1、原文INNOVATIVEFINANCINGFORUNIVERSITYLIBRARIESINSUBSAHARANAFRICAABSTRACTPURPOSETHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOREVIEWTHEDIFFERENTSOURCESOFFINANCINGUNIVERSITYLIBRARIESINAFRICAANDTHECHALLENGESFACEDBYLIBRARIESINSOURCINGFORFUNDS,WITHAVIEWTOSUGGESTINGINNOVATIVEWAYSTHROUGHWHICHTHELIBRARYCANRAISEADDITIONALFUNDSDESIG
2、N/METHODOLOGY/APPROACHTHEPAPERREVIEWSTHELITERATUREONDIFFERENTSOURCESOFFINANCINGLIBRARIESGLOBALLY,ESPECIALLYALTERNATIVESOURCESOFFUNDINGOUTSIDEGOVERNMENTGRANTSITIDENTIFIESTHECHALLENGESFACEDINSOURCINGFORFUNDS,BESTPRACTICESINRAISINGADDITIONALFUNDSANDMAKESSUGGESTIONSONNONCONVENTIONALWAYSTHATCANBEUSEDBYLI
3、BRARIESTOADDRESSTHECHALLENGEFINDINGSTHEPAPERFINDSTHATGOVERNMENTPROVIDESABOUT90PERCENTOFTHEFUNDSFORUNIVERSITYLIBRARIESINAFRICAHOWEVER,THEFUNDINGISNOTONLYINADEQUATE,BUTISALSOUSUALLYPROVIDEDONANADHOCBASISITNOTESTHAT,INSPITEOFTHEFACTTHATTHELITERATUREREVEALSTHATLIBRARIANSAREAWAREOFTHEDANGERINHERENTINDEPE
4、NDINGSOMUCHONONESOURCEOFFUNDINGANDTHENEEDTOSEEKALTERNATIVESOURCES,THEYHAVENOTDONEMUCHTOOVERCOMETHECHALLENGEORIGINALITY/VALUEINREVIEWINGTHEVARIOUSSOURCESOFFINANCINGUNIVERSITYLIBRARIES,THEPAPERNOTESTHATGOVERNMENTALLOCATIONREMAINSTHEMAJORSOURCEOFREVENUENOTESTHEALTERNATIVESOURCESOFREVENUEINDIFFERENTCOUN
5、TRIESANDDESCRIBESSOMEOFTHEBESTPRACTICESAVAILABLETHEPAPERALSOUPDATESTHELITERATUREONTHESUBJECTBYDISCUSSINGCURRENTPRACTICES,ANDMAKESACASEFORTHEESTABLISHMENTOFABUSINESSANDPUBLICRELATIONSDEPARTMENTINLIBRARIES,ANINCREASEINPUBLICPRIVATEPARTNERSHIPSANDGREATEREFFICIENCYINMANAGINGLIBRARYRESOURCESKEYWORDSUNIVE
6、RSITYLIBRARIES,FINANCING,AFRICA,ECONOMICCONDITIONS,FUNDRAISINGINTRODUCTIONALTHOUGHTHETRADITIONALFUNCTIONS,ANDOBJECTIVESOFTHELIBRARY,REMAINPRIMARILYTHESAME,THEMETHODOFINFORMATIONDISSEMINATION,ANDTHEFORMATAREINASTATEOFFLUXTHEENVIRONMENTINWHICHLIBRARIESOPERATEHASCHANGEDSIGNIFICANTLYWITHTHEADVENTOFTHEIN
7、FORMATIONAGE,ESPECIALLYTHEINTERNETTHERESULTANTINFORMATIONEXPLOSIONHASGIVENROOMTOKEENCOMPETITIONINTHEINFORMATIONPROVISIONSECTORTHEPROLIFERATIONOFICTSANDITPROFESSIONALSHASPROVIDEDALTERNATIVESOURCESOFINFORMATIONTHROUGHTHEWORLDWIDEWEB,ONLINEANDTRADITIONALBOOKSTORES,DATABASES,CYBERCAFESANDMUCHMORETHEREFO
