1、原文ANEMPIRICALSTUDYOFMAINTENANCECOSTSFORHOTELSINHONGKONGASHOTELSOPERATE24HADAYALLYEARROUND,PROPERMANAGEMENT/MAINTENANCEOFTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTURE,FABRIC,COMPONENTS,FINISHESANDENGINEERINGSERVICESISCRUCIALTOSATISFYCUSTOMERSWANTS/EXPECTATIONSTHESENIORMANAGEMENTINHOTELSHAVETOMANAGEEFFECTIVELY/EFFICIENTLYTHES
2、EINFRASTRUCTURESLIKEAIRCONDITIONING,MECHANICALVENTILATION,FIRESERVICES,LIFT/ESCALATORS,PLUMBING/DRAINAGE,LIGHTING,LAUNDRYANDCATERINGINSTALLATIONS,TODELIVERQUALITYSERVICESANDMITIGATEANYBREAKDOWNSITISWORTHNOTINGTHATBUSINESSAVAILABILITYISACOMMONPERFORMANCEPARAMETERTOSHOWTHEPROBABILITYTHATANEQUIPMENTORA
3、SYSTEMWILLBEAVAILABLEFORITSASBUILTFUNCTIONS,CALCULATEDFROMTHEOPERATINGTIMEANDDOWNTIME(KELLY,1984)INTODAYSBUSINESSENVIRONMENT,THETOLERABLEERRORMARGINISNARROWERANDORGANIZATIONSCANNOLONGERAFFORDSUCHMISTAKESANDREMAINCOMPETITIVEORGETFUNDED(COKINS,1998)APPROPRIATEMAINTENANCESTRATEGYANDPROGRAMMEAPPEARTOBEC
4、RITICAL,ESPECIALLYTOFACEGLOBALCOMPETITIONANDSTRINGENTCOSTCONTROLTOMINIMISEEXPENDITUREUNDERALEANANDMEANSITUATIONWHILESUSTAININGTHEREQUIREDQUALITYSERVICESTHESTRATEGYESPOUSEDBYANORGANIZATIONMAYFOCUSONCOSTLEADERSHIP,DIFFERENTIATIONOROTHERINTENTSTHATFORMTHEBASISOFTHECOMPETITIVEEDGE(PORTER,1980)THROUGHTHI
5、SRESEARCH,THEEXISTINGHOTELMAINTENANCEPRACTICESOFHONGKONGWILLBEEXPLORED,COVERINGTHEMAINTENANCEPERFORMANCEASSESSMENT,RESOURCEALLOCATION,CONSIDERATIONSFOROUTSOURCING,ATTITUDETOWARDSMULTISKILLING,MAINTENANCECOSTSANDBENCHMARKINGWITHTHESEDATAANDANALYSIS,ITISHOPEDTOFORMULATESOMEINDEXANDKEYPERFORMANCEINDICA
6、TORSFORREFERENCEBYHOTELOPERATORSTOGAUGE/IMPROVETHEIRMAINTENANCEMANAGEMENT/PRACTICESIFATALLPOSSIBLEREFERENCEWOULDBEMADETOTHESETOFKEYPERFORMANCEINDICATORSFORFACILITIESMANAGEMENT,INCLUDINGSUBJECTIVEANDQUANTITATIVEMEASURESIDENTIFIEDBYHINKSANDMCNAY(HINKSANDMCNAY,1999)ESSENTIALSOFMAINTENANCEAPROPERMAINTEN
