1、 外文翻译 原文 Determination of Metals in Seafood and Fish in Southwest Louisiana Material Source: Applied Spectroscopy Reviews,42:2342,2007 Author: Sneddon Seafood and fish remain a major source of food for much of the world. It also has a major economical impact for many countries and regions. An exampl
2、e of this from the geographical area of the authors of this review highlights this: Louisiana is one of the most productive estuaries in the continental United States in the commercial production of shrimp, menhaden (fish), oysters, crayfish (also known as crawfish and crawdads), crab, mussels, and
3、other marine species. It also has a growing and significant population of alligators. Alligator meat is now readily available in Louisiana. Louisiana is also known as a “Sportsman Paradise” because of the large recreational fishing as well as significant commercial fishing. For example, the shrimp i
4、ndustry is worth over three hundred and fifty million dollars per year and the crayfish industry in excess of one hundred million dollars per year in Louisiana. The discovery of oil and gas in the coastal zone in the United States has led to large-scale drilling both on shore and in the Gulf of Mexi
5、co region. During the 1940s, refining of fossil fuels and production of chemicals became a national emergency and a number of locations in Louisiana (as well as other geographical regions in this general area) were chosen to develop this industry. This area was chosen because of its abundance of fre
6、sh- water, deep-water ports and remoteness from imminent attack. The need to produce these products and the absence of environmental regulations led to widespread metal (and organic) pollution. Since the early 1970s stronger regu- lations and quicker response have been in place for accidental spills
7、 of chemicals, refined chemicals, and oil. These spills can pollute the waters, soils, and sediments, which are the main feeding grounds of the wildlife and seafood and can enter the food cycle. This review presents the results of a number of selected studies of metals in various fish and seafood ma
8、inly in southwest Louisiana. While the primary focus is in southwest Louisiana, the results could easily be representative of a number of similar areas throughout the world. Results of some studies in nearby Texas through Mississippi and Florida are presented for completeness. In some cases, the stu
9、dies were performed for toxicological purposes and for the prediction of metal concentrations. Some studies also involved organic chemicals and are included for completeness. Others involved the determination of metals in soils and sediments with the concern that it would eventually enter the seafoo
10、d cycle. Finally, selected results from around the United States and the world are presented. Previous publications (1 4) describe the analytical techniques (mostly atomic spectroscopy), including sample preparation, used for metal determination. Determination of Metals in Seafood and Fish Mississip
11、pi and to the south by the Gulf of Mexico. The coastal region in the west is bounded by the Mississippi River. The coast comprises a distance of approximately 400 miles but also has large open marshland, swamps, lakes, and numerous bayous (bodies of water that are not noticeably moving).They are tid
12、e dependent from the Gulf of Mexico. Due to this, large fluctuations in the salinity of the marshes and bayous ranging from fresh-water(0 parts per thousand) through brackish water (approximately 22 parts per thousand) and strictly saltwater (approximately 35 parts per thousand) are not uncommon. A
13、more detailed discussion of this area including maps is described elsewhere (1, 2). A site location within southwest Louisiana is of interest and is representative of many areas around the world where seafood sources and industry are in the same area. Bayou dInde is located in the northern part of t
14、he Calcasieu Estuary, west of the city of Lake Charles in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana (1). Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the area. Bayou dIndes headwaters originate in the western part of Sulphur, Louisiana, and flow primarily east-southeast through heavy commercial and industrial areas, emp
15、tying into the Calcasieu Ship Channel west of Lake Charles. Bayou dInde is a tidally influenced wetland bayou that flows through or adjacent to property owned by Citgo Petroleum (Citgo), OxyChemCorporation (OxyChem), Firestone Synthetic Rubber and Latex Company (Firestone), Westlake Polymers Corpora