8、RE,RATHERTHANUSELIBRARIES,MANYTRADITIONALUSERSORADVOCATESOFLIBRARYSERVICESHAVETURNEDTOTHEUSEOFTHEINTERNETANDTHESEALTERNATIVES,PERHAPSBECAUSEOFTHECONVENIENCEOFACCESSINGINFORMATIONFROMREMOTESITES,ONA24/7BASISTHESUPPORTBASEOFTHELIBRARYISGRADUALLYBUTSTEADILYBEINGERODEDANDLIBRARIANSMUSTCOMEUPWITHINNOVATI
9、VEANDSUSTAINABLEALTERNATIVESIFTHEYARETOCONTINUETOBERELEVANTSEEKINGINNOVATIVEWAYSTOFINANCELIBRARIESINAFRICAHASNEVERBEENMOREPERTINENTTHANNOWANDACURSORYEXAMINATIONOFTHECURRENTSTATEOFLIBRARIESINAFRICANUNIVERSITIESWOULD,PERHAPS,SHOWTHEURGENCYOVERTHEYEARS,LIBRARIANSHAVERELIEDONTHEIRPARENTINSTITUTIONSTOPRO
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12、AP,WEREINTRODUCEDBYTHENIGERIANGOVERNMENTIN1986,WHILEGHANAINTRODUCEDASIMILARPOLICYTHEECONOMICRECOVERYPROGRAMMEIN1983THESEPOLICIESLEDTOTHEDEVALUATIONOFTHENIGERIANCURRENCY,THENAIRA,BY750PERCENTFROMJANUARY1986TOJANUARY1989WHILETHEGHANAIANCEDIWASDEVALUEDBY969PERCENTFROMOCTOBER1983TOJANUARY1986ARKAIFIE,19
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14、RLY,NWAFOR1991REPORTEDTHATTHEREWEREREDUCTIONSINOVERSEASJOURNALSUBSCRIPTIONFROM2,000TO300TITLESINUNIVERSITYOFJOS,NIGERIAANOTHERFACTORTHATIMPACTEDNEGATIVELYONTHEECONOMYOFAFRICANCOUNTRIESWASTHEWARSANDPOLITICALINSTABILITYINVARIOUSCOUNTRIESMANYAFRICANCOUNTRIESHAVEENGAGEDINCIVILWARSORSTRIFEATONETIMEORTHEO
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20、ENUEFORLIBRARIESCONTINUESTOBEAHOTLYDEBATEDISSUEHOWEVER,THEREALITYONGROUNDMAKESTHECASEFORTHOSEINFAVOUROFCHARGINGFEESEASIERBECAUSEWITHTHESHORTFALLINSUBVENTIONSRECEIVEDBYLIBRARIES,THOSEWHODONOTCHARGEFEESARELIKELYTOOFFERAPOORERSERVICEORAREUNABLETOOFFERCERTAINVITALSERVICESWHICHINTURNREDUCETHENUMBEROFUSER
21、STHOSEINFAVOURARGUETHATASLONGASTHEMODEOFRAISINGFEESISINLINEWITHTHELIBRARYSOBJECTIVES,THEREWASNOMORALPROBLEMASGREGORIAN1991NOTES,MANAGINGLIBRARIESSUCCESSFULLYINTHEINFORMATIONAGECANNOTBEFUNDEDFROMASINGLEFINANCIALSOURCEIT,THEREFORE,MAKESSENSEFORLIBRARIESTOSEEKALTERNATIVESOURCESOFFUNDINGINACOMMITTED,AGG
22、RESSIVEANDSTRATEGICMANNERCHALLENGESINFINANCINGLIBRARIESTHECHALLENGESFACEDBYUNIVERSITYLIBRARIESINAFRICATHATIMPEDETHEIRFUNDINGHAVEBEENEXTENSIVELYDISCUSSEDINTHELITERATUREPANKHURST,1974ALEMNA,1994,1998BALARABE,1995LAWAL,1995EKOJA,1996YOUNG1994APTLYSUMMARIZESTHECHALLENGESLIBRARIANSMUSTOVERCOMEINORDERTOEV
