1、外文文献翻译译文原文CAPITALSTRUCTUREAROUNDTHEWORLDTHEROLESOFFIRMANDCOUNTRYSPECIFICDETERMINANTSWEANALYZETHEIMPORTANCEOFFIRMSPECIFICANDCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSINTHELEVERAGECHOICEOFFIRMSFROM42COUNTRIESAROUNDTHEWORLDOURANALYSISYIELDSTWONEWRESULTSFIRST,WEFINDTHATFIRMSPECIFICDETERMINANTSOFLEVERAGEDIFFERACROSSCOUNTRIE
2、S,WHILEPRIORSTUDIESIMPLICITLYASSUMEEQUALIMPACTOFFIRMSPECIFICFACTORSSECOND,ALTHOUGHWECONCURWITHTHECONVENTIONALDIRECTIMPACTOFCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSONTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREOFFIRMS,WESHOWTHATTHEREISANINDIRECTIMPACTBECAUSECOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSALSOINFLUENCETHEROLESOFFIRMSPECIFICDETERMINANTSOFLEVERAGEPRIORRE
3、SEARCHEGDEMIRGKUNTANDMAKSIMOVIC,1999BOOTH,DEMIRGKUNTANDMAKSIMOVIC,2001CLAESSENS,DJANKOVANDNENOVA,2001BANCELANDMITTOO,2004FINDSTHATAFIRMSCAPITALSTRUCTUREISNOTONLYINFLUENCEDBYFIRMSPECIFICFACTORSBUTALSOBYCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSINTHISSTUDY,WEDEMONSTRATETHATCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSCANAFFECTCORPORATELEVERAGE
4、INTWOWAYSONTHEONEHAND,THESEFACTORSCANINFLUENCELEVERAGEDIRECTLYFOREXAMPLE,AMOREDEVELOPEDBONDMARKETFACILITATINGISSUEANDTRADINGOFPUBLICBONDSMAYLEADTOTHEUSEOFHIGHERLEVERAGEINACOUNTRY,WHILEADEVELOPEDSTOCKMARKETHASTHEOPPOSITEEFFECTONTHEOTHERHAND,WESHOWTHATCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSCANALSOINFLUENCECORPORATELEV
5、ERAGEINDIRECTLYTHROUGHTHEIRIMPACTONFIRMSPECIFICFACTORSROLESFOREXAMPLE,ALTHOUGHTHEDEVELOPEDBONDMARKETOFACOUNTRYSTIMULATESTHEUSEOFDEBT,THEROLEOFASSETTANGIBILITYASCOLLATERALINBORROWINGWILLBERATHERLIMITEDFORFIRMSINTHESAMECOUNTRYINOTHERWORDS,COUNTRYCHARACTERISTICSMAYEXPLAINWHYINONECOUNTRYAFIRMSTANGIBILIT
6、YAFFECTSLEVERAGE,BUTNOTINANOTHERCOUNTRYPREVIOUSSTUDIESHAVENOTSYSTEMATICALLYINVESTIGATEDTHESEINDIRECTEFFECTSINTERNATIONALSTUDIESCOMPARINGDIFFERENCESINTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREBETWEENCOUNTRIESSTARTEDTOAPPEARONLYDURINGTHELASTDECADEANEARLYINVESTIGATIONOFSEVENADVANCEDINDUSTRIALIZEDCOUNTRIESISPERFORMEDBYRAJANAN
7、DZINGALES1995THEYARGUETHATALTHOUGHCOMMONFIRMSPECIFICFACTORSSIGNIFICANTLYINFLUENCETHECAPITALSTRUCTUREOFFIRMSACROSSCOUNTRIES,SEVERALCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSALSOPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEDEMIRGKUNTANDMAKSIMOVIC1999COMPARECAPITALSTRUCTUREOFFIRMSFROM19DEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESAND11DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHEYFINDTHATINSTITUT
8、IONALDIFFERENCESBETWEENDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESEXPLAINALARGEPORTIONOFTHEVARIATIONINTHEUSEOFLONGTERMDEBTTHEYALSOOBSERVETHATSOMEINSTITUTIONALFACTORSINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINFLUENCETHELEVERAGEOFLARGEANDSMALLFIRMSDIFFERENTLYSEVERALRECENTSTUDIESONTHEFIELDHAVEINDICATEDTHATEVENAMONGDEVELOPEDECONOMIESL
9、IKETHEUSANDEUROPEANCOUNTRIES,THEFINANCINGPOLICIESANDMANAGERSBEHAVIORAREINFLUENCEDBYTHEINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTANDINTERNATIONALOPERATIONSSEE,FOREXAMPLE,GRAHAMANDHARVEY,2001BANCELANDMITTOO,2004ANDBROUNEN,DEJONGANDKOEDIJK,2006THELITERATURESPECIFICALLYDISCUSSESONLYTHEDIRECTIMPACTOFCOUNTRYCHARACTERISTICS
10、ONLEVERAGEINANANALYSISOFTENDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,BOOTHETAL2001FINDTHATCAPITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONSOFFIRMSINTHESECOUNTRIESAREAFFECTEDBYTHESAMEFIRMSPECIFICFACTORSASINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESHOWEVER,THEYFINDTHATTHEREAREDIFFERENCESINTHEWAYLEVERAGEISAFFECTEDBYCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSSUCHASGDPGROWTHANDCAPITALMARKETDEV
11、ELOPMENTTHEYCONCLUDETHATMORERESEARCHNEEDSTOBEDONETOUNDERSTANDTHEIMPACTOFINSTITUTIONALFACTORSONFIRMSCAPITALSTRUCTURECHOICESTHEIMPORTANCEOFCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSINDETERMININGCROSSCOUNTRYCAPITALSTRUCTURECHOICEOFFIRMSISALSOACKNOWLEDGEDBYFANETAL2006WHOANALYZEALARGERSAMPLEOF39COUNTRIESTHEYFINDASIGNIFICANT
12、IMPACTOFAFEWADDITIONALCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSSUCHASTHEDEGREEOFDEVELOPMENTINTHEBANKINGSECTOR,ANDEQUITYANDBONDMARKETSINANOTHERSTUDYOF30OECDCOUNTRIES,SONGANDPHILIPPATOS2004REPORTTHATMOSTCROSSSECTIONALVARIATIONININTERNATIONALCAPITALSTRUCTUREISCAUSEDBYTHEHETEROGENEITYOFFIRM,INDUSTRY,ANDCOUNTRYSPECIFICDETE
13、RMINANTSHOWEVER,THEYDONOTFINDEVIDENCETOSUPPORTTHEIMPORTANCEOFCROSSCOUNTRYLEGALINSTITUTIONALDIFFERENCESINAFFECTINGCORPORATELEVERAGEGIANNETTI2003ARGUESTHATTHEFAILURETOFINDASIGNIFICANTIMPACTOFCOUNTRYSPECIFICVARIABLESMAYBEDUETOTHEBIASINDUCEDINMANYSTUDIESBYINCLUDINGONLYLARGELISTEDCOMPANIESSHEANALYZESALAR