7、ANCEFRAMEWORKPROVIDESANEFFECTIVETOOLFORCOSTASSIGNMENTANDTRACKINGCOSTEFFICIENCYBETTERKNOWLEDGEABOUTMAJORCOSTDERIVERSWOULDENABLEORGANIZATIONSTOOPTIMISETHEUTILISATIONOFRESOURCESINTHEIRPLANNEDMAINTENANCE(PM)ACTIVITIESTHEWORKFORCEISAFOCUSONTHEPRODUCTPRODUCEDBYINDIVIDUALSANDTEAMSRATHERTHANAFOCUSONTASKSINA
8、DDITION,THEPRIMARYOBJECTIVEOFPMISTHEMINIMISATIONOFTHETOTALCOSTOFINSPECTIONANDREPAIR,ANDEQUIPMENTDOWNTIME(MEASUREDINLOSTPRODUCTIONCAPACITYORREDUCEDPRODUCTQUALITY)ALTERNATIVELY,CORRECTIVEMAINTENANCEISOFTENDOMINATEDBYUNPLANNEDEVENTS,THATIS,FUNCTIONALFAILURE,MALFUNCTIONORBREAKDOWNOFEQUIPMENT,WHICHSHOULD
9、BEAVOIDEDSINCETHEREAREDIFFERENTSUPPORTACTIVITIESWITHINPM,ANDMAINTENANCEJOBSCONSUMETHERESOURCESOFTHESEACTIVITIESDIFFERENTLY,SUCHDIFFERENTIATIONHASTOBECAPTUREDINBUILDINGUPAPMJOBCOSTTHECOSTINGFRAMEWORKWOULDALSOREVEALINEFFICIENCIESINAMAINTENANCESYSTEM,ANDWOULDIDENTIFYTHENEEDFORUPDATINGMAINTENANCETIMESTA
10、NDARDS,MATERIALREQUIREMENTSANDPLANNINGACTIVITIESINHOTELS,THEAMOUNTOFENERGYUSEISAFFECTEDBYWEATHERCONDITIONS,NUMBEROFGUESTROOMSANDOCCUPANCYRATE,NUMBEROFFOODCOVERSSERVEDANDTHEOPERATINGEFFICIENCYOFPLANTSANDEQUIPMENT(LEEETAL,2000)ITISABOTTOMTOTOPPROCESSWITHFRONTLINEOPERATORINVOLVEMENT(CAMPBELL,1995A)INGE
11、NERALMAINTENANCETOPROTECTHISOWNEQUIPMENT,WITHAUTONOMOUSACTIVITIES,SUCHASLUBRICATION,CLEANING,INSPECTIONANDMINORCOMPONENTREPLACEMENTWITHOUTADECENTCONTROL,THEENERGYCONSUMPTIONOFFUELOIL,GASANDELECTRICITY,EVENINAWELLMANAGEDHOTEL,WILLBEASMUCHAS457KWH/YRM2FLOORAREA(LEEETAL,2000)ITISWORTHNOTINGTHERESULTSOF
12、INDUSTRIALENERGYAUDITSANDCASESTUDIES,WHICHINDICATETHATREDUCTIONINENERGYCONSUMPTIONFROMIMPROVEDOPERATIONANDMAINTENANCEACTIVITIESCANAVERAGEBETWEEN8AND125PERCENT(THUMANN,1999)BENCHMARKINGBENCHMARKINGWASORIGINALLYDEFINEDBYTHEXEROXCORPORATIONINTHEUNITEDSTATESASAMANAGEMENTTOOLFORMONITORINGANDMEASURINGITSP
13、RODUCTS,SERVICESANDPRACTICESAGAINSTITSCOMPETITORSINTHELATE1970S(PULAT,1994)BENCHMARKINGISONEOFTHEMOSTPOWERFULANDAVAILABLEPERFORMANCEMANAGEMENTTOOLSTHATCANSTRENGTHENALLBUSINESSASPECTSOFANORGANIZATIONNOWADAYS,BENCHMARKINGISDEFINEDASAPROCESSOFSYSTEMATICANDCONTINUOUSMEASURINGANDCOMPARINGONESBUSINESSPROC