23、OLVEANEWMODELASTHOSEOFINCREASINGCOSTOFLIBRARYMATERIALS,INCREASINGAVAILABILITYOFINFORMATION,INCREASINGCOMPETITIONFROMOTHERINFORMATIONPROVIDERSANDSTAGNANTORDECLININGPUBLICREVENUESCAUSEDBYGLOBALECONOMICRECESSIONSOMEOFTHEISSUESRAISEDINTHELITERATUREINCLUDEFUNDINGINFLATIONANDDEVALUATIONOFLOCALCURRENCIESHA
24、VEMADETHESAMEAMOUNTOFMONEYSHRINKINREALVALUEWHENPURCHASINGBOOKSFROMOVERSEASTOILLUSTRATETHISPOINT,OGUNROMBIETAL1998STATEDTHATWHILEIN1993ANOVERSEASBOOKCOSTANAVERAGEOFN50NAIRAIN1998,THEAVERAGECOSTOFABOOKFROMOVERSEASWASN8,000NAIRAINNIGERIAJUDGINGBYTHECURRENTEXCHANGERATE,THEAVERAGECOSTOFIMPORTEDBOOKSCANBE
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27、/2001KAVULYA,2006INGENERAL,THEREISAFRAGMENTEDANDUNCOORDINATEDAPPROACHTOFUNDINGLIBRARIESINAFRICAANDMOSTUNIVERSITYLIBRARIESGETBETWEEN3AND8PERCENTOFTHEUNIVERSITYBUDGETALEMNA,1994BOADI,2006GOVERNMENTECONOMICREFORMPROGRAMMESTHEECONOMICREFORMPROGRAMMESINTRODUCEDBYMOSTAFRICANGOVERNMENTSWHICHINVARIABLYLEDTO
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29、ICANLIBRARIESDEPENDLARGELYONFOREIGNAIDANDDONORAGENCIESFORCOLLECTIONDEVELOPMENTWHILETHECONCEPTOFGETTINGDONORSUPPORTISACCEPTABLEANDTOBEENCOURAGED,HOWEVER,THEPRACTICEOFSOMELIBRARIES,WHICHRELYENTIRELYONRESOURCESFROMDONORAGENCIESTODEVELOPTHEIRCOLLECTIONISUNACCEPTABLEEVERYLIBRARYSHOULDHAVEABUDGETARYALLOCA
30、TIONFORCOLLECTIONDEVELOPMENTINORDERTOPROVIDEEFFECTIVESERVICESINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIESICTSTHERAPIDEMERGENCEANDDEVELOPMENTOFELECTRONICINFORMATIONHASLEDTOANEXPLOSIONINTHEQUANTITYOFPUBLISHEDMATERIALSHOWEVER,AFRICANLIBRARIESHAVENOTFULLYEXPLOITEDTHEADVANTAGESINHERENTINTHEUSEOFTHENEWINFORMAT
31、IONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIESANDHAVEDIFFICULTIESADAPTINGTOTHECHANGESBROUGHTABOUTBYICTSMANYUNIVERSITYLIBRARIESDONOTHAVEADEQUATENUMBEROFCOMPUTERSINTERNETSERVICESAREPOORWHILEAUTOMATEDSERVICESARELIMITEDINDEED,MANYOFTHELIBRARIESTHATHAVECOMPUTERSUSETHEMMAINLYFORWORDPROCESSINGANDSUCHBASICTASKSMAINTENANCE
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33、POORIMAGEOFLIBRARIANSINAFRICA,THEIMAGEOFALIBRARIANISGENERALLYPOORROSENBERG,2002,ALEMNA,1998THEREFORE,LIBRARYSCHOOLSFINDITDIFFICULTTOATTRACTTHEBESTSTUDENTSRATHERSOMEOFTHESTUDENTSCHOOSETOREADLIBRARYANDINFORMATIONSCIENCELISBECAUSETHEYAREUNABLETOGETADMISSIONINTOOTHERPROGRAMMESOFTHEIRCHOICEANDTHEREFOREHA
