1、外文文献翻译译文一、外文原文原文TOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTANDCOSTOFQUALITYDURING1950FEIGENBAUMINTRODUCEDTHECONCEPTOFTOTALQUALITYCONTROLTQCINTOWESTERNCOUNTRIES,ASAMANAGEMENTTOOLTOIMPROVEPRODUCTDESIGNANDQUALITYBYREDUCINGOPERATINGCOSTSANDLOSSESKAUROISHIKAWA,AJAPANESECHEMIST,INTRODUCEDTQCINJAPANAROUND19501960AS“ACOMPANYWID
2、EMANAGEMENTTOOLINORDERTOPRODUCEHIGHQUALITYGOODSANDSERVICESTHATGIVEACOMPETITIVEEDGEBOTHINTHESHORTTERMANDINTHEFUTURE”TOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTTQMISACOMPANYCULTURETHATALLOWSITTOPROVIDEQUALITYGOODSANDSERVICESATTHELOWESTCOSTINORDERTOACHIEVECUSTOMERSSATISFACTIONAND,ATTHESAMETIME,ENSURESATISFACTORYBUSINESSDEV
3、ELOPMENTBYCONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENTSFORANORGANIZATIONTOFUNCTIONEFFECTIVELYANDEFFICIENTLY,ITHASTOIDENTIFYNUMEROUSLINKEDACTIVITIESANACTIVITYUSINGRESOURCES,ANDMANAGEDINORDERTOENABLETHETRANSFORMATIONOFINPUTSINTOOUTPUTS,ISCONSIDEREDASAPROCESSOFTENTHEOUTPUTFROMONEPROCESSDIRECTLYFORMSTHEINPUTTOTHENEXTTHEPROCES
4、SOFTQMCONSISTSOFTHREEMAJORACTIVITIESSETTINGTHEPOLICYANDSTRATEGYOFTHEORGANIZATION,EFFECTIVELYANDEFFICIENTLYMANAGINGTHEORGANIZATION,ANDSEEKINGCONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENTFIRSTLY,THEFUNDAMENTALCONCEPTSOFTOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTAREINTRODUCEDWHENTHISISUNDERSTOODTHEQUESTIONTHATARISESIS“WHATCANWEDOTOIMPLEMENTTHETQM
5、PRINCIPLESINOURORGANIZATION”ATTHISPOINTWEWILLUNDERSTANDTHENEEDTOEXPLAINFURTHERTHEMEANINGANDFUNDAMENTALSOFTHE“QUALITYIMPROVEMENT”ANDHOWTOMANAGEQUALITYIMPROVEMENTASETOFTOOLSFORQUALITYIMPROVEMENTHASTOBEINSTALLEDINOURORGANIZATIONSOTHATITISADEQUATELYEQUIPPEDFORQUALITYIMPROVEMENTANDTQMTOUNDERSTANDTQMINPRA
6、CTICEAFEWQUALITYPHILOSOPHERSANDTHEIRAPPROACHTOQUALITYWILLBEPRESENTEDTHEULTIMATEGOALOFTQMISTOGIVEBENEFITSTOTHEORGANIZATIONEGBYMINIMIZINGTHECOSTOFQUALITYANDMAXIMIZINGPRODUCTIVITYTHEPHILOSOPHYOFTHETOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTISAPPLICABLETOANYORGANIZATION,WHICHISCUSTOMERORIENTEDANDCOMMITTEDTOQUALITYMANAGEMENT