14、GESAMPLEOFUNLISTEDFIRMSFROMEIGHTEUROPEANCOUNTRIESANDFINDSASIGNIFICANTINFLUENCEONTHELEVERAGEOFINDIVIDUALFIRMSOFAFEWINSTITUTIONALVARIABLESSUCHASCREDITORPROTECTION,STOCKMARKETDEVELOPMENTANDLEGALENFORCEMENTSIMILARLY,HALLETAL2004ANALYZEALARGESAMPLEOFUNLISTEDFIRMSFROMEIGHTEUROPEANCOUNTRIESTHEYOBSERVECROSS
15、COUNTRYVARIATIONINTHEDETERMINANTSOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDSUGGESTTHATTHISVARIATIONCOULDBEDUETODIFFERENTCOUNTRYSPECIFICVARIABLESAREMARKABLEFEATUREOFEXISTINGSTUDIESONINTERNATIONALCAPITALSTRUCTUREISTHEIMPLICITASSUMPTIONTHATTHEIMPACTOFFIRMSPECIFICFACTORSONLEVERAGEISEQUALACROSSCOUNTRIESSEEFOREXAMPLEBOOTHETAL
16、,2001GIANNETTI,2003SONGANDPHILIPPATOS,2004ANDFANETAL,2006BYREPORTINGTHEESTIMATEDCOEFFICIENTSFORFIRMSPECIFICDETERMINANTSOFLEVERAGEPERCOUNTRY,THESEPAPERS,ONTHEONEHAND,ACKNOWLEDGETHATTHEIMPACTOFFIRMLEVELDETERMINANTSDOESDIFFERINTERMSOFSIGNS,MAGNITUDESANDSIGNIFICANCELEVELSONTHEOTHERHAND,INTHEANALYSISOFCO
17、UNTRYSPECIFICDETERMINANTSOFCORPORATELEVERAGE,THESEPAPERSALSOMAKEUSEOFCOUNTRYDUMMIESINPOOLEDFIRMYEARREGRESSIONS,THUSFORCINGTHEFIRMSPECIFICCOEFFICIENTSTOHAVETHESAMEVALUEWITHANEXTREMELYLARGENUMBEROFFIRMYEAROBSERVATIONS,ITISMORELIKELYFORTHISPROCEDURETOPRODUCESTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTRESULTSFORMANYCOUNTRY
18、SPECIFICVARIABLESBUT,UTILIZINGANALTERNATIVEREGRESSIONFRAMEWORKWHEREASINGLEAVERAGECAPITALSTRUCTUREFOREACHCOUNTRYISUSEDASANOBSERVATION,ONEHARDLYFINDSSTRONGEVIDENCEONTHISISSUEASANADDITIONALCONTRIBUTIONOFOURPAPER,WESHOWTHEINVALIDITYOFTHISIMPLICITASSUMPTIONOURANALYSISWITHOUTIMPOSINGSUCHRESTRICTIONTHUSPRO
19、VIDESAMORERELIABLEANALYSISONTHEIMPORTANCEOFCOUNTRYSPECIFICVARIABLESTHESTUDYENCOMPASSESALARGENUMBEROFCOUNTRIES42INTOTALFROMEVERYCONTINENTFORTHEPERIOD19972001WECONSTRUCTADATABASEOFNEARLY12,000FIRMSABOUT60,000FIRMYEAROBSERVATIONSALLTYPESOFFIRMSLARGEANDSMALLAREINCLUDEDASLONGASAREASONABLEAMOUNTOFDATAISAV
20、AILABLEWEANALYZETHESTANDARDFIRMSPECIFICDETERMINANTSOFLEVERAGELIKEFIRMSIZE,ASSETTANGIBILITY,PROFITABILITY,FIRMRISKANDGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESBESIDES,WEINCORPORATEALARGENUMBEROFCOUNTRYSPECIFICVARIABLESINOURANALYSIS,INCLUDINGLEGALENFORCEMENT,SHAREHOLDER/CREDITORRIGHTPROTECTION,MARKET/BANKBASEDFINANCIALSYSTE
21、M,STOCK/BONDMARKETDEVELOPMENTANDGROWTHRATEINACOUNTRYSGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGDPFIRMSPECIFICANDCOUNTRYSPECIFICDETERMINANTSARETHETWOMAJORTYPESOFVARIABLESTHATWETAKEINTOACCOUNTWHENANALYZINGTHEIMPACTSONFIRMSLEVERAGECHOICETHEFIRMSINOURSAMPLECOVER42COUNTRIESTHATAREEQUALLYDIVIDEDBETWEENDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCO
