预算在高等教育中遇到的困难:一个领导的讲话[文献翻译].doc

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1、原文BUDGETWOESINHIGHEREDUCATIONACALLFORLEADERSHIPABLOOMBERGNEWSARTICLENOTEDTHAT30STATESHAVEPROPOSED55BILLIONINHIGHEREDUCATIONCUTS,INCLUDING15BILLIONTHATHAVEALREADYOCCURREDATLEAST10STATESARECONSIDERINGDOUBLEDIGITINCREASESINTUITIONATTHEIRPUBLICUNIVERSITIESTHERISINGTUITIONCOSTSCOULDMEANTHATASMANYAS110,00

2、0OFTHE28MILLIONSTUDENTSSLATEDTOGRADUATEFROMHIGHSCHOOLTHISSPRINGMAYNOTBEABLETOAFFORDTOATTENDSTATECOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIESNEXTFALLZIEGLER,2002PRIVATECOLLEGESAREFEELINGTHEPAIN,TOO,WITHHIGHERTUITIONANDREDUCEDMONIESFORSCHOLARSHIPSTHEFINANCIALPROBLEMSFACEDBYACADEMICDEPARTMENTSDONOTAPPEARSHORTTERMINNATUREJO

3、NES,2003SELINGO,2003RAYSCHEPPACH,RESPECTEDECONOMISTANDVETERANEXECUTIVEDIRECTOROFTHENATIONALGOVERNORSASSOCIATION,STATEDTHATWITHOUTMAJORSYSTEMCORRECTIONSINSTATEFUNDINGMECHANISMS,ITISQUITELIKELYTHATTHE40BILLIONWORTHOFBUDGETDEFICITSTHESTATELEGISLATURESNOWFACEMAYBETHEBEGINNINGOF“PERPETUALFISCALCRISISFORS

4、TATEGOVERNMENTSPIERCE,2002FINDINGSAMONGTHE97PARTICIPANTSWHORESPONDEDTOTHESURVEY,THEMAJORITYREPORTEDTHEIRACADEMICUNITSHADEXPERIENCEDBUDGETCUTSORWITHHOLDINGSINTHEPAST24MONTHSOFTHETOTALGROUP,TWOTHIRDS67REPORTEDTHEYHADEXPERIENCEDBUDGETREDUCTIONSANDTHEIRRESPONSESCOMPRISETHEANSWERSTOTHESPECIFICQUESTIONSON

5、HOWBUDGETREDUCTIONSWEREADDRESSEDTHEOTHERONETHIRDOFTHEPARTICIPANTSALSOCOMPLETEDTHEBACKGROUNDINFORMATIONTHATISCITEDINTHEABOVESECTIONBUDGETREDUCTIONSADDRESSEDWITHREGARDTOHOWTHEDEPARTMENTSADDRESSEDTHEIRBUDGETREDUCTIONS,PARTICIPANTSRESPONDEDTOTHREECATEGORIESOFITEMSPERSONNEL,FINANCIAL,CURRICULUMTHEYWEREAS

6、KEDTOIDENTIFYTHEPRIMARYWAYSTHEYDEALTWITHDEPARTMENTBUDGETREDUCTIONSANDTOCHECKALLITEMSTHATAPPLIEDINEACHCATEGORYTHEMOSTCOMMONRESPONSESTRATEGYUSEDRELATEDTOPERSONNELMATTERSWASTONOTFILLOPENPOSITIONS,WITHALMOSTTWOTHIRDSOFTHEDEPARTMENTCHAIRSCITINGTHISASATACTICTHATWASUSEDTHESECONDMOSTCOMMONSTRATEGYWASTOINCRE

7、ASETHEUSEOFADJUNCTS41WITHANALMOSTEQUALNUMBERSTATINGTHEYDECREASEDTHEUSEOFADJUNCTSINTHEIRDEPARTMENTS34JUSTOVERAQUARTERREPORTEDUSINGEARLYRETIREMENTPROGRAMSFORFACULTYORSTAFFABOUTONEFIFTHREPORTEDSTAFFLAYOFFSONTHEIRCAMPUSANDONLYONECHAIRREPORTEDFACULTYLAYOFFSTHEFINANCIALSTRATEGIESTHATWEREREPORTEDSHOWEDAFAI