14、ESSESAGAINSTCOMPARABLEPROCESSESINLEADINGORGANIZATIONSTOOBTAININFORMATIONTHATWILLHELPORGANIZATIONSIDENTIFYTHESTRENGTHSANDWEAKNESSESOFTHEIREXISTINGPERFORMANCE(ANDERSONANDPETTERSEN,1996)ITISGENERALLYACCEPTEDTHATGOODEQUIPMENTMAINTENANCEPRACTICESCANIMPROVETHERELIABILITYOFTHEPOWERSYSTEMMAINTENANCEHASBECOM
15、ETHEPROMINENTMANAGEMENTISSUETHUS,ABENCHMARKPROCESSISADOPTEDTOSEARCHFOROPTIMUMMAINTENANCEPRACTICESTOIMPROVETHEOVERALLMAINTENANCEEFFECTIVENESS/EFFICIENCIESANDFORCOMPARISONWITHITSPEERS/COMPETITORSOUTSOURCINGOUTSOURCINGISAWIDELYRESEARCHEDTOPICINSTRATEGICMANAGEMENT,SUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENT,SERVICES,MANUFACT
16、URINGANDOPERATIONSMANAGEMENT(BELINSKIANDKOEHLER,1995BLUMBERG,1998CAMPBELL,1995BFAN,2000FITZSIMMONSETAL,1998ZEFFANE,1995)FROMASTRATEGICPERSPECTIVE,ASOURCINGDECISIONCANBEMADEBYTAKINGINTOACCOUNTBOTHTHESCOPEANDTHEPURPOSEOFSOURCING(KAKABADSEANDKAKABADSE,2000)THROUGHOUTSOURCING,THEORGANIZATIONCANDEVOTEITS
17、SCARCERESOURCESTODEVELOPINGITSCORECOMPETENCIESINABIDTOSUSTAINCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGES(TSANG,2002)THECLIENTISDEMANDINGMOREFORLESSWITHTHEREMOVALOFRISKTHEINTERPRETEDADVANTAGESOFTHEOUTSOURCINGSTRATEGYIDENTIFYTHATTHISISENTIRELYFEASIBLE,WITHAHOSTOFOTHERADDEDBENEFITSTHESENIORMANAGEMENTOFMOSTCOMPANIESCANNOTIGN
18、OREANEVERCHANGINGBUSINESSCLIMATEINDEED,CORPORATIONSGLOBALLYARETURNINGTOMOREFLUIDORGANISATIONALFORMSBYALIGNINGTHEIRBUSINESSNITSWITHTHECOMPANYSCORESTRENGTHS(DRUCKER,1988)THEOUTSOURCINGOFSERVICESENABLESACOMPANYSRESOURCESANDCAPABILITIESTOBEIMPROVEDBYACHIEVINGBETTERQUALITYSERVICESANDABETTERPERFORMANCETHE
19、PURPOSEOFSUCHASTRATEGYISTOIMPROVEPRODUCTIVITY,INCREASEREVENUES,LOWEROPERATINGCOSTSANDREDUCERISKSOUTSOURCINGTHESERVICESOFANENTIREFUNCTION,HOWEVER,MIGHTCOSTMORETOTHECOMPANYANDMIGHTBEDETRIMENTALFROMASTRATEGICPERSPECTIVE(DUBBS,1992)WHILEOUTSOURCINGISGAININGPOPULARITY,THENUMBEROFREPORTEDCASESOFFAILUREISA