34、VENOREALINTERESTINTHELISPROFESSIONTHISINVARIABLYLEADSTOPOORSERVICEINTHEWORKPLACE,WHICHINTURNCREATESAPOORIMAGEANDCONSEQUENTLYMAKESITDIFFICULTTOMAKEAGOODCASEFORMOREFUNDINGINACOMPETITIVEENVIRONMENTDEPENDENCEONFOREIGNINFORMATIONRESOURCESMANYAFRICANLIBRARIESDEPENDONFOREIGNINFORMATIONRESOURCES,THEREBYSPEN
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36、OGRAPHICCONTROLTOOLS,DIFFICULTYINLOCATINGTHEMATERIALSANDJOURNALSHAVEASHORTLIFESPAN,MAKINGITUNATTRACTIVETOPURCHASETHEMCONSTANTCHANGESINGOVERNMENTPOLICYINTHEBOOKTRADESECTORGOVERNMENTPOLICIESESPECIALLYASREGARDSACCESSTOFOREIGNEXCHANGEWHICHSEVERALLIBRARIESNEEDTOPURCHASEBOOKS,JOURNALSANDEQUIPMENTCHANGESOF
37、REQUENTLYTHATLIBRARIESFINDITDIFFICULTTOPLANORMAKEFORECASTSABOUTTHEQUANTITYOFJOURNALSTHEYCANSUBSCRIBETOFORINSTANCE,DURINGTHESTRUCTURALADJUSTMENTPROGRAMMEINNIGERIAANDGHANA,RESTRICTIONSWEREPLACEDONHOWMUCHFOREIGNEXCHANGECOULDBEPURCHASEDTHISLEDTOAREDUCTIONINTHENUMBEROFPERIODICALSLIBRARIESSUBSCRIBEDTOWHER
38、EASTHENUMBERWASINCREASEDWHENTHEWORLDBANKINTERVENTIONFORTHEEDUCATIONSECTORWASIMPLEMENTEDTHEPROBLEMSASSOCIATEDWITHIRREGULARSUBSCRIPTIONINTHENUMBEROFPERIODICALSTITLESHAVEBEENDOCUMENTEDBYIFIDON1990CURRENTLY,THEREISAMORELIBERALPOLICYINGETTINGFOREIGNEXCHANGEBUTTHECHALLENGEISTHATOFHIGHEREXCHANGERATEANDGOIN
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40、CERNSTHATBECAUSESEVERALLIBRARIESINAFRICADEPENDONFOREIGNAIDTOSURVIVEITWILLBEDIFFICULTTOSUSTAINTHELEVELOFSERVICEPROVISIONWHENSUCHAIDSTOPSROSENBERG1994NOTEDTHATGOINGBYTHEANTECEDENTSINMANYLIBRARIESINAFRICA,SUSTAINABILITYOFPROJECTS,GRANTSANDAIDISUNLIKELYINADEQUATEINFRASTRUCTUREMOSTAFRICANCOUNTRIESFACETHE
41、CHALLENGEOFINADEQUATEINFRASTRUCTURE,INCLUDINGELECTRICPOWER,LOWBANDWIDTH,POORANDEXPENSIVETELECOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMSTHISMEANSTHATLIBRARIESSPENDMONEYTHATCOULDHAVEBEENUSEDFORPURCHASINGMATERIALSINPROVIDINGALTERNATIVESOURCESOFELECTRICPOWER,FORINSTANCESOURCEVICTORIAOKOJIEE,2010“INN0VATIVEFINANCINGFORUNIVERSI
42、TYLIBRARIESINSUBSAHARANAFRICA”LIBRARYMANAGEMENT,VOL31,NO6,PP404408译文撒哈拉以南的非洲大学图书馆的创新融资摘要目的本篇论文的目的是审查非洲的高校图书馆资金的不同来源及其所面临的融资方面的挑战，以便提供更好的创新方式，增加融资。设计方式/方法本论文综述了全球范围内的图书馆的各种融资渠道，特别是政府补助资金以外的融资渠道。它证明了了融资所面临的挑战，并提出了应对挑战的非传统解决方式的建议。结论通过本篇论文发现，在非洲，政府提供高校图书馆所需资金的百分之九十左右。然而，不仅是资金不足，专门的配置也是十分匮乏。尽管该文献只展示出图书馆员