8、RLYCONSISTENTPATTERNWITHPARTICIPANTSUSINGANUMBEROFSTRATEGIESALMOSTALLREPORTEDREDUCINGOFFICEEXPENSESOREQUIPMENT84ANDSEVENTYPERCENTHADINCREASEDSTUDENTTUITIONORFEESOVERTWOTHIRDSOFTHECHAIRSHADREDUCEDORELIMINATEDTRAVELANDONLYAQUARTERREPORTEDADDINGASPECIALSURCHARGEFORENROLLINGINCOURSESTHESTRATEGIESTHATAFF

9、ECTEDTHECURRICULUMORCLASSOFFERINGSINCLUDEDINCREASINGCLASSSIZE64,REDUCINGTHENUMBEROFCOURSESOFFERED42,ANDREDUCINGPROGRAMS28ATTHISPOINT,ONLYTHREEPERCENTOFTHECHAIRSREPORTEDTURNINGAWAYQUALIFIEDSTUDENTSASMAJORSPARTICIPANTSWRITTENRESPONSESPROVIDEDFURTHERELABORATIONONTHEIRANSWERSASTHEYCOMMENTEDONTHETWOORTHR

10、EEPRIMARYACTIONS,THEIROWNDEPARTMENTSTOOKTODEALWITHBUDGETPROBLEMSTHEIRCOMMENTSWEREORGANIZEDINTOTHEFOLLOWINGNINETHEMESREDUCEDOPERATINGEXPENSESTODEALWITHBUDGETCUTS21REDUCEDPROFESSIONALDEVELOPMENTFORFACULTY17MODIFIEDTHEINSTRUCTIONALCLIMATEFORSTUDENTSBYINCREASINGCLASSSIZEELIMINATINGCOURSES,ORREDUCINGTHEN

11、UMBEROFSTUDENTSADMITTED16CHANGEDTHEWAYADJUNCTFACULTYWEREUSEDORCHANGEDTHENATUREOFEXISTINGPOSITIONS12REDUCEDWORKFORCEBYNOTFILLINGFACULTYORSTAFFVACANCIES12MADEMINORADJUSTMENTS9REVISEDCURRICULUMORCHANGEDORELIMINATEDPROGRAMS6FOCUSEDMOREONGRANTSORUSEDGRANTFUNDSTOADDRESSBUDGETCUTS5CHANGEDFEESTRUCTUREFORSTU

12、DENTS3PRIMARYACTIONSTAKENTHEPRIMARYACTIONSTAKENCAMPUSWIDEWEREMUCHLIKETHOSETHATTHEDEPARTMENTCHAIRSREPORTEDFORTHEIRDEPARTMENTSTHECHAIRSWRITTENCOMMENTSINDICATEDTHEYHADNOTREPLACEDVACANTPOSITIONS22,CUTEXPENSEANDOPERATIONALBUDGETS16,RAISEDTUITIONANDFEES4,REDUCEDTRAVEL9,HIREDFEWERADJUNCTSORUSEDTHEMMOREOFTE

13、N6,ANDELIMINATEDPROGRAMSORINCREASEDCLASSSIZE7THETHEMESWEREVERYSIMILARTOTHOSENOTEDABOVESOTHEYARENOTREPEATEDHOWEVER,THREEADDITIONALTHEMESEMERGEDFREEZINGORCUTTINGSALARIESCREATINGEARLYRETIREMENTPROGRAMSANDFOCUSINGONENROLLMENTINCREASESCHAIRSINPUTTOBUDGETADJUSTMENTSANOTHERQUESTIONTHECHAIRSADDRESSEDRELATED