22、UNTRIESDATAFORLEVERAGEANDFIRMSPECIFICVARIABLESARECOLLECTEDFROMCOMPUSTATGLOBALDATABASEWEEXCLUDEFINANCIALFIRMSANDUTILITIESDATAONCOUNTRYSPECIFICVARIABLESARECOLLECTEDFROMAVARIETYOFSOURCES,MAINLYWORLDDEVELOPMENTINDICATORSFILESANDFINANCIALSTRUCTUREDATABASEOFTHEWORLDBANKFEWCOUNTRYSPECIFICVARIABLESARETAKENF
23、ROMPREVIOUSSTUDIESINCLUDINGLAPORTAETAL1998,CLAESSENSANDKLAPPER2002ANDBERKOWITZETAL2003OURSAMPLEPERIODCOVERSTHEYEARS19972001THESELECTIONOFATIMEPERIODINVOLVESATRADEOFFBETWEENTHENUMBEROFCOUNTRIESTHATCANBEINCLUDEDINTHESTUDYANDTHEAVAILABILITYOFENOUGHFIRMSPECIFICDATAWHENEVERNEEDED,WERESORTTOSOMEOTHERSOURC
24、ESTOCOLLECTANYMISSINGDATAITISSTILLIMPOSSIBLETOOBTAINDATAFOREACHANDEVERYVARIABLEFROMALL42COUNTRIESDURINGTHISTIMEPERIODTHEFINALSAMPLECONSISTSOF59,225OBSERVATIONSON11,845FIRMSEVENTHOUGHWEAIMTOKEEPTHENUMBEROFCOUNTRIESHIGHENOUGHANDALSOMAINTAINAREASONABLENUMBEROFFIRMS,OURDATASETHASUNAVOIDABLYALIMITEDNUMBE
25、ROFFIRMSINAFEWCOUNTRIESANALYZINGTHEDIRECTIMPACTOFCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSONLEVERAGE,THEEVIDENCESUGGESTSTHATCREDITORRIGHTPROTECTION,BONDMARKETDEVELOPMENT,ANDGDPGROWTHRATEHAVEASIGNIFICANTINFLUENCEONCORPORATECAPITALSTRUCTUREINMEASURINGTHEIMPACTINDIRECTLY,WEFINDEVIDENCEFORTHEIMPORTANCEOFLEGALENFORCEMENT,C
26、REDITOR/SHAREHOLDERRIGHTPROTECTION,ANDMACROECONOMICMEASURESSUCHASCAPITALFORMATIONANDGDPGROWTHRATEITIMPLIESTHATINCOUNTRIESWITHABETTERLEGALENVIRONMENTANDMORESTABLEANDHEALTHIERECONOMICCONDITIONS,FIRMSARENOTONLYLIKELYTOTAKEMOREDEBT,BUTALSOTHEEFFECTSOFFIRMLEVELDETERMINANTSOFLEVERAGEAREALSOREINFORCEDOVERA
27、LL,THEEVIDENCEPROVIDEDHEREHIGHLIGHTSTHEIMPORTANCEOFCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSINCORPORATECAPITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONSOURCONCLUSIONISTHATCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSDOMATTERINDETERMININGANDAFFECTINGTHELEVERAGECHOICEAROUNDTHEWORLD,ANDITISUSEFULTOTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHESEFACTORSINTHEANALYSISOFACOUNTRYSCAPITALSTRUCTUREIFT
28、HELIMITATIONSOFDATA,ESPECIALLYTHENUMBEROFCOUNTRIES,CANBEOVERCOME,ONEMIGHTFINDEVENMORESIGNIFICANTRESULTSWITHRESPECTTOTHEIMPACTOFCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSWEFIRSTMAKEADETAILEDCOMPARATIVEANALYSISOFTHEIMPACTOFVARIOUSFIRMSPECIFICFACTORSWEFINDACROSSALARGENUMBEROFCOUNTRIESTHATTHEIMPACTOFSOMEFACTORSLIKETANGIBIL