43、意识到单一的依靠固有融资来源的危险性和开辟其他来源的必要性，但是他们还没有具体的措施来克服这一难题。创作性/价值在审查高校图书馆的各种融资来源后，本文指出政府拨款仍是主要融资来源在不同国家收入的替代来源，并介绍了一些可实施性措施。同时，本篇论文还更新了当前的现象的综述，并提出了高校图书馆设立一个商业及公共关系部门，增加公共私营伙伴关系和更丰富更有效的图书馆管理资源。关键字高校，金融，非洲，经济气候，融资虽然传统功能的图书馆的目标仍然大致相同。图书馆运行的环境随着信息时代，尤其是互联网的到来，已经发生了明显的变化。有此产生的信息爆炸给信息供应领域的激烈竞争提供了余地。信息通讯技术和工厂专业人士的
44、扩散已通过全球信息网络，网上书店和传统书店，数据库，网吧等途径提供了另类资源信息。因此，与其使用图书馆，很多传统用户或图书馆服务的倡导者，已倾向于互联网和这些非传统途径的使用，或许是因为远程访问信息的便利，在24/7的基础上。图书馆的支持基础是在逐步但稳定地被侵蚀，图书馆必须拿出创新和可持续的替代品，如果他们需要继续具有价值的话。寻求创新方式去资助非洲图书馆从未像现在这样切题，可能，对非洲大学部分图书馆的现状做一个粗略的检查，有一定的紧迫性。在过去的几年里，馆员只能依赖隶属的单位来为图书馆提供足够的资金。这些机构用服务来作为对提供他们资金的回报。这个协议持续了很长一段时间，并且运行得很好，图书
45、馆沉迷于此直到许多非洲国家在20世纪70年代在财政紧缩的结果下在各个产业出现衰退，包括图书馆和信息产业都是不可避免的。非洲政府猝不及防地面临提供市民基础需求，例如足够的住房，食品，衣物，基础设施和社会服务的挑战，从而降低了置于图书馆和信息服务的优先级别。例如，诸如像在1986年由尼日利亚政府推出的结构调整方案政策（SAP），然而加纳政府推出了类似的政策1983年的经济复苏方案。这项政策导致尼日利亚货币贬值，奈拉从1986年1月到1989年1月以百分贬值了百分之750，而加纳赛迪从1983年10月到1986年1月贬值了百分之969。在SAP政策推出的影响下，进口书本和海外杂志变得如此昂贵和困难，
46、以至于USMANDANFODIYO大学，索克托，尼日利亚在19891990年不能订阅任何外文期刊，相较于在19791980年订阅的349条（BANJO,1982；ANYAKOHA,1979；OSUNBENJAMIN,1985；EKOJA,1992。同样，据NWAFOR1991报道，在尼日利亚JOS大学，海外杂志订阅从2000条下降到300条。另一个对于非洲国家经济的负面影响是战争，政治不稳定在许多国家也是个影响因素。许多非洲国家因为内部矛盾或其他原因而发生内战。因此，曾经用来开发项目和教育的资金经常被转移用于战争中。甚至在战后，重建工厂和家园的资金太高以至于图书馆机构不再被重视。大多非洲大学的
47、图书馆是在稳固的基础上建立起来的。因为他们有英国委员会卡内基公司，美国信息服务部，联合国教科文组织和世界银行这些外国组织的帮助。这些组织提供书本，基础设备和帮助培训员工，这些贡献都被记录在文学史上（噢根瑞比等，1998，卡伦牙）。这些之所以被记录因为这些组织都对非洲大学图书馆的发展做出了重要贡献，例如，卡内基公司和麦克阿瑟基金提供技术上的帮助，为尼日利亚6所大学的图书馆提供自动图书服务。还有，EIFL网络免费提供卫星系统给尼日利亚和加纳，使EIFL能够为他们的用户提供网络服务。EIFL还参与支持大学图书馆工会的建立，用于设备资源共享以及对图书馆管理人员在开放资源的运用，开放资源软件和制度储存的
48、发展这些方面的培训。虽然，在现实中，图书馆一直表示需要额外资金图书馆业务和活动，面临的挑战是在倍多比较不足时，有一个全球性的过剩，经济危机等是目前正在经历。作为替代的收入来源道德收取费用为图书馆仍然是一个激烈争论的问题。然而，对当地的现实情况使得赞成收费的收费更容易，因为这些案件的短缺图书馆收到的补助，那些谁不收取费用有可能提供较差的服务或无法提供某些重要的服务这反过来又会降低用户数量。赞成者认为，只要提高收费模式是在长与图书馆的目标，有没有道德问题。由于阳历（1991）注意到，管理在信息时代图书馆的成功不能得到资助，从一单一的资金来源。因此，它是有道理的，寻求替代库来源在认真，积极的和战略性
49、的方式筹资在融资图书馆面临的挑战高校图书馆面临的挑战，阻碍非洲的资金有得到了广泛的讨论，文学（潘克赫斯特，1974ALEMNA，1994年，1998年BALARABE，1995拉瓦尔，1995EKOJA，1996）。杨（1994年）恰当地总结了图书馆员必须克服的挑战，以作为发展的新模式越来越多的图书馆资料的成本，增加资料的可用性，提高竞争从其他信息提供者和公众停滞或下降收入所造成的全球经济衰退。其中的一些问题提出了文学包括基于通货膨胀和货币贬值的地方政策使得我们从国外购买图书的实际价值缩水。为了证实这一点，埃尔塔（1998）强调在尼日利亚海外图书的平均成本从1993年的50奈拉增长到1998年的8000奈拉。按目前的汇率来看，2010年进口图书的平均成本位于15000奈拉。另外，在某些情况下，图书馆无法访问的还需要从受益中提交中介费，这一趋势不能鼓励他们积极筹集资金。在很多图书馆中，预算系统缺乏灵活性，而且这些钱通常要到年度财政结束才发布，使得图书馆买书既不合理又很匆忙。此外，有些图书馆的预算都很小，以至于大部分只能用于发工资，用于购买材料和维修的资金所剩无几，就如肯雅塔大学在2000/2001学年投入了预算总额的984在工资上。一般情况下，在非洲有一个分散的不同一的筹资办法支持图书馆，而且许多大学图书馆得到资金占学校预算的38。政府经济改革方案。大多数非洲国家在实施