14、TOTHEDISCRETIONTHEYHADINDETERMININGHOWTOHANDLEBUDGETREDUCTIONSINGENERAL,WHENLOOKINGATTHEMULTIPLERESPONSEITEMS,ALMOSTONEHALF45REPORTEDTHATTHOSEABOVETHEMMADETHEDECISIONSFORTHEDEPARTMENTSINTHEORGANIZATIONANOTHERQUARTER24WASALLOWEDCOMPLETEDISCRETIONANDTHESAMEPERCENTAGEREPORTEDTHATTHEYWEREALLOWEDMAJORINP

15、UTTOTHEDECISIONSLASTLY,ASMALLNUMBERREPORTEDDEPARTMENTDISCUSSIONSORVOTETHATWASPASSEDONTOTHOSEMAKINGTHEFINALDECISIONS7INASSESSINGTHECOMMENTSCHAIRSPROVIDEDWHENTHEYWEREASKEDTOELABORATEONTHEDEPARTMENTSROLESINDECISIONMAKING,MANYCITEDFRUSTRATIONWITHTHEBUDGETCONDITIONSMOSTEXPRESSEDTHEDESIRETOBEMOREINVOLVEDI

16、NMAKINGDECISIONSALTHOUGHASIZEABLENUMBEROFTHECOMMENTSINDICATEDQUITEABITOFLEEWAYINMAKINGLOCALDECISIONSAMONGTHEWRITTENCOMMENTS,FOURGENERALTHEMESEMERGEDALLOWEDTOMAKEDECISIONSATDEPARTMENTALLEVEL12VERYLITTLEORMINIMALINPUTALLOWEDINFINALDECISIONS10DEANSORVICEPRESIDENTSMADETHEDECISIONSEVENTHOUGHCHAIRSMIGHTHA

17、VEHADINPUT9CHAIRSALLOWEDINPUTORVOTETHROUGHDISCUSSIONSORFACULTYREPRESENTATION9OVERALLSCOPEOFBUDGETREDUCTIONSACADEMICDEPARTMENTCHAIRSWEREASKEDTOARTICULATETHEONEBESTSTATEMENTTHATDESCRIBEDTHESCOPEOFTHEIRRECENTBUDGETCUTSANDTHENTOELABORATEWITHCOMMENTSTHERESPONSESINDICATEDABOUTONEFOURTHHADONLYSEENMILDEFFEC

18、TSATTHISPOINTWITHABOUTONEFIFTHCITINGMILD,WITHNOSIGNIFICANTLONGTERMEFFECTSANDANOTHERSIXPERCENTREPORTEDTHOSEABOVETHEMHANDLEDBUDGETCUTSHOWEVER,OVERHALF56REPORTEDSUBSTANTIALCUTS,THOUGHTHEYREPORTEDTHEYWEREABLETODEALWITHTHEMSOFARONLYSEVENPERCENTREPORTEDCUTSSEVEREENOUGHTOENDANGERTHEIRCURRENTMISSIONSANDNOON

19、EREPORTEDDEVASTATINGEFFECTSTHATWOULDREQUIREELIMINATIONOFTHEIRPROGRAMORAMERGERWITHOTHERUNITSINEVALUATINGTHECOMMENTSWRITTENBYTHEACADEMICDEPARTMENTCHAIRSTOELABORATEONTHEIRANSWERS,THEREWEREFOURGENERALCATEGORIESTHATEXPRESSEDTHEEFFECTSTHEBUDGETCUTSHADONTHEIRDEPARTMENTSASWELLASTHEIRCONCERNSFORTHEFUTURECONT

20、INUEDBUDGETCUTSCOULDHAVEASEVEREIMPACTONPROGRAMS7CUTSCURRENTLYAFFECTINGINSTRUCTIONALMISSIONINCLUDINGINCREASEDCLASSSIZEANDREDUCEDOFFERINGS6LACKOFADEQUATERESOURCESANDSUPPLIESTORUNTHEDEPARTMENT5MILDLEVELOFIMPACTSOFARTHATALLOWEDTHEDEPARTMENTTOCONTINUEITSWORK5EFFECTSANDPREDICTIONSIFBUDGETCUTSCONTINUETHENE

