1、原文THECHINESEGOVERNMENTSNEWAPPROACHTOOWNERSHIPANDFINANCIALCONTROLOFSTRATEGICSTATEOWNEDENTERPRISESINTRODUCTIONDESPITETHREEDECADESOFECONOMICREFORMSINTHEPEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINAPRC,RESTRUCTURINGOFLARGESTATEOWNEDENTERPRISEGROUPSHASPROCEEDEDATASLOWPACEINRECENTYEARSWHILEAVARIETYOFDIFFERENTMEASURESANDREFORMMO
2、DELSHAVEBEENTRIEDSINCETHE1980S,THESEHAVEMOSTLYBEENHALFHEARTEDORUNSUCCESSFULTHEFOUNDINGOFTHESTATEASSETSSUPERVISIONANDADMINISTRATIONCOMMISSIONOFTHESTATECOUNCILSASACIN2003MARKSANEWPHASEINEFFORTSTODEALWITHTHEOUTSTANDINGCHALLENGESANDUNRESOLVEDPROBLEMSOFCHINASSTATEOWNEDENTERPRISESSOESTHEFOUNDINGOFSASACLAU
3、NCHEDAPROCESSOFREDEFININGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCENTRALGOVERNMENTANDTHESOCALLEDCENTRALENTERPRISESTHEKEYSOESTHATHAVEBEENSELECTEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTTOFORMTHEBASISFROMWHICHCHINASFUTURETOPGLOBALCOMPANIESWILLBECREATEDCENTRALENTERPRISESACCOUNTFORTHEBULKOFSOEPROFITSANDAROUNDAQUARTEROFSOECORPORATEINVESTMENTTHISP
4、APERREVIEWSRECENTLEGALANDPOLICYCHANGESANDCASESTUDIESTHATILLUMINATETHECHANGESINTHISRELATIONSHIP,FOCUSINGONTHEISSUESOFSTATEOWNERSHIPANDSTATEFINANCIALCONTROLOVERSOESTHERESEARCHQUESTIONWEASKISTOWHATEXTENTANDTHROUGHWHATARRANGEMENTSDOESTHECHINESECENTRALGOVERNMENTINTENDTOMAINTAINOWNERSHIPANDFINANCIALCONTRO
5、LOFTHECENTRALENTERPRISESTHECHINESEGOVERNMENTSCOMMITMENTTOTHEMARKETVERSUSTHESTATEHASFLUCTUATEDOVERTHECOURSEOFTHEREFORMPERIODINTHEPLANNEDECONOMY,STATEOWNEDENTERPRISESWEREANINTEGRALPARTOFTHESTATEBUDGETINGSYSTEM,WITHALLTHEIRFINANCINGNEEDSBEINGCOVEREDBYTHESTATE,ANDWITHPROFITSANDLOSSESDIRECTLYINCLUDEDINTH
6、ESTATEBUDGETINTHELATE1970S,MORETHANHALFTHEBUDGETREVENUESCAMEFROMSTATEOWNEDENTERPRISESTHELOWINCENTIVESPROVIDEDTOSOEMANAGERSINTHISSYSTEMLEDTHEGOVERNMENTTOEXPERIMENTWITHVARIOUSMODELSOFPROFITRETENTION,SUCHASTHECONTRACTMANAGEMENTRESPONSIBILITYSYSTEM,THROUGHWHICHMANAGERSCOULDRETAINAPARTOFTHEPROFITSAFTERME