7、COMMITMENTTOTOTALQUALITYISESSENTIALFORTHEORGANIZATIONTOACHIEVEEXCELLENCETHECOMMITMENTTOQUALITYMUSTBECONVEYEDTOALLLEVELSANDACTIVITIESOFTHEORGANIZATIONFURTHERMORE,MANAGEMENTCOMMITMENTINVOLVESEVERYDEPARTMENT,FUNCTIONANDPROCESSINTHEORGANIZATIONANDTHEACTIVECOMMITMENTOFEVERYONEINTHEORGANIZATIONTOMEETINGCU
8、STOMERNEEDSANDSEEKINGCONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENTQUALITYIMPROVEMENTISTHEAIMOFANYMODERNORGANIZATIONIMPROVEMENTNEEDSTOBECONTINUOUSANDNEVERENDINGTHEMEANSOFIMPROVEMENTCANBEAPPLIEDTOBOTHTHESTAFFANDTHEPROCESSESTHEDEGREEOFIMPROVEMENTACHIEVEDCANBEMEASURED,MONITOREDANDCONTROLLEDPROBLEMSAREPRESENTINALLREALSITUATIONS
9、THESEPROBLEMSPROVIDEOPPORTUNITIESFORIMPROVEMENTPROBLEMSARETHERETOGIVETHELABORATORYTHEOPPORTUNITYTOSOLVETHEMANDTOENABLELABORATORIESTOLEARNFROMTHEIRPROBLEMSOLVINGEXPERIENCESPROVISIONSFORIDENTIFICATIONANDRESOLUTIONOFPOTENTIALANDEXISTINGPROBLEMSONACONTINUOUSBASISAREESSENTIALQUALITYIMPROVEMENTISACONTINUO
10、USACTIVITY,AIMINGTOEVERHIGHERLEVELSOFPROCESSEFFECTIVENESSANDEFFICIENCYSITUATIONSREQUIRINGIMPROVEMENTSMAYARISEFROMDIFFERENTSTUDIESANDSURVEYS,FROMSYSTEMATICMONITORINGOFTHELABORATORYACTIVITY,FROMANALYSESOFVARIOUSMEASUREMENTRESULTSANDSTATISTICSETCAQUALITYDRIVENLABORATORYISCONSTANTLYSEEKINGTHEOPPORTUNITI
11、ESFORIMPROVEMENTARISINGWHENPROBLEMSAREENCOUNTEREDANDDURINGPROBLEMSOLVINGPROCESSESTHEREFORE,PROBLEMSOLVINGTECHNIQUESSHOULDBEAPPLIEDTOALLAREASOFTHEBUSINESSANDALLINDIVIDUALSANDGROUPSSHOULDBEENCOURAGEDTOUSETHEMFORTHEBESTUSEOFAVAILABLERESOURCESPRIORITIESFORIMPROVEMENTSHOULDBEREVIEWEDBEFOREACTIONISTAKENTH
12、EMANAGEMENTSHALLMOTIVATEITSMEMBERSTOUNDERTAKEQUALITYIMPROVEMENTPROJECTSORACTIVITIESINACONSISTENTANDDISCIPLINEDSERIESOFSTEPSBASEDONDATACOLLECTIONANDANALYSISTHEQUALITYIMPROVEMENTPROCESSISINITIATEDANDITSNEED,SCOPEANDIMPORTANCEARECLEARLYDEFINEDINVESTIGATIONOFPOSSIBLEAREASFORIMPROVEMENTINCREASESTHEUNDERS