20、LSOINCREASING(BROWN,2002COPELAND,2001CROCKER,1999JAMES,2000VANDERWERF,2000)ONESHOULDBECAREFULINDETERMININGTHEDECISIONMAKINGCRITERIAUPONEACHOUTSOURCINGBACKTOTHEHOTELINDUSTRY,THEREISLIMITEDPRIORRESEARCHCONCERNEDWITHOUTSOURCINGINTHEHOTELSECTOR(GOLDMANANDEYSTER,1992HALLAMANDBAUM,1996HEMMINGTONANDKING,20
21、00ESPINORODRIGUEZANDPADRONROBAINA,2004LAMANDHAN,2005)THISLACKOFRESEARCHINTERESTINHOTELOUTSOURCINGISSURPRISING,ASOUTSOURCINGHASBECOMEASIGNIFICANTFACETOFMODERNHOTELMANAGEMENT(SIEBURGH,1992ROWE,1994HOTTMANANDADAMS,1996)UNDERSTANDINGHOTELSMOTIVATIONFOROUTSOURCINGISIMPORTANT,ASANORGANIZATIONISASIMPORTANT
22、ASTECHNOLOGY,COSTANDDEMANDINDETERMININGSUCCESS(MILGROMANDROBERTS,1992)HOTELOPERATORSCONSIDERTHATOUTSOURCINGHASGREATPOTENTIALTOIMPROVECOST,STRATEGYANDPERFORMANCE,ANDTHUSSQUEEZEOPERATINGCOSTSINATOUGHBUSINESSENVIRONMENTSOMEATTEMPTSTOADOPTSTRATEGIESFORSUSTAININGCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESINCLUDEDOWNSIZINGANDL
23、AYINGOFFEMPLOYEES,PARTNERINGEXTERNALAGENTSWITHEXPERTISETOOPERATECERTAINFUNCTIONSTHROUGHFRANCHISING,CONTRACTINGOUTOREASINGARRANGEMENTSITISSUGGESTEDTHATHOSPITALITYENTERPRISESSHOULDADOPTTHEFOLLOWINGSTRATEGIES(1)PASSONTHEINCREASEDCOSTSTOTHEIRCONSUMERSBYRAISINGTHEPRICES(2)REDUCETHEIRTOTALLABOURFORCEBYADO
24、PTINGLABOURSAVINGDEVICESANDTECHNOLOGIES(3)HIREFEWERBUTMOREQUALIFIEDANDPRODUCTIVEEMPLOYEES(4)SUBSTITUTEFULLTIMEWITHPARTTIMEEMPLOYEESTOELIMINATEEXPENSIVEFRINGEBENEFITS(5)REDUCETHEFRINGEBENEFITSOFALLFULLTIMEEMPLOYEES(6)OUTSOURCESOMEFUNCTIONS,FOREXAMPLE,MAINTENANCEWORKSAFACILITIESMANAGEMENT/MANAGER(FM)W
25、OULDNORMALLYRESUMETHEENTIREMAINTENANCEWORKSOFAHOTELOUTTASKINGISACOMMONPRACTICEINTHEFIELDOFFACILITIESMANAGEMENTITSUSAGEOUTNUMBERSTHATOFOUTSOURCING(KLEEMAN,1994)WHENAPPLIEDTOASSETMAINTENANCE,ONEHASTOBEAWAREOFTHEPROSANDCONSOFOUTSOURCING(DUBBS,1992KLEEMAN,1994EMBLETONANDWRIGHT,1998HUBBARD,1993)ALTHOUGHF