7、ETINGGOVERNMENTSETTARGETSFOLLOWINGATAXREFORMIN1994,WHOLLYOWNEDSOESWEREEXEMPTEDFROMPAYINGDIVIDENDSTOTHEGOVERNMENTBETWEENTHENANDNOW,SOESHAVERETAINEDALMOSTALLTHEIRPOSTTAXPROFITSLOCALSASACATTHEPROVINCIALANDCITYLEVELSHANDLESOESWITHINTHEIRRESPECTIVEJURISDICTIONS,WITHINDEPENDENTPOWERSOVERSOESDELEGATEDTOTHE
8、LOCALLEVELFORTHEFIRSTTIMEALTHOUGHTHECENTRALENTERPRISESUNDERSASACMANAGEMENTCOMPRISEONLY159MAJORCOMPANIES,THEIRSIZEANDIMPORTANCETOTHENATIONALECONOMYINMANYRESPECTSSURPASSESTHATOFALLTHEOTHERSOESCOMBINEDCENTRALENTERPRISESACCOUNTFORROUGHLY70OFALLSOEPROFITSENHANCINGFINANCIALCONTROLOVERSTATEINVESTEDENTERPRI
9、SESMAINSTREAMWESTERNVIEWSONTHERELATIVEADVANTAGESOFTHEMARKETVERSUSTHESTATEINALLOCATINGINVESTMENTSEFFICIENTLYHOLDSTHATAMARKETORIENTEDFINANCIALSYSTEM,INGENERAL,ISMOREEFFICIENTINALLOCATINGCAPITALTHANASTATEDOMINATEDFINANCIALSYSTEM,DESPITEOCCASIONALMARKETFAILURESTHECHINESEGOVERNMENTHASTHROUGHOUTTHEREFORMP
10、ERIODHADAPREFERENCEFORACTIVEECONOMICMANAGEMENT,PERHAPSASALEGACYOFTHEPLANNEDECONOMYTHISACTIVEMANAGEMENTHASBEENPARTICULARLYEVIDENTINMACROECONOMICPOLICYANDINBANKLENDINGBASEDONTHECHINESECASE,SOMESCHOLARSHAVEEVENRECENTLYCHALLENGEDTHEPREVAILINGVIEWTHATACENTRALLYMANAGEDFINANCESYSTEMISNECESSARILYLESSEFFICIE
11、NTTHANAMARKETBASEDONEONEOFTHECONSPICUOUSFEATURESOFCHINASDECADESLONGECONOMICGROWTHSPURTISTHEVERYHIGHRATIOOFINVESTMENTTOGDP,EVENCOMPAREDWITHJAPAN,SOUTHKOREAANDTAIWANATASIMILARSTAGEOFECONOMICDEVELOPMENTWHILESOMEECONOMISTSDISAGREEWITHTHECONTENTIONTHATCHINAASAWHOLEOVERINVESTS,THEMAINSTREAMVIEWAMONGSCHOLA
12、RSAPPEARSTOBETHATTHEINVESTMENTALLOCATIONSYSTEMINCHINADOESNOTFUNCTIONWELL,ASNUMEROUSCASESOFOVERINVESTMENTINVARIOUSSECTORSOFTHEECONOMYINDICATERESEARCHHASSHOWNTHATCHINESEDOMESTICCAPITALFLOWSESPECIALLYCAPITALBASEDONLOANSFROMGOVERNMENTLINKEDFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSTENDTOFAVOURRELATIVELYNONPRODUCTIVESOEHEAVY