13、TANDINGOFTHENATUREOFTHEPROCESSTOBEIMPROVEDTHEDATAOFTHEPROCESSTOBEIMPROVEDAREANALYZEDANDACAUSEANDEFFECTRELATIONSHIPISFORMULATEDALTERNATIVEPROPOSALSFORIMPROVEMENTACTIONSAREDEVELOPEDANDEVALUATEDBYTHEMEMBERSOFTHEORGANIZATIONINVOLVEDINSUCHPROCESSESTHEIMPROVEMENTISCONFIRMEDBYANALYZINGMOREDATAANDTHEPROCESS
14、ISINTRODUCEDINTOTHESYSTEMTHEQUALITYIMPROVEMENTPROJECTORACTIONSTARTSWITHTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFANIMPROVEMENTOPPORTUNITYWHICHISBASEDONMEASURESOFQUALITYLOSSESAND/ORONCOMPARISONSAGAINSTORGANIZATIONSRECOGNIZEDASLEADERSINAPARTICULARFIELDTHEOPPORTUNITYFORIMPROVEMENTISDEFINEDANDTHEPROCESSINVOLVEDISEVALUATEDBYAN
15、ALYZINGDATAANDFACTSTHEOBJECTIVESFORIMPROVEMENTAREINTRODUCEDASETOFPROCESSESISINTRODUCEDTOACHIEVETHEIMPROVEMENTINQUESTIONDATAFROMSUCHPROCESSESAREANALYZEDANDEVALUATEDANDTHECAUSESREQUIRINGIMPROVEMENTAREIDENTIFIEDTHEOBJECTIVESFORIMPROVEMENTAREALSOIDENTIFIEDPOSSIBLESOLUTIONSAREDEVISEDANDTHEPREFERREDONEISS
16、ELECTEDTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHESOLUTIONISTHENPLANNEDTHEPLANISIMPLEMENTEDTHERESULTSAREMONITORED,REVIEWEDANDEVALUATEDTHEPROCESSISREPEATEDIFSOLUTIONISNOTACHIEVINGITSOBJECTIVESQUALITYIMPROVEMENTNEEDSFIRSTAWELLSTRUCTUREDORGANIZATION,BOTHHORIZONTALLYANDVERTICALLYWITHINTHEORGANIZATIONALHIERARCHY,RESPONSIBILI
17、TIESFORQUALITYIMPROVEMENTINCLUDEMANAGEMENTPROCESSESIEPROVISIONFORTHEPOLICY,THESTRATEGYANDTHEMAJORQUALITYIMPROVEMENTGOALS,PROVISIONOFRESOURCES,EDUCATIONANDTRAININGETCWORKPROCESSESIEHOWTHEVARIOUSOPERATIONSAREPERFORMED,HOWMEASUREMENTSAREDONEANDHOWQUALITYLOSSESARECALCULATED,HOWSECRETARIAL,BUDGETINGANDPU
18、RCHASINGPROCESSESAREPERFORMEDANDHOWANENVIRONMENTTHATEMPOWERS,ENABLES,ANDCHARGESALLMEMBERSOFORGANIZATIONTOCONTINUOUSLYIMPROVEQUALITYISBUILTANDMAINTAINEDQUALITYIMPROVEMENTASATERMDENOTESTRANSITIONFROMASTAGEOFINFERIORQUALITYTOASTAGEOFSUPERIORQUALITYTHISCHANGESHOULDALWAYSBEMEASUREDINORDERTOPROVETHATTHETR