21、XTTWOQUESTIONSFOCUSEDONWHATAREASWEREMOSTDRAMATICALLYAFFECTEDANDWHATTHEACADEMICDEPARTMENTCHAIRSFELTFURTHERCUTSWOULDDOTOTHEDEPARTMENTSCURRENTLY,THELARGESTNUMBEROFCHAIRS41FELTTHATPROFESSIONALDEVELOPMENTFORFACULTYWASTHEHARDESTHITTHATWASFOLLOWEDBYAPPROXIMATELYEQUALNUMBERSOFCHAIRSREPORTINGEFFECTSONTEACHIN

22、GORSTUDENTLEARNING22RESEARCHANDSCHOLARLYPRODUCTIVITY17,ANDSTUDENTACCESSTOPROGRAMS16ONLYFIVEPERCENTNOTEDANEFFECTONTHEPRESTIGEOFTHEDEPARTMENTEXAMININGHOWFUTUREBUDGETCUTSMIGHTAFFECTTHEDEPARTMENTPRODUCEDSOMEWHATMOREDRAMATICANSWERSFROMTHEDEPARTMENTCHAIRSINTHISQUESTION,PARTICIPANTSWEREALLOWEDTOCHECKALLARE

23、ASTHATAPPLIEDINSEVERALITEMSALMOSTTWOTHIRDSOFTHECHAIRSREPORTEDTHEPOTENTIALFORREDUCINGTHESCOPEOFPROGRAMS64,INCREASEDTEACHINGLOADS69,ANDLESSRESEARCHPRODUCTIVITYBYFACULTYMEMBERS61FORTYPERCENTOFTHECHAIRSPREDICTEDAMERGERORELIMINATIONOFPROGRAMSANDAPPROXIMATELYONEFOURTHCITEDITEMSSUCHASSHAREDADMINISTRATIVEPO

24、SITIONS23,FEWERRESEARCHGRANTS25,ANDCAPSONENROLLMENTS27OTHERNEGATIVEEFFECTSCITEDBYONEFIFTHORLESSOFTHECHAIRSINCLUDEDFEWERMAJORS19,LOWERNATIONALRANKINGS16,LESSCONTACTWITHINDUSTRY13,ORPROVISIONALORLOSSOFACCREDITATION11INEXAMININGOTHERNEGATIVEEFFECTSNOTLISTEDABOVE,MOSTOFTHEGENERALTHEMESFOCUSEDONFACULTYME

25、MBERSTHREEGENERALTHEMESEMERGEDFROMTHECOMMENTSFEWERFACULTYMEMBERSRESULTEDININCREASEDLOADSFORFACULTY8LOWERFACULTYMORALEANDPROBLEMSRECRUITINGANDRETAININGQUALITYFACULTYMEMBERS5LACKOFADEQUATESUPPLIESORFUNDSTOOPERATEDEPARTMENTORPROGRAMS5FACULTYMORALETHENEXTQUESTIONFOCUSEDONTHEIMPACTTHATTHEBUDGETREDUCTIONS

26、WEREHAVINGONFACULTYMORALEWHILEFACULTYMORALEWASANISSUETHATHADBEENMENTIONEDBYRESPONDENTSINSEVERALEARLIERQUESTIONS,THISQUESTIONFOCUSEDSPECIFICALLYONTHEISSUEANDALLOWEDRESPONDENTSTOPINPOINTTHENATUREOFTHEEFFECTSTHEPARTICIPANTSANSWEREDTHEQUESTIONFACULTYMORALECANBEATTRIBUTEDTOMANYVARIABLESWHATEFFECTHAVETHEB