13、AREASAMAJORSHAREOFBANKLOANSARESTILLDIRECTEDTOWHOLLYORPARTLYSTATEOWNEDENTERPRISESSOESLINKEDTOLOCALGOVERNMENTS,FORPOLITICALRATHERTHANCOMMERCIALREASONS,WITHPRIVATEENTERPRISESRECEIVINGONLY27ORLOANSMUCHOFTHEDISCUSSIONONCHINASOVERHEATINGECONOMYHASFOCUSEDONTHEHIGHPERSONALSAVINGSRATEASANEXPLANATIONFORTHECOU
14、NTRYSHIGHINVESTMENTRATESLESSNOTEDISTHATCHINASCORPORATESAVINGSAREALSOEXCEPTIONALLYHIGHININTERNATIONALCOMPARISON,CURRENTLYSTANDINGATAROUND33OFALLBANKDEPOSITS,ANDOVER60OFGDPCALCULATEDFROMPEOPLESBANKOFCHINAANDPRCNATIONALBUREAUOFSTATISTICSDATAMOREIMPORTANTLY,WITHALLTHEFOCUSONBANKLENDINGASACAUSEOFTHEOVERH
15、EATINGOFTHEECONOMY,ITHASBEENLESSWIDELYRECOGNISEDTHATBANKLENDINGACTUALLYFUNDSONLYARELATIVELYSMALLPROPORTIONOFNEWINVESTMENTDOMESTICALLYRAISEDLOANSFUNDEDONLY188OFFIXEDASSETINVESTMENTFAIIN2005ABIGGERREASONFORCHINASSUPERNORMALINVESTMENTRATESTHANBANKLENDINGBEHAVIOURARECOMPANIESTHATREINVESTMOSTOFTHEIREARNI
16、NGSINNEWINVESTMENTPROJECTS,RATHERTHANDISTRIBUTINGEARNINGSASDIVIDENDSORUSINGTHECASHTOSTRENGTHENTHEIRBALANCESHEETSACCORDINGTOWORLDBANKSCHOLARS,RETAINEDCORPORATEEARNINGSFINANCEALMOST75OFCORPORATEINVESTMENTANDAMOUNTTOAROUND20OFCHINASGDPONEOFTHEMAINDRIVERSOFINVESTMENTINRECENTYEARSHASBEENATRIANGULARRELATI
17、ONSHIPBETWEENSTATEOWNEDCOMPANIESWITHSEMIMONOPOLISTICFEATURESENABLINGWINDFALLPROFITS,CENTRALGOVERNMENTHESITANCYTOWARDSIMPOSINGHARDBUDGETCONSTRAINTSONSOESANDCOLLECTINGDIVIDENDSFROMTHEM,ANDLOCALGOVERNMENTSLOCKEDINHEATEDCOMPETITIONFORGDPGROWTHANDPRONETOLOCALPROTECTIONISMWHILETHEREARESTILLMANYLOSSMAKINGS
18、OES,THESTATEOWNEDPARTOFTHEECONOMYHAS,ONTHEWHOLE,BEENPRODUCINGSOLIDPROFITSINRECENTYEARS,WITHSOEPROFITSMULTIPLYINGBOTHINABSOLUTETERMSANDRELATIVETOTHESIZEOFTHEECONOMYANDGOVERNMENTREVENUESOMECORNERSOFTHESTATEOWNEDECONOMYAREAWASHWITHCASHANDWITHEVERYINCENTIVETOREINVESTTHEIRPROFITS,BUTOFTENWITHINADEQUATEPR