19、ANSITIONTOTHEBETTERSTAGEISSUCCESSFULTHEMEASUREMENTSSHOULDRELATETOQUALITYLOSSESASSOCIATEDWITHCUSTOMERSATISFACTION,PROCESSEFFICIENCIES,ANDLOSSESSUSTAINEDBYSOCIETYJOSEPHMJURANWASONEOFTHEMOSTWELLKNOWNGURUSINTHEQUALITYSCENE,WORLDWIDEHEFIRSTVISITEDJAPANIN1954ANDSTARTEDCONDUCTINGSEMINARSEXPLAININGTOTOPMANA
20、GERSTHEROLETHEYHADTOPLAYINPROMOTINGQCACTIVITIESJURANDEVELOPEDTHEIDEAOFTHEQUALITYTRILOGYQUALITYPLANNING,QUALITYIMPROVEMENTANDQUALITYCONTROLTHESETHREEASPECTSOFCOMPANYWIDESTRATEGICQUALITYPLANNINGAREFURTHERBROKENDOWNINJURANS“QUALITYPLANNINGROADMAP”,INTOTHEFOLLOWINGKEYELEMENTSQUALITYDETERMINETHENEEDSOFTH
21、OSECUSTOMERSTRANSLATETHOSENEEDSINTOOURLANGUAGEDEVELOPAPRODUCTTHATCANRESPONDTOTHOSENEEDSOPTIMIZETHEPRODUCTFEATURESSOASTOMEETOURNEEDSANDCUSTOMERNEEDSQUALITYIMPROVEMENTDEVELOPAPROCESSWHICHISABLETOPRODUCETHEPRODUCTOPTIMIZETHEPROCESSQUALITYCONTROLPROVETHATTHEPROCESSCANPRODUCETHEPRODUCTUNDEROPERATINGCONDI
22、TIONSTRANSFERTHEPROCESSTOOPERATIONSJURANSTRESSEDTHATANYORGANIZATIONPRODUCESANDDISTRIBUTESITSPRODUCTSTHROUGHASERIESOFSPECIALIZEDACTIVITIESCARRIEDOUTBYSPECIALIZEDDEPARTMENTSTHESEACTIVITIESACTIONSAREDEPICTEDBYTHESPIRALOFPROGRESSINQUALITYTHESPIRALSHOWSACTIONSNECESSARYBEFOREAPRODUCTORSERVICECANBEINTRODUC
23、EDTOTHEMARKETEACHSPECIALIZEDDEPARTMENTINTHESPIRALEG,CUSTOMERSERVICE,MARKETING,PURCHASINGISGIVENTHERESPONSIBILITYTOCARRYOUTITSASSIGNEDSPECIALFUNCTIONINADDITION,EACHSPECIALIZEDDEPARTMENTISALSOASSIGNEDASHAREOFTHERESPONSIBILITYOFCARRYINGOUTCERTAINCOMPANYWIDEFUNCTIONSSUCHASHUMANRELATIONS,FINANCE,ANDQUALI
24、TYJURANTALKEDABOUTTHEQUALITYFUNCTIONTODESCRIBEACTIVITIESTHROUGHWHICHTHEDEPARTMENTSAROUNDTHESPIRALCANATTAINQUALITYCOSTOFQUALITYISTHETOTALCOSTOFENSURINGQUALITYINPRODUCTSANDSERVICESINCLUDINGANALYTICALACTIVITIESTHISCOSTENABLESTHEORGANIZATIONTOMEASURETHEEFFECTOFQUALITYONCURRENTPRACTICESTOTALQUALITYMANAGE