26、MSWANTOUTSOURCERSTOPERFORMWELL,SEVERALOUTSOURCEDCONTRACTORSFAILTOACHIEVETHEDESIREDPERFORMANCEFMSREQUIREPROFESSIONALNEGOTIATION,FINANCIALANDINTERPERSONALSKILLSTOIMPLEMENTOUTSOURCINGTOVENDORSORSERVICEPROVIDERSASATAPRACTICE/TACTICALLEVEL,ONCEANACTIVITYHASBEENIDENTIFIEDASNONCORE,THECONVENTIONALWISDOMIST
27、OOUTSOURCEITTOEXTERNALPARTIESTHROUGHSOMECONTRACTUALARRANGEMENTS(FULLER,2002)AMAJORCHALLENGEOFOUTSOURCINGISMANAGINGTHERISKOFSERVICEAGENTSOPPORTUNISM,WHEREWILLIAMSON(WILLIAMSON,1975)DEFINESOPPORTUNISMASSELFINTERESTSEEKINGWITHGUILETHESERVICEACTIVITIESTOBEOUTTASKEDAREWELLDEFINEDTASKSTHISMODEOFSOURCINGIS
28、FAVOUREDOVERINSOURCINGINSITUATIONSWHEREITCANLOWERTOTALCOSTS(WILLIAMSON,1985)WHENCOSTEFFICIENCYISANISSUE,THESOURCINGDECISIONCANBEGUIDEDBYAPPLICATIONOFTHETRANSACTIONCOSTTHEORY(WILLIAMSON,1985)THESOURCINGOPTIONTHATWILLMINIMISETHETOTALCOSTOFTRANSACTION(ALLCOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHPLANNING,SERVICEAGREEMENT,WOR
29、KTRANSACTION,PERFORMANCEREVIEWINTHEIMPLEMENTATIONPROCESS)SHOULDBESELECTED(BELLOETAL,1997)EVENWHENANOUTSOURCINGDECISIONISDRIVENBYCOSTSAVING,THEIMPORTANCEOFMONITORINGOPPORTUNISMSHOULDNOTBEOVERLOOKED(WATHNEANDHEIDE,2000)DURINGTHETRANSACTIONALNEGOTIATINGPROCESS,THEBUSINESSANDLEGALRISKSWOULDBEFAIRLYAPPOR
30、TIONEDBETWEENTHEUSERANDSERVICESPROVIDERS,ANDSUPPORTEDBYGOODCONTRACTMANAGEMENTTOMITIGATERISKSWITHDECENTCONTRACTTERMINATIONITISQUITESURETHATSUPPLIERS/SERVICESPROVIDERSAREATTEMPTINGTODELIVERTHEMINIMUMREQUIREDTOGENERATETHEMAXIMUMPROFITWHILEAIMINGTOSAFEGUARDCONTRACTRETENTIONSOURCINGSTRATEGIESFORMAINTENAN
31、CEAREUSUALLY(1)INSOURCING,(2)OUTTASKING,(3)OUTSOURCINGFORCOSTSAVINGAND(4)OUTSOURCINGFORCAPABILITYASEACHOFTHESESTRATEGIESPOSSESSESMERITS/DEMERITSUNDERVARIOUSCIRCUMSTANCES,AFRAMEWORKFORSELECTIONANDDECISIONCRITERIASHOULDBEESTABLISHEDFORINSTANCE,ATTHEWORKTRANSACTIONSTAGE,ANOUTTASKJOBORDERISTRIGGEREDBYAM