19、OCEDURESFORREACHINGSOUNDREINVESTMENTDECISIONSASACONSEQUENCE,PROFITSHAVEOFTENBEENPLOUGHEDINTOUNPROFITABLEMANYAMONGTHEMASSOFSMALLERSOESARESTILLLOSSMAKINGORBARELYBREAKEVENTHEBULKOFSOEPROFITSAREMADEINAHANDFULOFBIGSOES,ALMOSTALLOFWHICHARECENTRALENTERPRISESTHEBIGGESTINDUSTRIALPROFITSINCHINA,BOTHABSOLUTELY
20、ANDINRELATIVETERMS,ARECURRENTLYMADEINSECTORSOFTHEECONOMYTHATAREDOMINATEDBYSTATEOWNEDENTERPRISES,SUCHASTHEOILANDPETROCHEMICAL,ENERGYANDMETALINDUSTRIESSEVERALOFTHESEINDUSTRIESRETAINSEMIMONOPOLISTICFEATURES,DOMINATEDASTHEYAREBYAHANDFULOFSOESANDOFTENSHIELDEDFROMCOMPETITIONBYADMINISTRATIVEANDLEGALMEASURE
21、STHESTEELINDUSTRYISDIFFERENTINTHISRESPECTWHILETHEBIGGESTCOMPANIESINTHESTEELINDUSTRY,TOO,ARESOES,THEINDUSTRYALSOHASNUMEROUSSMALLERPLAYERS,ANDPROFITMARGINSARETHEREFORETHINNERIFCOMPANIESHAVEADEQUATEINTERNALSYSTEMSINPLACETOEVALUATETHEPROFITABILITYOFFUTUREINVESTMENTPROJECTS,REINVESTMENTOFPROFITSORRAISING
22、OFFUNDSFORINVESTMENTSHOULDNOTBEACAUSEFORGOVERNMENTCONCERNBUTWHILETHEQUALITYOFMANAGEMENTANDCORPORATEGOVERNANCEHAVEIMPROVEDOVERTHEYEARS,MANYSOESSTILLMAKEINVESTMENTSTHATAREEITHERILLADVISEDINTERMSOFTHEIRCORPORATEFOCUS,UNPROFITABLE,ORDOWNRIGHTCORRUPTTHEHIGHPROFITABILITYENJOYEDBYSOMECENTRALENTERPRISESISOF
23、TENCONVERTEDINTONEWINVESTMENT,ASENTERPRISESAREABLETORETAINALARGERPARTOFTHEIRPROFITSTHANTHEIRPEERSINTHEWESTWOULD,GIVENTHATTHECHINESEGOVERNMENTCURRENTLYDOESNOTCOLLECTDIVIDENDSONPOSTTAXPROFITSFURTHERMORE,GIVENSOFTBUDGETCONSTRAINTS,COMPANIESOFTENHAVEAMPLEINCENTIVESTOREINVESTPROFITSINVESTMENTISTHEREFOREK
24、EPTATANABNORMALLYHIGHLEVELCHINESECENTRALGOVERNMENTAPPEARSTOHAVELOSTFAITHINTHEABILITYOFSOESTOREINVESTPROFITSPRUDENTLYSASACAPPEARSTOHARBOURTHEIDEATHATTHEYCANDOABETTERJOBINGUIDINGSTATEINVESTMENTTHANCOMPANYMANAGEMENTCAN,ATLEASTATTHESTRATEGICLEVELCONSEQUENTLY,AFEWYEARSBACKSASACSETABOUTDEVELOPINGACOMPREHE
25、NSIVEFRAMEWORKFORGUIDINGSOECAPITALALLOCATIONDECISIONS,INPARTICULARASREGARDSINVESTMENTSANDDIVIDENDSHOWEVER,THESPECIFICSOFTHEPROJECTRELEASEDTOTHEPUBLICHAVECOMEINALONGTRICKLEWITHSUBSTANTIALUNCERTAINTIESSTILLREMAININGADECISIONTOCOLLECTDIVIDENDSFROMSOESWASAPPARENTLYALREADYMADEIN2005SOMEPROVINCIALANDMUNIC