27、UDGETREDUCTIONSHADONYOURDEPARTMENTSMORALEANSWERSTOTHISQUESTIONCOVEREDTHEENTIRESPECTRUM,EVENSHOWINGTHATDESPITEREDUCTIONS,SOMEFACULTYMEMBERSWEREDOINGQUITEWELLWITHREGARDSTOTHEMORALEISSUETHEREWEREFIVEGENERALTHEMESTHATEMERGEDFACULTYMORALEISSIGNIFICANTLYLOWERDUETOBUDGETCONDITIONS15EFFECTSONMORALEAREMILDFA

28、CULTYHAVEBEENPROTECTED14EFFECTSONMORALEAREMILDBUTANXIETYEXISTSABOUTFUTUREBUDGETREDUCTIONS12GENERALLACKOFTRUSTANDFEELINGUNDERVALUEDAFFECTINGABILITYTODOTHEJOB5MORALEGOODDESPITENEGATIVEIMPACTSACUITYHOLDINGUPQUITEWELLDESPITECUTS5POSITIVERESULTSDURINGTOUGHBUDGETTIMESEVENDURINGTOUGHFINANCIALTIMES,THEREARE

29、POSITIVERESULTSTHATCANOCCURSOMETIMESALACKOFRESOURCESCAUSESACADEMICDEPARTMENTSTOFOCUSONTHEIRMOSTIMPORTANTMISSIONSORPERHAPSGENERATEOTHERCREATIVEIDEASORSOLUTIONSDEPARTMENTCHAIRSRESPONDEDTOAQUESTIONONTHESURVEYTHATASKEDTHEMTOIDENTIFYANYPOSITIVERESULTSORACTIONSTHATHADOCCURREDASARESULTOFBUDGETCUTSONTHISQUE

30、STIONTHEYWEREALLOWEDTOCHECKALLTHATAPPLIEDTHEMAINPOSITIVERESULTOFAUSTERETIMESWASTHATDEPARTMENTSINCREASEDTHEIREFFORTSTOSECUREEXTERNALFUNDS,EITHERBYSEEKINGADDITIONALEXTERNALGRANTS58ORTHROUGHFUNDRAISINGACTIVITIES52APPROXIMATELYTWOFIFTHS42OFTHERESPONDENTSREPORTEDIMPROVINGRETENTIONTHROUGHBETTERSERVICESFOR

31、STUDENTSABOUTONETHIRDOFTHERESPONDENTSREPORTEDDEVELOPINGOREXPANDINGONLINEOFFERINGS34,DEVELOPINGOREXPANDINGNONTRADITIONALMARKETS31,ORUSINGSTAFFBETTER34ABOUTAQUARTEROFTHECHAIRS23REPORTEDINCREASEDLOBBYINGACTIVITIESWITHTHESTATELEGISLATURECHAIRSWEREMORESELECTIVEINPROVIDINGELABORATIONANDONLYAFEWOFFEREDADDI

32、TIONALCOMMENTSONPOSITIVECHANGESMOSTOFTHESERELATEDTOAREEXAMINATIONOFDEPARTMENTPRIORITIESORSTRATEGICPLANNING7ORMOREEFFICIENTUSEOFRESOURCESORBETTERSTRATEGICPLANNING2ADVICEFOROTHERCHAIRSFACINGBUDGETREDUCTIONSACADEMICDEPARTMENTCHAIRSWEREALSOASKEDTOOFFERSOLUTIONSORIDEASTOTHEIRCOLLEAGUESTHATWOULDHELPTHEMLE

33、ADDURINGTOUGHTIMESINRESPONDINGTOTHEQUESTIONWHATADVICEDOYOUHAVEFOROTHERDEPARTMENTCHAIRSFACINGBUDGETREDUCTIONSCHAIRSRESPONDEDWITHAVARIETYOFGENERALADMONITIONSASWELLASSPECIFICIDEASORSUGGESTIONSTHERESPONSESGENERATEDSIXSEPARATETHEMESSPECIFICSUGGESTIONS,STRATEGIESORIDEAS13BUILDINFLUENCEONCAMPUSORWITHEXTERN