25、MENTREQUIRESTHEMANAGEMENTOFPROCESSES,NOTJUSTTHEOUTPUTSEVERYPERSONWITHINTHEORGANIZATIONCONTRIBUTESTOANDOPERATESWITHINAPROCESS,ANDEVERYPROCESSSHOULDHAVEANIDENTIFIEDPROCESSOWNERWHOISRESPONSIBLEFORTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEPROCESSPROCESSCOSTISTHETOTALCOSTOFCONFORMANCEANDCOSTOFNONCONFORMANCECOSTOFCONFORMANCEC
26、OCISTHEINTRINSICCOSTOFPROVIDINGPRODUCTSORSERVICESTODECLAREDSTANDARDSBYAGIVEN,SPECIFIEDPROCESSINAFULLYEFFECTIVEMANNERCOSTOFNONCONFORMANCECONCISTHECOSTOFWASTEDTIME,MATERIALSANDCAPACITYRESOURCESASSOCIATEDWITHAPROCESSINTHEPRODUCTION,DISPATCH,RECEIPT,ANDCORRECTIONOFUNSATISFACTORYGOODSANDSERVICESTHETRADIT
27、IONALAPPROACHTOQUALITYCOSTMODELLINGCATEGORIZESCOSTSASPREVENTION,APPRAISALANDFAILURECOSTSPREVENTIONANDAPPRAISALCOSTSARETHECOSTSOFASSURINGQUALITY,ANDINTERNALANDEXTERNALCOSTSARETHEFAILUREANDSCRAPCOSTSADDEDTOGETHER,THESEPRODUCETHETOTALCOSTSINTERNALFAILURECOSTISTHECOSTWHENYOUDISCOVER,BEFORERELEASEALABORA
28、TORYREPORTORANANALYSISCERTIFICATETHATSOMETHINGHASGONEWRONGEXTERNALFAILURECOSTISWHEREANANALYSISRESULTORCERTIFICATEREACHTHECUSTOMERBEFOREYOUDISCOVERTHATSOMETHINGHASGONEWRONGTHELOSTOPPORTUNITYCOSTISTHECOSTWHENWEDONOTPROCEEDTOTHEROUTINELABORATORYACTIVITIESASARESULTOFOTHER,NONPRODUCTIVEACTIVITIESTHATMUST
29、TAKEPLACEINTHELABORATORYINOTHERWORDS,THISCOSTARISESWHENWEAREDEALINGWITHTRIVIALACTIVITIESTHATPREVENTUSFROMDOINGMOREIMPORTANTACTIVITIESTHECOSTOFTHISLOSTOPPORTUNITYISPROBABLYTHEHIGHESTOFTHECOSTSOFQUALITYTHECOSTFORAPPRAISALANDPREVENTIONPERUNITOFAGOODQUALITYPRODUCTGETSHIGHERANDHIGHERWHENTHEDESIREDDEFECTS
30、AREMINIMAL,IEWHENWETENDTOA100GOODQUALITYPRODUCTONTHEOTHERHANDTHECOSTSOFINTERNALANDEXTERNALQUALITYBECOMESLOWERANDLOWERWHENWETENDTOTHEPRODUCTIONOF100GOODPRODUCTTHEMINIMUMCOSTOFQUALITYISFOUNDATTHELOWERPOINTOFTHESUMOFTHETWOGRAPHSOFTHECOSTOFAPPRAISALANDPREVENTIONANDTHATOFTHEINTERNALANDEXTERNALFAILURECOST
31、STHEIDEAOFTHECONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENTISTOREDUCEORELIMINATEACTIVITIESTHATDONOTADDVALUEANDTHUSAREWASTEFULINFACT,THEREAREMANYACTIVITIESINANYLABORATORYTHATNEEDTOBERECONSIDEREDBELOWARESUMMARIZEDTHESEVENSOURCESOFWASTETHATANYORGANIZATIONSHOULDAVOID1OVERPRODUCTION2DEFECTIVEPRODUCTS3WAITINGLINESANDDELAYS4STOCKS
32、OFINTERMEDIARIES/SEMIFINISHEDPRODUCTS5TRANSPORTATION6INEFFECTIVEPROCEDURES7INEFFECTIVEMOVEMENTSORACTIONSTHISISTHEWASTECOMINGFROMTHEPRODUCTIONOFMOREUNITSTHANDEMANDEDTHEOPTIMUMNUMBEROFPRODUCTSTOBEPRODUCEDMUSTBALANCETHEDEMAND,INCLUDINGTHATINHIGHSEASONPERIODS,THECOSTOFHOLDINGTHESTOCKSINTHEWAREHOUSEANDTH
33、ECOSTOFSETTINGUPTHEPRODUCTIONTOPRODUCEONELOTOFTHEPRODUCTINTERMSOFANANALYTICALLABORATORY,OVERPRODUCTIONCOULDBEINTERPRETEDASANYACTIVITYTHATISNOTNECESSARYFORCUSTOMERSERVICEORFORADDINGVALUETOTHEEXPERIENCEANDKNOWLEDGEOFTHELABORATORYTHEREISNONEEDTOANALYSETOOMANYSAMPLESUNLESSWEHAVEREASONSTODOSOFURTHERMORE,
34、THEREISNONEEDTOPERFORMMOREANALYSESTHANNECESSARYTOOMANYANALYTICALRESULTSAREAWASTEFOREXAMPLE,THEOPTIMUMNUMBEROFREPLICATESMUSTBALANCETHENEEDFORSTATISTICALEVALUATIONTHISISTHEWASTECOMINGFROMTHEPRODUCTIONOFDEFECTIVEPRODUCTSTHEMANUFACTURINGUNITMUSTSETUPASYSTEMTOPRODUCETHERIGHTPRODUCTSFIRSTTIMEINORDERTOAVOI
35、DTHEPRODUCTIONOFDEFECTIVEPRODUCTS,WHICHAREEITHERDISCARDEDORREPROCESSED,INCURRINGASIGNIFICANTCOSTTOTHEORGANIZATIONA“DEFECTIVEPRODUCT”FORANANALYTICALLABORATORYISCONSIDEREDANYACTIVITYORANALYTICALRESULTSWITHOUTANYPRACTICALUSETOTHELABORATORYITISAWASTEOFTIMEANDMONEYWHENPROJECTSREMAINTOOLONGINWAITINGLINESO
36、RTHEREAREDELAYSINEXECUTINGSPECIFICTASKSITISTHERESPONSIBILITYOFTHEMANAGEMENTTODESIGNAPROPERPLANINORDERTODISTRIBUTETHEPLANNEDACTIONSEVENLYIMAGINEASERIESOFVIALSINTHETRAYWAITINGTOBEPROCESSEDISITNECESSARYFORALLSUCHSAMPLESTOBEPROCESSEDARETHEYINTHECORRECTORDERIFNOTTHISISAWASTEOFTIMEORREAGENTSTOTALQUALITYMA
37、NAGEMENTISTHEAPPLIEDPHILOSOPHYTHATMAKESBUSINESSESESTABLISHEDASLEADERSINTHEMARKETTHEMANAGEMENTCOMMITTEDTOTHESPIRITOFTQMENSURESTHATTHEORGANIZATIONDOESNOTJUSTSURVIVEBUTACHIEVESEXCELLENCETHEMODERNBUSINESSENVIRONMENTISSUBJECTTORAPIDCHANGESTHATTAKEPLACEWORLDWIDEANDORGANIZATIONSSEEKINGEXCELLENCESHOULDMANAG