26、IPALSASACOFFICES,INCLUDINGATLEASTBEIJING,SHANGHAIANDSHENZHEN,HAVEALREADYGAINEDOPERATIONALCONTROLOVERLOCALSOEBUDGETSANDPROFITSASAPILOTEXERCISEPRIORTOEXTENDINGTHESAMEPRACTICETOTHENATIONALLEVELINDECEMBER2006,THEFINANCEMINISTERANNOUNCEDTHATIN2007DIRECTLYSTATECONTROLLEDCENTRALENTERPRISESASWELLASLOCALENTE
27、RPRISESWOULDBEGINTOCOMPILETHESTATEASSETSMANAGEMENTBUDGETONATRIALBASISEVENTUALLY,THESYSTEMWILLALSOCOVERSTATEINVESTEDFINANCIALINSTITUTIONS,INCLUDINGTHESCBSHOWEVER,THEDECISIONTOSTARTCOLLECTINGDIVIDENDSGAVERISETOSTRONGDISPUTESDUETOCONFLICTSOFINTERESTTHEPRINCIPALPROTAGONISTSWERESASAC,WHICHORIGINALLYWANTE
28、DCONTROLOVERALLORMOSTSOEDIVIDENDS,THEMINISTRYOFFINANCE,WHICHWANTEDTHEPROCEEDSINCLUDEDINTHEREGULARSTATEBUDGET,ANDSOEMANAGERSWHOMOREORLESSOPPOSEDTHEWHOLEIDEAINTHEINTRABUREAUCRACYWRANGLING,THEMOFBARGAININGPOSITIONWOULDAPPEARTOBESTRONGER,ASSASACDECISIONSSTILLNEEDTOBECOUNTERSIGNEDBYTHEMOFINORDERTOTAKELEG
29、ALEFFECTINJUNE2006,CHINESENEWSPAPERSREPORTEDTHATAGENERALAGREEMENTHADBEENREACHEDBETWEENSASACANDTHEMOF,WHEREBYTHEMOFWOULDCONTINUETOHAVEOVERALLCONTROLOVERSOEFINANCES,WHILECENTRALSASACWOULDGETCONTROLOFTHEPROCEEDSFROMCENTRALLEVELENTERPRISEDIVIDENDSANDASSETSALESHOWEVER,ASRECENTLYASSEPTEMBER2006,MOFANDSASA
30、COFFICIALSSTATEMENTSONTHEISSUEAPPEAREDTOCONTRADICTEACHOTHERLIRONGRONGHASNEVERTHELESSREVEALEDTHATINORDERTOENSURECONSISTENCYINSTATEBUDGETINGANDSOMEOVERSIGHTOFSASACSUSEOFFUNDS,THEMOFWILLBERESPONSIBLEFORAPPROVINGSASACSBUDGETFORSTATEASSETS,WHICHWILLTHENFORMAPARTOFTHEGENERALCENTRALGOVERNMENTBUDGETITHASALS
31、OBEENANNOUNCEDTHATTHEGENERALPRINCIPLESONSOEDIVIDENDSWILLBEPUBLISHEDSOON,WITHDETAILEDREGULATIONSTOFOLLOWLATERASFORTHEAMOUNTOFDIVIDENDSTOBECOLLECTED,THEREISNOCERTAINTYASYETCHINESESTATEMEDIAHASREPEATEDLYREPORTEDTHATARATIOOF20OFNETPROFITSHASBEENAPPLIEDINTHETRIALLOCATIONSBEIJINGANDSHANGHAIIN2006FUJIANPRO