34、ALCONSTITUENTS10BEHONEST,SHAREINFORMATIONWITHFACULTY,ANDSEEKFACULTYINPUT7DONTTAKEITPERSONALLYJUSTLIVETHROUGHIT6BEPOSITIVEANDCREATIVE6IDENTIFYANDFOCUSONPRIORITIESANDALIGNMISSIONWITHTHECAMPUS5MOSTIMPORTANTLEADERSHIPACTIONSWHENACADEMICDEPARTMENTCHAIRSWEREASKEDWHATKEYACTIONSTHEYCOULDTAKEASLEADERSDURINGT

35、OUGHFISCALTIMES,THEYRESPONDEDWITHAVARIETYOFSTRATEGIESTHATPROVIDEDIDEASFOROTHERSFACINGTOUGHSITUATIONSTHEYOFFEREDAWIDEVARIETYOFSUGGESTIONSANDTHEIRCOMMENTSCOVEREDNINEDISTINCTTHEMESCOMMUNICATEOPENLYANDHONESTLYANDKEEPEVERYONEFULLYINFORMED18REPLACEHARDMONEYWITHGRANTS,FUNDRAISING,ORLINKAGESTOINDUSTRYPARTNE

36、RS17BEVISIBLEANDINVOLVEDONCAMPUSANDLOBBYONBEHALFOFFACULTY14BECALM,PROVIDEENCOURAGEMENT,ANDCREATEANENVIRONMENTWHEREPEOPLECANSTILLGETTHINGSDONE14LEADBYBELTTIGHTENING,LOOKFORCOSTEFFICIENCIES,ANDSEETHATCUTSAREEQUITABLE11BEPOSITIVEANDUPBEATANDTHINKLONGTERM10FOCUSONDEPARTMENTALPRIORITIESAND“PICKYOURFIGHTS

37、“8BECREATIVEANDNETWORKWITHCOLLEAGUESTODEVELOPPOTENTIALIDEAS5MOSTSIGNIFICANTLEADERSHIPCHALLENGESWHENACADEMICDEPARTMENTCHAIRSWEREASKEDWHATTHEIRMOSTSIGNIFICANTCHALLENGESWEREDURINGTOUGHFISCALTIMES,THEYRESPONDEDOVERWHELMINGLYWITHTHEBARRIERSANDOBSTACLESTHEYFACEDASLEADERSOFTHEIRDEPARTMENTSTHEYPROVIDEDANUMB

38、EROFCOMMENTS,MANYOFWHICHFOCUSEDONCONCERNSFORTHEIRFACULTYMEMBERS,THEQUALITYOFTHEIRPROGRAMS,ANDTHESTUDENTSSEVENSEPARATETHEMESEMERGED,INCLUDINGRECRUITINGANDRETAININGFACULTYMEMBERS21MAINTAININGACADEMICANDPROGRAMQUALITY18USINGRESOURCESWISELY,FOCUSINGONPRIORITIES,ANDDOINGMOREWITHLESS18MAINTAININGMORALEAND

39、MOTIVATINGFACULTYMEMBERS17FINDINGNEWRESOURCES15TRAVEL,PROFESSIONALDEVELOPMENT,ANDRESEARCHANDSCHOLARSHIP14MEETINGSTUDENTSEXPECTATIONSANDINSTRUCTIONALNEEDS13SOURCESTEVENWGRAHAM,2004“BUDGETWOESINHIGHEREDUCATIONACALLFORLEADERSHIP”HTTP/WWWACADEMICLEADERSHIPORG/FALL4PP1译文预算在高等教育中遇到的困难一个领导的讲话彭博新闻指出,30个国家提出