32、AINTENANCENEEDWHENITISMOREECONOMICALTOHIREACONTRACTORTODELIVERTHESERVICELASTLY,TOENABLEAMORECOMPLETEUNDERSTANDINGOFOUTSOURCINGINTHEHOTELINDUSTRY,OTHERVARIABLESWORTHYOFCONSIDERATIONWOULDINCLUDE(1)THEISSUEOFTRUST(DASANDTENG1998,2001ZAHEERANDVENKATRAMAN1995NOOTEBOOMETAL,1997SEALANDVINCENTJONES1997),(2)
33、STRATEGY(LANGFIELDSMITH,1997WILLIAMSON,1999NICKERSONETAL,2001),(3)INSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENT(ROBERTSANDGREENWOOD,1997)AND(4)SOCIALEMBEDDEDNESSMETHODOLOGYTOESTABLISHANUNDERSTANDINGOFCURRENTMAINTENANCESTRATEGIESANDPRACTICESINHOTELS,AQUESTIONNAIREWASDESIGNEDTOCOLLECTINFORMATIONFROMFMSOFHOTELSTHEREAREFIVE
34、SECTIONSOFAEINTHEQUESTIONNAIRETHEFIRSTSECTIONCONTAINSTHEHOTELDATACOVERINGTHEAGE,CLASSANDNUMBEROFGUESTROOMSINHOTELSSECTIONBDEALSWITHMAINTENANCEPAYROLLANDEXPENDITURESPENTINSUPPORTINGTHEHOTELBUSINESSSECTIONCCOVERSINFORMATIONOFMAINTENANCERESOURCESALLOCATIONSECTIONDGATHERSTHECURRENTMAINTENANCEPRACTICESRE
35、GARDINGTHENEEDSFORMULTISKILLING,INHOUSEANDOUTSOURCINGLABOURFORCEFORMAINTENANCEANDRETROFITTINGWORKSFINALLY,SECTIONECONSISTSOFSELFASSESSEDQUESTIONSTOEVALUATETHESTRENGTHANDWEAKNESSINMAINTENANCECOSTMANAGEMENTININDIVIDUALHOTELSTHEDATAWOULDBECONVERTEDTORESPECTIVEMAINTENANCECOSTPERGUESTROOM,PAYROLLPERGUEST
36、ROOM,NUMBEROFGUESTROOMSTOMAINTENANCESTAFF,RELATIVEPROPORTIONSOFINHOUSEANDOUTSOURCEDCOSTSANDMAINTENANCECOSTINDEX(MCI)THESEINDEXESWOULDBECATEGORISEDINTODIFFERENTHOTELCLASSESFORCOMPARISON,WHEREBYPEERHOTELOPERATORSMAYIMPROVETHEIREFFECTIVENESS/EFFICIENCIESBYREFERRINGTOTHECURRENTMAINTENANCEPERFORMANCEANDP
37、RACTICESINOTHERHOTELSANALYSISOFMAINTENANCEMANAGEMENTAUDITTHESENIORMANAGEMENTHASTOCONSIDERAPPROPRIATEOPTIMISATIONOFMAINTENANCECOSTSANDRESOURCEALLOCATIONAMONGINHOUSEINHOUSEPLUSMULTISKILLINGTRAININGANDOUTSOURCINGSECTIONEOFTHEQUESTIONNAIREISDESIGNEDTOOBTAINASURVEYONTHISMOREKNOWLEDGEABOUTMAINTENANCECOSTD