38、ETHECHANGEEFFECTIVELYANDSUCCEEDBYINCREMENTALANDCONTINUALIMPROVEMENTPROBLEMTHATARISEINTHEBUSINESSACTIVITYSHOULDBESEENASOPPORTUNITIESFORIMPROVEMENTANDTHEPROBLEMSOLVINGPROCESSASTHEROUTETOITHACAIETHEROUTETOEXCELLENCESOURCEDOUGLASRSMITH,2010“TOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTANDCOSTOFQUALITY”QUALITYASSURANCEINANALTY
39、TICALCHEMISTRYSPRINGERVERLAGPP113142二、翻译文章译文全面质量管理与质量成本费根鲍姆在1950年改善引入全面质量管理(TQC)的概念到西方国家,作为一种管理工具,以通过降低运营成本产品设计和质量损失。日本化学家卡罗,在19501960年左右介绍了日本全面质量管理,他指出“在全公司范围内将其作为管理工具以生产高质量产品和服务,将会在短期内以及在不久的将来,都会给公司带来竞争上的优势。”全面质量管理(TQM)是一种企业文化,允许其以最低的成本提供优质的产品和服务,以实现客户的满意度,同时,确保业务的不断改进与发展。为使组织有效运作并取得成效,必须识别众多相互关联的
40、活动。一个活动使用资源和管理,以使输入转变为输出,被认为是一个过程。通常,一个过程的输出直接影响到下个过程的输入。全面质量管理的过程包括三个主要活动制定有效的政策和策略组织;有效的管理组织;寻求持续改进。首先,全面质量管理的基本概念进行了介绍。当明白出现的问题是“我们能做些什么来实现我们组织的全面质量管理”。此时,我们就会明白,需要进一步解释的含义和“质量改进”基础知识以及如何提高质量管理。一种改进质量的工具,必须安装在我们的组织,使其有足够的质量改进和全面质量管理设施。全面质量管理在实践中了解一些哲学家和他们的质量方针。全面质量管理的最终目标是让组织取得更大的利益,例如通过最小化的成本来实现
41、最优化的质量和生产效率。哲学的全面质量管理适用于任何以客户为导向,致力于质量的组织。质量必须致力于传播各级组织的各项活动。此外,管理承诺包括每个部门、功能和工艺的组织和积极主动的承诺组织里的每一个人都满足顾客需求,寻求持续改进。质量改进是任何现代组织的目标。改进需要持续且永无止境的。改进的方法可应用于两个工作人员和过程。改善的程度达到可以测量、监控,并且控制。在进行质量改进的实际情况中往往会存在一些问题。这些问题给质量改进提供了机会,也给实验室提供了解决问题的机会,使实验室能够通过学习解决问题积累经验。并寻找企业的潜力和解决存在的问题,同时,不断提出解决问题的有效对策。质量改进是一个连续的活动
42、,旨在更高等级的过程效果和效率。从各种测量的结果和统计的系统监测分析中,看出需要改进的情况可能产生于不同的研究报告和调查。一个质量为首的实验室在不断寻求改进机会的过程中发现问题、解决问题。因此,解决问题的技巧应当适用于所有商业领域,所有个人和团体应鼓励使用他们,为了更有效地使用优先可利用的资源,应在采取行动之前审查。管理层应鼓励其成员进行或一直保持一系列步骤、军纪严明的基于数据收集和分析的质量改进项目或活动。质量改进过程的重要性和范围需要有明确的规定。调查可能的改进区域增加的性质的认识过程中需要改进的地方。在数据收集的过程中对需要改进的地方作具体分析,根据因果关系制定办法。为改进措施进行了本组
43、织成员参与过程提供可供选择的建议,。分析了更多信息,并且这一过程在系统中引入了。基于质量损失的措施或在比较对组织公认的领导人在一个特定的领域,进行质量改进项目或发生鉴定战争是改善的机会。从改进机会的定义来分析的过程包括分析数据和事实以及改进的奋斗目标。具体包括确定一套改善数据分析和评价该工艺要求及问题产生原因的过程。可能的解决之道的首选设计的一个选择。实现心理状态的办法就是那计划。这个计划是怎样实现的。对结果进行监测、审核及评估。如果解决方案不能达到它的目标,则应重复此过程。质量改进首先需要结构组织、横向和纵向排列。再组织等级制度、责任质量改进包括1、管理程序(即供应政策、策略和主要的质量改进