40、削减高等教育预算55亿美元,其中消减15亿美元已经发生。至少有10个州正在考虑在他们的公立大学增加两倍的学费。学费成本的上升可能意味着,从高中毕业的280万学生中的110,000名学生可能无法负担今年春天上州立学院的学费和明年秋天读大学的学费(齐格勒,2002年)。民办高校伴随着较高的学费和奖学金的减少,也感到相当头疼。由学术部门所面临的财政问题不会出现在短期空缺的情况(琼斯,2003年SELINGO,2003)。资深的经济学家和受人尊敬的全国州长协会常务理事,雷表示如果没有修正在国家的资助机制的主要系统,在州议会现在面临的预算赤字400亿美元价值可能是“永久州政府的财政危机的开始(皮尔斯,2

41、002年)。在对97名调查者调查作出的答复中,报告显示,他们在读大学期间大部分经历了过去24个月的预算削减或扣缴。在总组的三分之二的被调查者(67)报告说,从他们的回答的可以得出削减预算所得到解决方案的具体问题。另三分之一的受访者也完成了背景信息的添置,在上面有部分的引用。解决的削减预算关于如何解决他们的部门的预算削减,与被调查者回应了三类项目人事,财务,课程。他们被询问和确认他们所处理各部门的预算削减的主要途径,并检查在每个类别的应用所有项目。他最常见报告研究中反映出的有关人事事项中,职位一项常常出现是不填或空缺。几乎三分之二个部门引用这个策略。第二个最常用的策略是增加附加语(41),说明他

42、们降低了附属物在本部门使用的使用次数的(34)。就在一季度的报告中使用了教师或工作人员提前退的休计划。约五分之一的工作人员在他们的校园报告中被裁员,只有一个教师被裁掉。报告显示参与者使用的财务战略模式相当一致。几乎所有报告是降低办公费用或设备和的增加学生百分之七十学费或费用(84)。超过三分之二的被调查者报告称旅行费用已经减少或消除,只有四分之一的报道增加了对在报读课程的特别附加费。该方式影响了课程和一流的教学设施的购买,同时也包括增加每班学生人数(64),减少所提供的课程的数量(42),并降低方案成本(28)。在这一点上,报告称只有百分之三的学生可以作为专业的优秀学生毕业。被调查者提供的书面

43、答复进一步阐述他们的答案中,有两个或三个主行动的评论自己的部门已采取处理预算问题,大致有以下九个点降低运营开支,以应对预算削减减少了教师专业发展(17)修改了通过消除课程,或降低录取学生人数增加每班学生的教学气氛,(16)改变为使用兼职教师或更改教师其现有教学职位(12)减少了不填写教师或工作人员职位的员工数目(12)作出的微小调整(9)修改课程或更改、取消方案(6)重点用于补助或给予更多的资金以解决预算削减(5)改变了学生收费结构(3)。采取的主要行动主要采取校园区内的行动是很类似的,本部门的人到自己的部门报告的。被调查者书面意见表示,他们并没有取代空缺职位(22),而削减开支和经营预算(1

44、6),提高学杂费(4),减少了旅行(9),雇用更少的杂工或更经常地使用他们(6),减少项目开支或增加每班学生人数(7)。如上所述,上述的题材都非常相似,为使这些问题不再出现。另外三个题材出现了冻结或削减工资创建提前退休方案聚焦入学率增加。职位方面的预算调整另一个问题是校方领导人讨论了如何处理的预算削减与他们的酌情权之间的关系。一般来说,从多方响应的报告来看,几乎有一半(45)报告说,他们上面的经费由组织部门的决定。另外四分之一的报告说(24)他们的费用拥有自由裁量权,并由投入以及完成的百分比决定。最后,少数部门报告(7)的讨论或表决,最后决定通过。领导人评估时所提供的意见,要求在制定决策的部门

45、起到作用,同时许多人对预算的条件直摇头。虽然有相当可观的数字表示在处理当前问题中存在多余的条件,但是大多数人仍然表示希望更多参与决策的意见,其中的书面意见呈现的主要项目如下。允许对同等级各部门提出意见(12);在最后决定中投入最少;院长和副院长的意见也要经过商定;允许教师代表参与讨论或进行投票(9)。总体削减预算的范围要求对学术处职能做出一个最好的声明,阐述其最近的预算削减范围,然后进行详细说明并加以评论。其中约四分之一表示消减预算只有一点轻微的影响,约五分之一表示没有明显的长期影响,另有百分之六以上报告他们可以控制对预算消减。然而,报告称虽然他们可以很快处理,但是仍有超过一半的报告称预算大幅