32、VINCIALMEDIAHAVEALSOREPORTEDTHEFIGUREOF20OFDISTRIBUTABLEPROFITSHOWEVER,THISWASSAIDTOBEAMINIMUMLEVELFORDIVIDENDS,THEPRECISEAMOUNTBEINGDETERMINEDINEACHINSTANCEBYTHEPROVINCIALSASACBASEDONGENERALSTATEASSETRESTRUCTURINGNEEDSANDTHESPECIFICCIRCUMSTANCESOFEACHENTERPRISEASSUMINGA20GENERALDIVIDENDRATEWEREALSO
33、TOBEAPPLIEDTOCENTRALENTERPRISES,THATWOULDGIVESASACAMPLEAMMUNITIONTOTACKLEINDUSTRIALRESTRUCTURING,PROVIDINGATLEASTEUR10BILLIONANNUALLY,ATCURRENTPROFITABILITYLEVELSHOWEVER,ANOILCOMPANYEXECUTIVEWASRECENTLYQUOTEDASSAYINGTHATSASACWOULDCOLLECTONLY58OFTHEPROFITSOFTHEMAINOILCOMPANIESLIRONGRONGRECENTLYMENTIO
34、NEDTHATDIFFERENTDIVIDENDLEVELSWILLBEDETERMINEDANDAPPLIEDBASEDONENTERPRISECATEGORISATIONSDIVIDENDRATIOSWILLMOSTLIKELYBEDETERMINEDACCORDINGTOSPECIFICCIRCUMSTANCESJUDGINGFROMTHEDIVIDENDDEBATESOFAR,THEDECISIONONWHICHINSTITUTIONGAINSCONTROLOVERTHEDIVIDENDS,ANDTOWHATEXTENT,WILLHAVEANEFFECTONTHESTATESFUTUR
35、ESPENDINGPRIORITIESTHEMOFAPPEARSTOBEFAVOURINGUSINGTHEBULKOFTHEDIVIDENDINCOMETOFUNDTHENATIONALCOUNCILFORSOCIALSECURITYFUNDNCSSFCREATEDIN2000,WHILESASACWOULDRATHERSPENDTHEMONEYONITSOWNPRIORITYAREAS,NAMELYRESTRUCTURINGDOMESTICINDUSTRIES,INVESTINGINNEWSTRATEGICINVESTMENTPRIORITIESANDFUNDINGPUBLICWORKSPR
36、OJECTSITHADEARLIERBEENREPORTEDTHAT10OFGOVERNMENTHELDSHARESINLISTEDSOESWOULDBETRANSFERREDTOTHENCSSF,THEREBYALLOWINGTHEFUNDTOCOLLECTDIVIDENDSDIRECTLY,ANDCENTRALSASACHADINSTRUCTEDLOCALSASACSTOSTUDYTHEPOSSIBILITYSASACAPPEARSTOHAVECONCLUDEDTHATTHISPLANISNOTTHEBESTOPTIONSASACRECENTLYANNOUNCEDTHATITDOESNOT
37、SUPPORTTRANSFERRINGSHARESDIRECTLYTOTHENCSSF,ASTHISMAYENDANGERITSGOALOFMAINTAININGABSOLUTESTATECONTROLINCERTAININDUSTRIESINSTEAD,SASACWOULDPREFERMAKINGCASHCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHENCSSFFROMTHEDIVIDENDEARNINGSITRECEIVESMEANWHILE,SASACSENCOURAGEMENTOFFULLSTOCKMARKETLISTINGSANDITSINTENTIONTOASSUMEDIRECTOWNERSH