44、目标、资源提供、教育和培训等)。2、工作过程(即如何进行各种操作,、测量以及质量损失计算,并执行预算和采购流程)。3、全国政协全体成员组织授权建立和保持持续改进质量一种环境。品质改进作为一个词是指质量低劣阶段过渡到品质优良阶段。这种变化应该总是测量,以证明该过渡到好的阶段是成功的。测量应该与质量相关的损失包括客户满意度,加工生产能力,社会遭受的损失。世界范围最知名的质量专家约瑟夫朱兰,在1954年第一次访问日本时的座谈会解释中所扮演的角色对高层管理人员来说,他们要促进质量管理活动。朱兰发展了质量三部曲理念质量策划,质量改进和质量控制。全公司质量战略规划这三个方面是将朱兰的“质量规划路线图”,进
45、一步分解成以下关键要素1、质量确定客户的需求。将这些需要转变为我们的语言。开发出一种能满足这些需求的产品。优化产品特点,以满足我们的需要和顾客需求。2、质量改进形成一个能够生产产品的程序。优化该过程。3、质量控制证明该工艺在操作条件下能生产产品。操作过程中转移。朱兰强调,任何组织生产和销售通过开展这些活动(行为)是由在质量进展螺旋描绘专门部门进行专门的活动系列的产品。螺旋显示行动前需要的产品或服务可以推出市场。每个螺旋(例如,客户服务,营销,采购)专业部门被赋予的责任是执行分配给它的特殊功能。此外,各专业部门也要分配贯彻,如人际关系,财务,全公司的功能和质量的一定责任。朱兰谈到通过这些活动来形
46、容周围螺旋部门的质量功能可以达到的质量。质量成本是确保产品和服务(包括分析活动)的成本。这笔费用是本组织目前用来衡量质量效果的。全面质量管理需要过程的管理,而不仅仅是产出。组织内的每个人的贡献和在运作过程中,每个进程应该有确定的所有者,以便明确这一进程的成效。过程成本是一致性和非一致性的总成本。一致性(COC)的成本是为给定的产品和服务提供充分有效的方式,标准的内在指定的进程宣布成本。非一致性成本是浪费时间,材料和能力(资源)与在生产,调度,收据和商品以及服务不满意的矫正过程相关的成本。传统的建模方法,把质量成本归类为预防,评估和失效成本。预防和鉴定成本是保证质量的成本,以及内部和外部的成本是
47、失败和报废成本。这些加在一起成为产品的总成本。在发布内部故障成本费用时,你会发现化验报告或分析证书前出了问题。外部故障成本是在分析结果或证书到达客户之后才发现了一些问题。所失去的机会成本费用,当我们不继续作为一个其他非生产活动的结果是必须在实验室进行常规实验室活动的。换句话说,这笔费用的发生,就会产生我们处理琐碎的活动,阻止我们做一些更重要的活动。这个失去的机会成本可能是那个最高的成本的品质。对于评估和预防单位成本得到了良好的产品质量越来越高的期望时,达到最小的缺陷,即当我们倾向于100的良好品质的产品。另一方面内部和外部质量成本逐渐降低,直到我们降低到100优良的产品生产。对质量的最低成本是
48、在发现的考核和预防成本较低点两图的总和。持续改进的想法可以减少或消除不能增加价值的活动,因此不浪费。事实上,任何实验室中的许多活动需要重新考虑。以下是总结的费用,任何组织都应该避免的七个来源(1)生产过剩;(2)不合格的产品;(3)等候线和拖延;(4)中介股票/半成品;(5)交通运输;(6)无效程序;(7)无效动作或行为。最佳的产品数量,生产必须平衡的需求,包括在旅游旺季期间,持有的股票在仓库成本和设立生产成本生产产品的一个地段。在一个分析实验室条件下,生产过剩可能被解释为任何活动,不为客户服务或增值的经验和知识。没有必要进行过多的样品分析,除非我们有理由这样做。此外,也不需要进行更多必要的分
49、析。太多的分析结果是一种浪费。例如,最适合的生产数量必须平衡,则需要进行统计评价。这是来自生产废品率的浪费。制造单位未来必须建立一个第一时间生产适合产品的系统,以避免有缺陷的产品。要么被丢弃或再加工生产,招致重大的成本。“有缺陷的产品”的分析实验室被认为是分析结果之活动或没有实际应用到任何实验室去。这是有一种时间和金钱的浪费,项目仍然在等待时间,或者有线条在执行具体任务的延误。这时管理应设计一个适当的计划,以便均匀分配负责计划的行动。全面质量管理是应用哲学,管理致力于全面质量管理精神保证组织不只生存,并达到卓越。现代的商业环境受迅速变化的世界的影响,组织所发生的变化应当追求卓越,有效地增量和成功的持续改进。商业活动中出现问题应该被视为改善的机会与解决问题并通往卓越的途经。出处道格拉斯R,史密斯,全面质量成本与管理,质量保证中的化学分析斯普林格出版社2010P113142