29、ITY,FIRMSIZE,RISK,ANDPROFITABILITYANDGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESISSTRONGANDCONSISTENTWITHSTANDARDCAPITALSTRUCTURETHEORIESOURSTUDYSHOWSTHAT,INTERMSOFFIRMSPECIFICDETERMINANTSOFLEVERAGE,CAPITALSTRUCTURETHEORIESDOEXPLAINTHECORPORATELEVERAGECHOICEINALARGENUMBEROFCOUNTRIESUSINGAMODELWITHSEVERALFIRMSPECIFICEXPLANA
30、TORYVARIABLES,WEFINDARELATIVELYLARGEEXPLANATORYPOWEROFLEVERAGEREGRESSIONSINMOSTCOUNTRIESHOWEVER,AFEWDETERMINANTSREMAININSIGNIFICANT,ANDINSOMECOUNTRIESONEORTWOCOEFFICIENTSARESIGNIFICANTWITHANUNEXPECTEDSIGNPERFORMINGASIMPLESTATISTICALTEST,WEREJECTTHEHYPOTHESISTHATFIRMSPECIFICCOEFFICIENTSACROSSCOUNTRIE
31、SAREEQUALITINDICATESTHATTHEOFTENMADEIMPLICITASSUMPTIONOFEQUALFIRMLEVELDETERMINANTSOFLEVERAGEACROSSCOUNTRIESDOESNOTHOLDINTHEANALYSISOFTHEDIRECTIMPACTOFCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORS,WEOBSERVETHATCERTAINFACTORSLIKEGDPGROWTHRATE,BONDMARKETDEVELOPMENTANDCREDITORRIGHTPROTECTIONSIGNIFICANTLYEXPLAINTHEVARIATIONINC
32、APITALSTRUCTUREACROSSCOUNTRIESMOREOVER,WEFINDCONSIDERABLEEXPLANATORYPOWEROFCOUNTRYSPECIFICVARIABLESBEYONDFIRMSPECIFICFACTORSWETHENPROCEEDTOMEASURETHEINDIRECTIMPACTOFCOUNTRYSPECIFICVARIABLESTHERESULTSCONSISTENTLYSHOWTHEIMPORTANCEOFCOUNTRYFACTORSASWEDOCUMENTSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSOFTHESEVIAFIRMSPECIFICDETE
33、RMINANTSFOREXAMPLE,WEOBSERVETHATINCOUNTRIESWITHABETTERLAWENFORCEMENTSYSTEMANDAMOREHEALTHYECONOMY,FIRMSARENOTONLYLIKELYTOTAKEMOREDEBT,BUTTHEEFFECTSOFSOMEFIRMLEVELDETERMINANTSOFLEVERAGESUCHASGROWTHOPPORTUNITIES,PROFITABILITYANDLIQUIDITYAREALSOREINFORCEDOURFINDINGSINDICATETHATTHECONVENTIONALTHEORIESONC
34、APITALSTRUCTUREDEVELOPEDUSINGLISTEDFIRMSINTHEUNITEDSTATESASAROLEMODEL,WORKWELLINSIMILARECONOMIESWITHDEVELOPEDLEGALENVIRONMENTANDHIGHLEVELOFECONOMICDEVELOPMENTTHEINDIRECTIMPACTANALYSISALSOINDICATESTHATFIRMSPECIFICVARIABLESARESIGNIFICANTLYINFLUENCEDBYSEVERALCOUNTRYSPECIFICVARIABLESBUTINDIFFERENTWAYSCA
35、PITALSTRUCTURETHEORIESHAVEBEENMOSTLYDEVELOPEDANDTESTEDINTHESINGLECOUNTRYCONTEXTRESEARCHERSHAVEIDENTIFIEDSEVERALFIRMSPECIFICDETERMINANTSOFAFIRMSLEVERAGE,BASEDONTHETHREEMOSTACCEPTEDTHEORETICALMODELSOFCAPITALSTRUCTURE,IETHESTATICTRADEOFFTHEORY,THEAGENCYTHEORYANDTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYALARGENUMBEROFSTUDIE
36、SHAVEBEENCONDUCTEDTODATEINVESTIGATINGTOWHATEXTENTTHESEFACTORSINFLUENCECAPITALSTRUCTURESOFFIRMSOPERATINGWITHINASPECIFICCOUNTRYINTHISPAPER,WEEXAMINETHEROLEOFFIRMSPECIFICDETERMINANTSOFCORPORATELEVERAGECHOICEAROUNDTHEWORLDWEANALYZEALARGESAMPLEOF42COUNTRIES,DIVIDEDEQUALLYBETWEENDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUN
37、TRIESOURMAINOBJECTIVEISTOVERIFYTHEROLEOFVARIOUSCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSINDETERMININGCORPORATECAPITALSTRUCTUREWEDISTINGUISHTWOTYPESOFEFFECTSTHEDIRECTEFFECTONLEVERAGEANDTHEINDIRECTEFFECTTHROUGHTHEINFLUENCEONFIRMSPECIFICDETERMINANTSOFCORPORATELEVERAGEWEFINDTHATTHEIMPACTOFSEVERALFIRMSPECIFICFACTORSLIKETAN
38、GIBILITY,FIRMSIZE,RISK,GROWTHANDPROFITABILITYONCROSSCOUNTRYCAPITALSTRUCTUREISSIGNIFICANTANDCONSISTENTWITHTHEPREDICTIONOFCONVENTIONALCAPITALSTRUCTURETHEORIESONTHEOTHERHAND,WEALSOOBSERVETHATINEACHCOUNTRYONEORMOREFIRMSPECIFICFACTORSARENOTSIGNIFICANTLYRELATEDTOLEVERAGEFORSOMECOUNTRIES,WEFINDRESULTSTHATA
39、REINCONSISTENTWITHTHEORETICALPREDICTIONSSEVERALSTUDIESANALYZINGINTERNATIONALCAPITALSTRUCTUREASSUMECROSSCOUNTRYEQUALITYOFFIRMLEVELDETERMINANTSWESHOWTHATTHISASSUMPTIONISUNFOUNDEDRATHER,ITISNECESSARYTOCONDUCTANANALYSISOFCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSBYINCLUDINGCOUNTRIESASOBSERVATIONSANDAVOIDASPECIFICATIONUSING
40、APOOLEDREGRESSIONMETHODWECONDUCTREGRESSIONSUSINGCOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSTOEXPLAINCOEFFICIENTSOFCOUNTRYDUMMIESASWELLASFIRMSPECIFICDETERMINANTSSOURCEABEDEJONG,REZAULKABIR,20079“CAPITALSTRUCTUREAROUNDTHEWORLDTHEROLESOFFIRMANDCOUNTRYSPECIFICDETERMINANTS”ERIMREPORTSERIESREACHINMANAGEMENTSEPTEMBERPP5863译文世界
41、各地的资本结构公司和国家因素在其中的影响我们从世界42个国家中分析了公司在选择财务杠杆所需要考虑的公司特有因素和国家因素的重要性。通过分析,我们得出了两个新的结论,首先,我们发现,公司特有因素的影响在各国都不相同,而以前所做研究的潜在前提是公司特有因素的影响是相同的。其次,虽然我们赞同国家因素对企业资本结构有直接影响,但我们还发现了它也存在间接影响,因为国家因素也会影响企业资本结构的决定因素。在以前的研究(例如德米瑞克昆特和马克斯毛维克,1999;德米瑞克昆特和马克斯毛维克,2001;克拉森,强克维和尼诺维,2001;班赛尔和米凸,2004)中发现,一个公司的资本不仅仅受到公司特有因素的影响,
42、还受到国家因素的影响。在这次的研究中我们证实,国家因素会通过两种方式影响公司的资本结构。一方面,这些因素可以直接影响财务杠杆效率,比如说,一个较为发达的债券市场促进公众债券的发行和交易可能导致公司在该国内财务杠杆作用较高,而一个发达的股票市场就存在相反的作用。另一方面,国家因素也能通过影响公司特有因素从而间接影响公司的财务杠杆率。例如,尽管一个国家发达的债券市场能够刺激企业使用债务,然而对公司来说作为借款抵押物的有形资产是相当有限的。换句话说,国家特征或许可以解释在某一国家内对公司财务杠杆率的影响,但不能解释对另一国家内公司的影响。此前的研究都没有系统的研究这些间接影响。国际上对不同国家之间资
