重,因为它接踵而来的,预算增加了一倍,并威胁称,如果侵
45、蚀的优势,是投资。需要花上好几年发展机构调查人员熟练的在现代的研究技术,并建立了复杂昂贵的,必要的生物医学研究基础设施。重建调查员池和基础设施下滑后,削弱昂贵费时前的好处资助。这种情况不大可能好转很快的所需资源的伊拉克战争和飓风感到欣慰的是,随着侵蚀的税基,目前的政府的财政政策,预计有着长期、深远的影响。美国国立卫生研究院内的大多数研究机构已迅速采取政策变化,以尽量减少不良后果,包括减少五年的最高出让期限为四年,消除成本的生活费增加,覆盖的赔偿额。这些变化对目前资助的研究和基础设施,有着重要影响。此外,生物医学研究的未来也受到影响美国国立卫生研究院资助的培训期间,代表他们的研究经历了一个博士后
46、研究员的支持和临床的主要来源,预算限制的影响不仅可用于培训名额,而且影响了训练的气氛。当建立的调查员更新他们的津贴变得越来越很难,他们的失望被传达给实习生,越来越多供选择的工作,收缩未来调查员管道。与此同时,超过10年,工业制药在研究与开发比联邦政府多78的NIH资助,投资巨额达513亿在财政年度2005年2月。财政保守派可能认为这是一个适当的,以市场为驱动的解决方案,应该足够了,不过生物医学研究证明这需要政府额外拨款产业的投资。但是,狮子的工业基金份额应用于药物开发,临床试验,而不是特别对基础研究,并有针对性的应用于程序的最重要的产业价值。联邦资金历来有针对性的调查发起的研究范围广泛,从对疾
47、病的流行疾病人群研究的分子机制研究,推动了生物医学的发现,作为行业驱动的开发提供依据不受限制的环境。这些方法是互补的,并且都具有良好的社会服务。那么,如何才能保证生物医学研究经费在在可预见的未来维持适当水平他们根据他们的结论与费用和六个基本目标相关,凯恩和同事争辩说,稳定和质量可以通过维护整体资助保证以8到9未调整为通货膨胀的年增长率维护的优点和同时评审过程,这需要的资金水平不低于30个百分点的完整性使用稳定的新调查人员维持承诺继续设立奖项,维护机构接收能力,最大限度地减少补助成本与联邦政府(租赁费用或照顾动物如)共享认识到新的研究技术的不断增长,以及维持一个完善的校内美国国立卫生研究院的研究
48、计划。但我想,修改增长率每年需要5至6个百分点的实质增长,加上通货膨胀在过去30年年均增长率约为百分之十,这反映了平均每年百分之52的实际增长率和平均通胀率百分之48(从11到百分之133)。不幸地,在当前财政限制下联邦政府不大可能容许增长率低于它的限制。因此由法规维护,资助的一个稳定的资金基础水平相当于2006年财政预算,每年按通货膨胀的调整,在我看来是一个合理的起点。国会也许每年会选择年年调拨附加资源,视情况而定,对于一个每年5至6个百分点的实际增长率的目标。避免资金流和他们的目标政治化,专用税可以征收消费类产品的威胁人类健康,例如快餐、烟草和酒精,过去常常由公式的分派维护生物医学的研究基
49、础设施的消费品,汽油税被用于维护联邦高速公路基础设施。美国国立卫生研究院能善用这些资金的规模和限制使用期限奖项,以及每个调查等多项殊荣。这也可能考虑转移目标和赠款。而其他国家经常提供资金作为工作完成的奖励。申请前,美国国立卫生研究院在资金理论上提出工作。尽管在现实中,同行评审过程有效进行需要一个假设被证明是正确的,资金几乎被批准。在美国国立卫生研究院院内研究计划,资助水平往往决定了个别实验室的成就,所以已经有一个可以应用到校外课程的先例。当然,新的调查将需要进行审查,以确保适当的不同的资金分配的研究社会的这些谁没有或有前途的成员,以前的研究成果有限。虽然有这样的变化,然而,这始终是最好的学术医疗中心,停止依赖美国国立卫生研究院等大量研究资金。除了有调查人员的工作从非营利组织寻求经费和行业,我相信中心应鼓励民间资金的主要机构,以巩固其资源成为在生命科学最好的研究建议的支持持久。在此外,个别中心应鼓励,支持无限制的慷慨捐助设计内在的资金转化和临床研究方案研究禀赋医疗中心,或促进一个国家游泳池与来自业界的支持与建立资金转化研究和药物或设备的国家养老在学术发展的医疗中心。这种促进后期阶段的研究范围内学术医学中心可以提高来自知识产权的价值,可能从经济利益,反过来,用于建立研究禀赋在医疗中心。联邦政府也可以考虑其他方式来资助NIH的预算,是来独立自税基拨款。一种办法可能包括寻求支持来自