38、IPINSOMELISTEDSOESMAYBEAWAYTOALLOWCENTRALGOVERNMENTTOCOLLECTDIVIDENDSDIRECTLYFROMTHEPROFITABLELISTEDSOES,RATHERTHANINDIRECTLYTHROUGHTHEIRNONLISTEDPARENTCOMPANIESINADDITION,INCONJUNCTIONWITHSASACSGOALOFLISTINGRELATEDBUSINESSESWITHINANENTERPRISECOMPREHENSIVELYONTHEMARKET,COMPANIESWITHSEPARATELYLISTEDS
39、UBSIDIARIESTHATDONOTFALLWITHINTHECOREBUSINESSAREASWILLPROBABLYBEPRESSEDTODIVESTTHESENONCORESUBSIDIARIES,ASSINOPECHASALREADYDONEINSOMECASESSOURCEMIKAELMATTLIN,2007“THECHINESEGOVERNMENTSNEWAPPROACHTOOWNERSHIPANDFINANCIALCONTROLOFSTRATEGICSTATEOWNEDENTERPRISES”BANKOFFINLAND,INSTITUTEFORECONOMIESINTRANS
40、ITIONNO10PP3443译文中国政府对所有权的新方法和国有企业的财务控制战略介绍尽管近三十年的经济改革在人民共和国的中国(中华人民共和国)的大型国有企业集团重组,几十年来一直进行得比较缓慢。虽然有各种不同措施的改革模式在20世纪80年代以来有所尝试,但这些大多是三心二意或不成功的。成立于2003年的国有资产监督管理委员会国务院(国资委)正处在努力解决悬而未决的挑战和中国的国有企业(国有企业)未解决问题的新阶段。国资委成立以来重新界定了中央与所谓的中央企业的关系那些被政府选定,中国未来的全球顶级公司将被创建在这基础上形成重点国有企业。中央企业占国有企业利润的大部分,和国有企业公司投资的四分
41、之一。本文回顾了最近几年法律和政策的变化以及案例研究,阐明这种关系的变化,重点对国有企业的国家所有权和国家财政控制问题进行研究。我们问的是到什么程度,通过什么安排使中央政府意愿保持所有权和中央企业的财务控制在改革期间中方政府针对该国市场波动不断做出承诺。在计划经济体制下,国有企业是国家的预算管理制度的一个组成部分,它们所有的资金需求都是由国家负担,利润和损失都直接计入国家预算。在20世纪70年代末,超过一半的预算收入来自国有企业。提供给国有企业在这个系统中的管理人员的激励低导致政府试验的各种型号的利润留成,如承包责任制,管理人员可以通过这些会议保留政府既定的目标利润中的一部分。这是继1994年
42、税制改革后,独资国有企业免征支付红利给政府。过去和现在,国有企业都保留几乎所有的税后利润。当地国资委在省、市各管辖范围内处理国有企业时,拥有自主授权给地方一级的国有企业来说这还是第一次。虽然根据国资委管理的中央企业只有159间大公司,但其规模和对国民经济的重要性已经超过了其他所有的国有企业的总合。中央企业约占全部国有企业70的利润。加强国有企业的财务控制西方主流观念对市场与政府的相对优势,在分配投资效率上的意见是,以市场为导向的财务体系,一般来说,在分配上比国家主导的财务体系更有效率,尽管偶尔会有市场失灵。中国政府在整个改革期间,对可能作为计划经济遗留下来的经济管理活动有偏好。这种积极的管理表
43、现在宏观经济政策和银行贷款中尤为明显。在中国情况的基础上,最近有一些学者甚至提出质疑普遍的看法即中央管理的财务体系一定要比以市场为基础的效率高。中国几十年长期的经济增长的突出特点之一是,投资占GDP的比例非常高。即使与日本,韩国和台湾相比是在经济发展的一个类似阶段。虽然是一些经济学家不同意的论点,即中国是作为一个整体的过度投资,学者们之间的主流看法似乎是,投资分配制度在中国不起作用。许多过度投资的案件在各经济部门的研究表明,中国国内的资本流动尤其是资本在政府相关金融机构的贷款,比较倾向于非生产性国有企业为主的地区。银行贷款的主要份额仍然向全部或部分国有企业与当地政府,因为政治问题而不是商业原因
44、,私营企业只有27接受贷款。关于中国经济过热的讨论大部分集中在较高的个人储蓄作为国家的高投资水平的解释率。没有注意到的是,中国的企业储蓄也格外的比国际水平高,目前大约有33全部银行存款的地位,超过GDP的60(由中国人民银行,中国和中华人民共和国国家统计局的数据计算)。更重要的是,所有因为经济过热导致的对银行贷款,却没有被那么普遍的认为,银行贷款的资金实际上只是一个比例相对较小新投资。国内被提高的贷款在2005年只资助了188的固定资产投资(FAI)。超常规投资中国银行贷款利率的一个更主要的原因是,公司再投资于新的投资项目的收益最大,而不是将盈利作为股息派发或使用现金以加强其资产负债表。根据世