16、tion (Westlake Polymers), Browning-Ferris Industries (BFI), Certain-Teed Products Corporation (Certain-Teed),and Pittsburgh Paint and Glass Industries (PPG). These facilities are all active. The land around Bayou dInde includes undeveloped wooded marshland, rural residential, commercial, and heavy i
17、ndustrial property. Rural residential and underdeveloped woodland areas border the bayou northwest and upgradient of the industrial area. Heavy industry dominates the middle and southern reaches of Bayou dInde on both sides. Several of the industries have wastewater outfalls permitted under the Nati
18、onal Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Permitted discharges to Bayou dInde include outfalls belonging to Citgo, OxyChem, Firestone, Westlake Polymers, BFI, Certain-Teed, and PPG. In addition, PPG discharges wastewater to Bayou dInde via the PPG Canal, which enters the bayou approximate
19、ly one mile upstream of the Calcasieu Ship Channel. These discharges (current and historic), stormwater runoff, and accidental releases have contributed to organic and inorganic impacts to surface water, sediment, and biota within the Bayou dInde area of concern. Although Bayou dInde is not used as
20、a drinking water source, the estuary surface waters have been designated by the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality as supporting primary contact recreation, secondary contact recreation, and fish and wildlife propagation. Bayou dInde supports recreational fishing and has several delineate
21、d wetlands that are considered sensitive environments. Health advisories warning of contaminated fish consumption have been issued for the Calcasieu Estuary including Bayou dInde. The Bayou dInde area of concern has not been proposed for inclusion on the National Priorities List (NPL), but the entir
22、e Calcasieu Estuary has been the subject of environmental studies dating back to the early 1970s. METALS IN SEAFOOD IN SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA A site-specific evaluation of mercury toxicity was conducted for sediments of the Calcasieu River estuary by Sferra et al. (6). Ten-day whole-sediment toxicity t
23、ests assessed survival and growth (dry weight) of the amphipods Hyalella azteca and Leptocheirus plumulosus under estuarine conditions (10 parts per thousand salinity). A total of 32 sediment samples were tested for toxicity, including 14 undiluted site sediment samples and 6 sediment dilution serie
24、s. All sediment samples were analyzed for total mercury and numerous other chemical parameters, including acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM). No toxicity attributable to Hg was observed, indicating that a site-specific threshold for total Hg toxicity to amphipods e
25、xceeds 4.1 mg/kg dry weight. Site-specific factors that may limit Hg bioavailability and toxicity include relatively high sulfide levels. Additionally, the chemical extractability of Hg in site sediments was low, as indicated by SEM Hg analyses for three sediment samples contained a range of total H
26、g concentrations. Discharges from chemical and petrochemical manufacturing facilities have contaminated portions of Louisianas Calcasieu River estuary with a variety of organic and inorganic (metal) contaminants. As part of a special study, sediment toxicity testing was conducted by Redmond et al. (
27、7) to assess potential impact to the benthic community. Ten-day flow-through sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Ampelisca abdita revealed significant toxicity at 68% (26 of 38) of the stations tested. Ampelisca abdita mortality was highest in the effluent-dominated bayous, which are tributari
28、es to the Calcasieu River. Mortality was correlated with total heavy metal and total organic compound concentrations in the sediments. Ancillary experiments showed that sediment interstitial water salinity as low as 2.5 ppt did not significantly affect Ampelisca abditas response in the flow through
29、system; sediment storage for 7 weeks at 48C did not significantly affect toxicity. Sediment toxicity to Ampelisca abdita was more prevalent than receiving water toxicity using three short-term chronic bioassays. Result suggest that toxicity testing using this amphipod is a valuable tool when assessi
30、ng sediments containing complex contaminant mixtures and for assessing effects of pollutant loading over time. In conjunction with chemical analyses, the testing indicated that the effluent-dominated brackish bayous (Bayou dInde and Bayou Verdine) were the portions of the estuary most impacted by to