38、ISTRIBUTIONS(ROUTINECORRECTIVE,PREVENTIVE,EMERGENCY)WOULDENABLEHOTELOPERATORSTOOPTIMISERESOURCESPREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEWOULDBEMOREEMPHASISEDTHANCORRECTIVEMAINTENANCE,TOPROJECTBETTERCONTROLANDREDUCESYSTEMFAILURES,ANDTHUSHAVEBETTERCONTROLOVERMAINTENANCEEXPENDITURETHECOSTSBREAKDOWNWOULDREVEALTHEDEGREEOFE
39、FFECTIVENESS/INEFFECTIVENESSANDEFFICIENCIES/INEFFICIENCIESTHATOCCURREDINTHEPASTINSOMECASES,HIRINGAFEWMOREQUALIFIED/PRODUCTIVE/MULTISKILLEDLABOURONAPARTTIMEBASISWOULDHELPREDUCEMAINTENANCECOSTSANDIMPROVEEFFECTIVENESS/EFFICIENCIESINSTEADOFPURELYRELYINGONLONGESTABLISHEDINHOUSEFULLTIMEEMPLOYEESOUTSOURCIN
40、GSOMEMAINTENANCEWORKSTHATREQUIREHIGHEREXPERTISE,UPDATEDKNOWLEDGEANDADVANCEDEQUIPMENTSCOULDBECONSIDEREDITISANTICIPATEDTHATFURTHERINFLUENCEREGARDINGINCENTIVE,MOMENTUM,PRESSUREMAYBEIMPOSEDTOINHOUSESTAFFFORIMPROVEMENTSOURCEKENNYCHAN,2007“ANEMPIRICALSTUDYOFMAINTENANCECOSTSFORHOTELSINHONGKONG”JOURNALOFRET
41、AILLEISUREPROPERTYOCTOBERPP3552译文香港酒店业中的实证维护成本由于酒店集团经营是一天24小时的也是全年的,因此妥善管理建筑的结构,面料,部件,装修和维修工程服务是至关重要的,以满足客户的希望和期望。宾馆的高级管理人员有效管理这些基础设施如空调,机械通风,消防,电梯(自动扶梯),水管(排水),照明,洗衣和餐饮设施,提供优质的服务,并减少任何故障。值得注意的是,业务可用性是一种常见的性能参数显示的概率,一个设备或一个系统将其从可用的运行时间和停机时间计算功能作为建造(凯利,1984年)。今天的商业环境,可容忍误差较窄因此组织再也不能犯这样的错误,需要保持竞争力,或获得
42、资助(康肯斯,1998)。适当的维修策略和方案似乎是至关重要的,尤其是面对全球竞争和严格的成本控制下,以尽量减少开支,精简和平均的状况,同时维持所需的优质的服务。一个组织所支持的策略应着重于成本领先,差异化或形成了竞争优势的基础上考虑其他目的。(波特,1980)通过这一研究,现有酒店将探讨维持香港酒店业中实证成本的做法,包括维护绩效评估,资源配置,外包,朝着多提高技能、态度和维护成本基准考虑。有了这些数据和分析,希望制订一些指标和关键性能指标,以供饭店业者参考,如果在所有可能的情况下,以评估(改善)其维修管理(做法)。将参照对关键绩效指标设施管理,包括主观和定量测量身份由欣克斯和麦克奈(欣克斯
43、和麦克奈,1999年)编集。维护要点为一个适当的维修提供了一个框架,是成本分配和跟踪成本效率的有效工具。更好地了解知识的主要成本使用者使各组织能够在他们的计划维护优化下活动的资源利用率。劳动力是一个由个人和团队组成的,而不是对产品生产的重点任务为重点的。此外,在下午的主要目的是检验和维修,设备停机时间和总成本(损失产能或降低产品质量来衡量)的最小化。另外,纠正维护往往占主导地位的计划外的事件,也就是应避免功能失效故障或设备故障。既然在下午的活动有不同的支持对象,维护作业消耗资源,这些活动的方式不同,这种区分,必须在一个下午来建设的工作成本去获得。成本计算框架还将显示在维护系统的低效率,并确定用
44、于更新维护的时间标准,材料要求和规划活动的需要。在酒店,能源使用量受天气条件影响下,客房和出租率,包括食品供应的数量和工厂的人数以及设备的运行效率(李孙俐,2000年)。这是一个与前线运营商参与一般维修(坎贝尔,1995年)“底部到顶部”处理以保护自治活动,如润滑,清洁,检查和更换自己的小部件设备。如果没有一个像样的控制,燃油,天然气和电力的能源消耗,即使在一个管理良好的酒店,面积两层多的也将高达457千瓦每小时(李等人,2000)。值得注意的是工业能源审核的结果和各案研究表明,降低能耗从改善的操作和维修活动均可降低在8125(图曼,1999)。基准基准最初是由施乐公司在20世纪70年代后期在