45、界银行的学者,留存公司盈利企业融资近75的投资额约有20的中国国内生产总值(GDP)。对近年来投资的主要驱动力之一是一个三角关系和国有企业半垄断暴利有利。中央政府对国有企业实行硬预算约束,对国有企业收取股息,对实施困难犹豫不决。另外地方政府锁定激烈的竞争导致国内生产总值增长和地方保护主义倾向形成。虽然尚有许多亏损的国有企业,但从整体而言,近几年开始生产固体与国有企业利润成倍的绝对值和相对于经济和政府规模的收入。对国有经济的某些角落充斥着现金,并激励每一个他们的利润再投资,但达成的声音和再投资的决策程序往往不足。因此,利润往往只能被投入做赔钱生意。其中规模较小的国有企业中有许多仍然亏损或勉强收支
46、平衡。国有企业利润的大部分主要来自少数的大型国有企业,几乎所有这些都是中央企业。最大的工业利润在中国,无论是绝对还是相对而言,目前主导经济的是国有企业,如石油,石化,能源和金属工业。这些产业都若干地保留半垄断的特征,因为它们是由占主导地位的国有企业提供行政和法律措施,来保护竞争。钢铁行业在这方面是不同的。而在钢铁行业中最大的公司,也都是国有企业,但行业内也有大量更小的成员,利润因此更薄。如果公司有足够的内部制度到位,以评估未来的盈利能力进行项目投资,或者为增加利润的投资筹集资金,不应该成为政府关注的原因。但是,当质量管理和公司治理已经改善了多年以后,许多国有企业仍然轻率地根据他们公司的重点进行
47、投资,无利可图,或者彻头彻尾的从腐败方面提供意见。部分高盈利能力的中央企业享有经常能转化为新的投资,因为企业可以比西方同龄人保留其利润更大的一部分。鉴于中方政府目前不会收集税后利润分红,此外,由于软预算约束,企业往往有足够的诱因将利润进行再投资。因此,投资保持在异常高的水平。中国中央政府似乎已经失去了对国有企业的利润进行再投资能力的信心。国资委似乎能想到他们可以在指导国家投资公司的管理中,至少比在战略层面的工作做得更好。因此,几年前国资委着手制定了一个指导国有企业的资金分配的决策,特别是关于投资和红利的全面框架。然而,向公众公布该项目的具体情况来仍然在很长的一段时间内具有不确定性。在2005年
48、作出了一个决定,从国有企业收取红利。一些省,市国资委办公室,其中至少包括北京,上海和深圳,已经获得了对地方国有企业预算和利润的运行控制,同样的做法扩大到国家一级行使经营控制。2006年12月,财政部长宣布,2007年直接由国家控制的中央企业以及地方企业将开始试行编制国有资产经营预算。最后,这个系统也将覆盖国家投资的金融机构,包括国有商业银行。然而,决定开始收取股息引起了强烈的利益冲突的争端。国资委的主要角色是原本想控制所有或大多数国有企业的分红和财务部,要求将经常收益纳入国家预算。国有企业经理或多或少都反对这个想法。在内部的官僚谈判后,财政部的地位似乎更强,作为国资委的决定仍需要由财政部签署,
49、以发生法律效力。2006年6月,中国报纸报道,国资委和财政部之间达成了一个广泛协议。据此,财政部将继续对国有企业的财政状况有全面控制,而中央国资委将得到来自中央级企业分红和资产收益的销售控制。然而,最近在2006年9月,在这个问题上财政部和国资委官员的发言似乎相互矛盾。据李荣融透露,为了确保连贯一致的状态预算和监督一些国资委的资金使用,财政部将负责审批国资委的国有资产,这将会形成一个一般性中央预算的部分预算。另据宣布,国有企业分红的一般原则即将在以后公布详细的法规。至于所收集的股息金额,也尚未确定。中国官方媒体曾多次报道说,20的净利润率已经应用于2006年北京和上海的审判地点。福建省媒体也报道了可分配利润20的数字。这被说成是分红的最低水平,以一定的具体数量由国资委基于通用国有资产重组的需要和每一个企业的具体情况而定。假设20的股息率一般也适用于中央企业,国资委将给予足够的弹药来解决产业结构调整,提供至少达100亿欧元,每年按当年的盈利水平。然而,一家石油公司的总裁最近曾表示,国资委将只收集各主要石油公司58的利润。李荣融近日表示不同的股利水平将确定并应用,基于企业分类方法,分红率将极有可能根据具体情况而定。单从股息辩论到目前为止,关于决定在哪种机构获得控制权的股息,以及在何种程度上将会对国家的未来支出的优先次