43、本结构的研究是在过去的十年里才开始出现的,拉詹和辛格尔对7个先进的工业国家进行了早期的研究(1995),他们认为,虽然普遍性公司因素对公司资本结构的影响是显著的,但一些国家因素在其中也发挥了重要作用。德米瑞克昆特和马克斯毛维克对19个发达国家和11个发展中国家的公司资本结构进行了比较(1999),他们发现,发达国家和发展中国家之间的制度差异能对长期借款使用的差异做出较好的解释。他们还观察到,在发展中国家制度因素对财务杠杆作用的影响在大公司和小公司中是不同的。最近几项这方面的研究表明,即使是在像美国和欧洲各国这样经济发达的国家,融资政策和管理者行为也会受到制度环境和国际业务的影响(例如,格兰姆和
44、哈维,2001;班赛尔和米凸,2004;布劳恩,德容和科迪克,2006)。文献只讨论了国家因素对杠杆作用的直接影响,在一个针对10个发展中国家的研究分析中,布兹等人(2001)发现在这些国家中,公司资本结构决策受同一公司特定因素的影响,然而国家因素诸如国内生产总值和资本市场发展程度等对财务杠杆作用的影响方式却是不同的。他们觉得,为了理解制度因素对公司资本结构决策的影响,人们还需要做更多的研究工作。范等人(2006)通过对39个国家的分析研究,使得国家因素对公司资本结构决策重大影响得到公众的认同,他们发现了一些特别的国家因素(例如银行业的发展程度、公平程度和证券市场)对资本结构决策也具有深刻的影
45、响。在另一项对30个经济合作及发展组织的成员国的研究中,宋和菲利浦托斯(2004)表示,在国际资本结构中大部分代表性的变化都是由于公司特定因素、产业特定因素和国家因素的多相性引起的。但是他们并没有找到证据来证明国家法律制度的差别对公司财务杠杆选择的影响,贾内蒂认为,未能找到这些数据,可能是由于许多对大型上市公司的研究结果使人们产生了偏见。她采用了8个欧洲国家未上市公司作为样本进行研究,发现一些制度上的差别(诸如债权人保护、股票市场的发展和法律环境)对个别企业的财务杠杆具有重要的影响。同样,霍尔等人(2004)也采用8个欧洲国家的非上市公司进行了研究,他们发现资本结构的决定因素中各国是不同的,这
46、种差异可能是由于国家因素的不同而造成的。需要注意的是,目前关于国际资本结构的研究都基于一个隐含的假设,即公司特定因素对财务杠杆作用的影响是各国相同的(例如布兹等人,2001;贾内蒂,2003;宋和菲利浦托斯,2004;范等人,2006)。这些文章通过公布对每一个国家中公司特定因素对财务杠杆作用的影响系数,在另一方面显示了公司层面的决定因素在品牌、级别和水平方面存在着不同。另外,在分析国家因素对财务杠杆作用的影响时,这些文件还利用合并年度回归表里的国家虚拟系数,从而迫使市场特定的回归参数具有同样的价值。随着对大量的公司年度数据进行观察,更有可能得到许多国家变量因素的统计结果。但是,利用替代回归模
47、型观察每个国家的单个企业资本结构,是不能得到有力的证明。作为本文的特别贡献,我们证明了这种隐含的假设无效。我们的研究中没有这样的限制,因此能够提供更加可靠的关于国家因素影响资本结构选择的重要性研究。本次研究涉及了从19972001年期间来自世界各个大洲的国家,建立了一个将近12000家公司的数据库(将近60000份公司年度报告),所有类型的公司,无论大小,只要有足够的可用数据的都包括在内。我们分析了能够对财务杠杆作用产生影响的公司特定因素的标准,诸如公司规模、有形资产、盈利能力、经营风险、发展机遇。此外,我们还在研究中纳入了大量的国家因素变量,包括法律环境、对股东/债权人权利的保护、市场/银行
48、主导型金融体系、股票/债券市场发展程度和一国国内生产总值增长率。在研究公司财务杠杆作用的影响因素时,公司特定因素和国家因素是需要考虑的两个最重要的因素,在我们的研究样本中包括了来自42个发达国家与发展中国家的公司,财务杠杆的数据和公司特定变量的资源主要来自于COMPUSTAT全球数据库。我们排除了金融机构和公共事业单位。国家变量的数据收集自多种来源,主要有世界发展指标数据库文件和世界的金融结构数据库,少数国家变量取自先前的研究(包括拉波特等人,1998;克拉森和克拉伯,2002;贝尔科维奇等人,2003)。样本取得的期间范围是9972001年,期间范围的选择涉及了对国家数量和可用性数据数量的权
49、衡,只要有需要,我们就会从其他来源收集任何缺失数据,但这仍然无法获取每个来自于这42个国家在这一时期内的数据和变量,最后的样本,由对11845家企业的59225个观察结果组成。尽管我们的目标是使用足够多的国家数量,并保持公司数量的合理性,我们的数据集还是不可避免的一些国家公司数量的限制。我们首先对各种公司特定因素的影响作一个详细的比较分析,发现在众多的国家,如有形资产、公司规模、经营风险、盈利能力和成长机会等因素的影响是巨大的,这与标准资本成本理论一致。研究表明,资本结构理论在公司对财务杠杆的决定因素方面对许多国家的公司财务杠杆选择作出了解释。利用一个有多家公司组成的解释变量的模型,我们发现了财务杠杆回归模型在许多国家都能被很好的利用。然而,一些因素仍然是微不足道的,而且在一些国家,有一两个系数得出了意想不到的结果。通过一个简单的统计测试,我们去除了不同国家企业的特定因素是相同的这个假设,该测试表明,常用的公司层面的决定因素对财务杠杆作用影响的潜在假设,不能在每个国家都成立。在研究国家因素的直接影响时,我们看到,像国内生产总值增长率、债券市场发展程度和债权人权利保护等确定因素能很好地解释不同国家之间资本结构存在的差异。此外,我们还发现了能够解释国家因素的影响大于公司特定因素影响的证据。然后我们继续测量国家因素变量的间接影响,结果和我们的认为是一致,