46、消减。只有百分之七的报告称,削减预算足以严重危害他们目前的任务,但并没有一个报告称预算消减具有破坏性影响。学术系主任在评价他们书面报告的意见时,以下四方面阐明了的消减预算表达的影响他们的部门以及他们对未来的忧虑继续预算削减可能对教学方案严重影响(7)增加每班学生人数以及减少教学工具费用会影响目前教学任务(6),经营部会缺乏足够的资源和物资(5)对该部继续开展工作有着轻度影响(5)。如果继续削减预算,其影响及预测,接下来的两个问题是,预算消减的影响以及学术系主任向有关部门进一步削减预算。目前,人数最多的被调查者认为(41),教师专业发展是受影响最重的。随后是报告显示大多数人认为对教学或学生学习(

47、22)的影响最大。接下来是研究和学术(17),以及学生访问程序(16)。研究在削减预算可能给今后的生产部门所产生的影响是系主任较为关注的问题。在这个问题上,参与者可以检查所有领域的应用。在几个项目中,被调查报告称几乎有三分之二认为(64)减少的方案范围,增加教学负担(69),而较少由教师(61)去研究。百分之四十的被调查者预测兼并或取消的研究方案,大约四分之一指出共享的行政职务(23),减少研究资助(25),以及入学率上限(27)。五分之一或更少的被调查者列举其他负面影响,包括减少专业(19),较低的国家排名(16),较少与企业接触(13),或暂时或信誉(11)。在研究其他负面影响,根据上面列

48、出,对教师的负面影响最为集中。以下为三个方面更少的教师的数量,从而增加了教师的负荷(8)降低了教师的教学士气和所招聘的教师质量下降(5)经营部门缺乏充足的物资或资金来实施方案(5)。学院士气接下来的问题集中在削减预算对教师的士气造成影响。虽然教师的士气是已经由一些受访者在前面的问题在提到过,但这个问题在这里又出现,从而导致受访者得以具体查明影响的性质。受访者在回答这个问题上指出,学院的士气可以归因于很多因素。预算消减对你的部门有什么影响呢这个问题的答案涵盖了整个范围,甚至有些教师认为对其有好的方面的影响,具体包括以下有五点由于预算的减少,教师的士气明显偏低,(15)轻微士气的影响是教师得到了保

49、护(14)温和士气的影响是预算削减存在着对未来的焦虑(12)一般的士气影响是缺乏信任和感情的能力被低估而影响工作(5)尽管士气受到负面影响,但前景还是好的。严格的预算情况下正面的结果即使在艰难的经济时期,也有可能产生积极的结果。有时,一个学术部门由于缺乏充足的资金,通常把重点放在最重要的任务上,或者是其他创意或解决方案。系主任对调查的问题做出回答时,要求他们在因预算削减而发生的影响中找出任何具有积极的结果。在这个问题上,他们被允许调查所有的应用。消减预算主要积极性成果是,各部门加大力度,以确保寻求更多的外部资金(58),或通过外部赠款、筹款活动(52)。大约五分之二的被访者(42)报告通过更好的教育质量,提高学生的记忆。约三分之一的受访者报告称,发展扩大网上教学产品(34),或扩大非传统市场(31),或更好地使用工作人员(34)。大约四分之一的被调查者(23)报告称,增加与国家立法机关进行游说活动。在被调查者提供更多的阐述中,只有少数的在积极变化上提供了补充意见的选择。大部分部门更有效地利用资源来重新制定优先事项(7),或通过调查制定的战略规划(2)。其他被调查者面临预算减少的忠告学术界被调查者也被要求给自己的同事提供解决方案或意见,从而帮助他们过困难时期。你对其他部门都面临预算削减有什么具

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