45、美国对其竞争对手进行监视和测量它的产品、服务和实践的一种管理工具。标杆是最强大和最有效的绩效管理工具,可以增强所有商业方面的组织。如今,标杆管理被定义为一个系统的、连续测量和比较领先的机构之一的业务流程,可以获取可比信息,这将帮助企业确定他们现有的优势和性能的弱点的过程(安德森和佩特森,1996年)。人们普遍认为,良好的设备维修实践可以提高电力系统的可靠性,维修已成为突出的管理问题。因此,与同行、竞争对手相比基准程序是采用最佳维修方法来改善整体的保养效果、效率。外包外包是一个战略管理,供应链管理,服务,制造和运营管理广泛的研究主题(贝岭尅和克勒,1995年;布隆伯格,1998年;坎贝尔,199
46、5年;范,2000年;菲茨西蒙斯等,1998;渃夫范,1995年)。从战略的角度来看,采购决策可通过考虑的范围和主要的采购的目的(卡卡贝德赛,2000年)。通过外包或可投入其稀缺资源来开发,企图维持竞争优势的核心竞争力(曾荫权,2002年)。客户是需要高要求低风险的。服务外包战略的优势,找出解释和许多其他增加效益,这是完全可行的。在一个不断变化的商业气候问题上大多数公司的高级管理是不能忽视的,事实上,公司在全球范围正在转向通过调整与公司的的核心优势业务尼特更佛罗里达州形式(德鲁克,1988)。外包服务让一个公司的资源和能力改善并培养出更优质的服务,而且加上了更好的效果。这样一个战略的目的是为了
47、提高生产率、增加收入、降低运营成本和降低风险。整个外包的服务功能,都可能使公司成本更高,可能从战略角度是不利的(达布斯,1992)。虽然外包是越来越普及,失败的报告病例的数量也在增加(布朗,2002年;科普兰,2001;克罗克,1999年;詹姆斯,2000年;范德伟夫,2000年)。每个人都应该小心的确定对每一外包的决策标准。回到酒店行业,只有与酒店业进行有限的事先研究(高盛和斯特,1992年;哈勒姆和巴姆,1996;潶明腾和国王,2000年;埃斯皮诺罗德里格斯和帕德伦罗瓦伊纳,2004年;韩林,2005)。这种研究在酒店外包缺乏兴趣,因为外包已经在现代酒店管理中发挥着重要方面(斯本刚,199
48、2;罗,1994;霍特曼和亚当斯,1996)。了解酒店的外包动机很重要,因为是在技术、成本和需求的重要方面决定着成功(米尔格罗姆和罗伯特,1992)。酒店经营者认为,外包具有很大的潜力来改善成本,战略和业绩,从而挤在一个艰难的商业环境中运作成本。一些试图通过为维持竞争优势包括裁员和解雇员工,合作与专业知识,通过特许经营,承包出去或减轻某些职能安排外的策略。建议酒店企业应采取以下策略(1)通过提高价格增加成本,以作为他们的消费者通行证。(2)减少采用节省劳力的设备和技术方面的总劳动人口。(3)雇用少量的更有效率的员工。(4)代替全职与兼职员工的时间,消除昂贵的附带福利。(5)减少所有全职员工的福
49、利。(6)外包一些功能,例如维修工程。设施管理、经理(调频)将一间酒店的整个维修工程恢复正常。出任务是在设施管理领域的普遍做法,它的用法数量认为是外包(克莱曼,1994)。应当用于资产维护,就必须是知道外包的优点和缺点(达布斯,1992;克莱曼,1994;恩布尔顿和赖特,1998年;哈伯德,1993)。虽然外长希望外包商表现良好,一些外判承办商未能达到预期的性能。外长需要专业的谈判,财政和人际技巧,给供应商或服务供应商实施外包。在整个维修工程的酒店中,设施管理和经理(调频)将恢复正常。利用外包出任务是在设施管理领域中普遍的做法(克莱曼,1994)。当应用于资产维护时,就必须知道外包的优点和缺点(达布斯,1992;克莱曼,1994;恩布尔顿和赖特,1998年;哈伯德,1993)。虽然外长希望外包商表现良好,但是一些外判承办商未能达到预期的性能。外长需要专业谈判的能力以及财政和人际技巧,给供应商实施外包或者向供应商提供服务。如在实践(战术)水平,一旦活动已被作为非核心识别,传统的看法是,通过外包一些的合同安排到外部各方(富勒,2002年)。一个外包的主要挑战是管理服务人员的机会主义,其中威廉森定义机会主义为自我利益与狡诈求风险(威廉森,1975)。该服务活动是很好的门诊任务。这种采购模式是在赞成对的情况下可以降低的总采购成本(威廉姆森,1985)。当