31、xicity. Studies conducted in the vicinity of an industrial outfall in the Calcasieu River estuary, Louisiana, have shown that water, bottom and suspended sediment, and 4 species of biota are contaminated with halogenated organic compounds (HOC) including haloarenes (9). A salting-out effect in the e
32、stuary moderately enhanced the partitioning tendency of the contaminants into biota and sediments. Contaminant concentration in water, suspended sediments, and biota were far below the values predicted on the basis of the assumption of phase equilibrium with respect to concentrations in bottom sedim
33、ent. Relative concentrations factors of HOC between biota (catfish) and bottom sediment increased with increasing octanol/estuarine water partition coefficients (Kow ), maximizing at log Kow of approximately 5, although these ratios were considerably less than equilibrium values. In contrast, contam
34、inant concentrations in water, biota, and suspended sediments were much closer to equilibrium values. Bio-concentration factors of HOC determined on the basis of lipid content for 4 biotic species correlated reasonably well with equilibrium triolein/water partition coefficients (Ktw). Mercury (II) c
35、hloride, phenylmercuric acetate (PMA), CdCl2, SeO2,As2O3, and Pb(NO3)2 were tested individually in laboratory static bioassays by Krishnaji et al. (10) using artificial seawater to assess the 24- to 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC-50) values in S. serrata. As indicated by 96-h LC-50 values PMA
36、 was the most toxic and Pb(NO3)2 the least toxic. CdCl2 showed a 6.6-fold increase in toxicity with increase in the time of exposure from 24 to 96 h. Marked histopathological changes were noticed in the hepatopancreas and gill of S. serrata exposed to acute 96-h LC-50 values of these metal compounds
37、. Long-term exposure (30-day) to sublethal concentrations of Hg and Cd brought about degenerative changes in the heaptopancreas and gill of exposed animals. Extensive cellular proliferation (hyperplasia) of secondary lamellae accompanied by cyst formation and necrotic regions were often seen in the
38、gills of Cd-treated crabs. Interestingly enough, the free amino acid pool from muscle and hepatopancreas of treated animals, either after acute or long-term exposure, did not show any reduction in number or quantity. CONCLUSION Seafood will remain a stable diet for many of the world. It will co-exis
39、t with many industries and continue to be a concern for contamination. Natural disasters such as Hurricane Rita, which hit southwest Louisiana on September 24, 2005, and accidental oil spill such as occurred in the Calcasieu waterway in July 2006 will impact the seafood. Continuous monitoring for me
40、tals and other contaminants will continue to be required and desired. 译文 测定路易斯安那州西南海鲜和鱼类的金属含量 资料来源 :应用光谱学评论 ， 23-42， 2007 作者： Sneddon 海鲜和鱼类仍是世界上许多国家的主要食物来源，它还影响这些国家的经济。拿一个作者强调的审查过的作为例子：路易斯安那州是美国大陆最大的生产虾、鲱鱼、牡蛎，小龙虾 (也被称为虾，克劳达 )，蟹，蚌，还有其他海洋物种的商业河口之一；鳄鱼的数量也有显著的增长。鳄鱼肉在路易斯安那州也能很容易找到，路易斯安那也被称为一个“运动员天堂”因为大娱乐
41、的捕鱼以及重大商业捕鱼。例如，在路易斯安那虾产业每年价值 在三百五十万美元，而下龙虾每年的产值在一亿美元。 美国沿海地带发现的石油和天然气导致在墨西哥湾地区大规模钻探。在 19世纪 40 年代，化石燃料和化学品的精炼生产成为全国紧急状态并且在路易斯安那州的一些地点（以及其他与此一般地区的地理区域）选择这个行业发展。这些地区被选中的原因是其丰富的淡水资源、深水港和远离被进攻的危险。因为需求而生产这些产品然而缺乏环保意识导致重金属的污染。自 20 世纪 70 年代初，法律强制规定和快速反应、精细化工、石油在化学品泄漏事故中的沿用。这些泄露会污染水、土壤和沉下积物，它们是野生动物和海 鲜的主要觅食地
42、并可进入人的食物链。 这个观点表达的是大多鱼类的金属含量的结果，海鲜大多数在路易斯安那州的西南部。虽然主要集中在路易斯安那州西南部，但很容易成为一些领域的类似世界各地的代表。通过密西西比河和德克萨斯州罗里达州附近的一些研究结果被完整的提出了。在某些情况下，研究是为了演示毒理学用途和金属的浓度预测。一些研究还涉及有机化学品，包括完整性。其他有关人员参与了土壤重金属的测定和沉积物的关注，这将最终进入海鲜的圈子。最后，来自美国和世界的评选结果将被公布。 以前的出版物，描述了分析技术（大多讲的是原子光 谱学）包括样品制作，用于金属的测定。 测定海鲜和鱼类的金属含量 密西西比州和墨西哥海湾南部，以密西西
43、比河为界的西部沿海地区。海岸包括约 400 英里的距离也包括较大的湿地、沼泽、湖泊以及众多的沼（水体没有明显的移动的 )，它们的潮流是依赖墨西哥湾的。因为这个原因，沼泽的盐度波动很大，沼也因为新鞋水的注入而变动，通过苦咸水和严格盐水并不少见。这方面的一个更详细的讨论包括被其他描述过的地图。 一个在西南部里的场址位置，路易斯安那州是个有利的地方，也是许多世界各地渔业资源和工业界的代表。 巴尤德坐落在河口北部卡尔卡西尤 ，是路易斯安那州的查尔斯湖的西部地区，巴尤德的源头发源于西部硫，流过东南偏东的重商业区和工业区，排到查尔斯湖以西的卡尔卡尤的船舶航道。 巴尤德是一个严重影响着河口湿地，流经或与西提
44、戈石油所属地相邻。有化学公司，费尔斯通橡胶合成公司、乳胶公司、西湖聚合物公司、布朗宁费里斯工业区、蒂德产品公司、匹兹堡涂料和玻璃行业等，这些设施都是积极的。 巴尤德附近的土地包括欠发达的树林湿地、农村住宅、商业和重工业产地。农村住宅和欠发达的树林湿地包括西北边境的河口和反梯度的工业区。重工业占主导地位并且南部也接触到巴尤德的 河口的两岸。根据国家的污染物排放系统几个行业的废水排放已被允许。巴尤德允许排放的有西提戈的排水口，还有其他行业比如， 有化学公司，费尔斯通橡胶合成公司、乳胶公司、西湖聚合物公司、布朗宁费里斯工业区、蒂德产品公司、匹兹堡涂料玻璃行业等。 另外，匹兹堡的玻璃涂料行业的废水排放
45、是通过巴尤德的玻璃涂料行业的管道的，就是进入河口上游约一英里的卡尔克苏船频道。这些废气废水的排放，雨水的径流和意外的释放都会有利无利的影响着地表水，沉淀物和巴尤德的生物群。 尽管巴尤德的水没有被用作引用水源，河口的地表水已被路易斯安那州的环境质检部门指定，被作为支持基层康乐活动，次级康乐接触活动和鱼类和野生动物的繁殖。巴尤德支持休闲垂钓和几个已经被划定为对环境有影响的湿地。健康咨询机构发出对鱼类消费污染的警告已被卡尔克苏河地区解决了包括巴尤德。对巴尤德区域的关注尚未提出国家优先事项名单，但整个卡尔卡西尤口一直是研究环境的主要地方可以追溯到 20 世纪 70 年代。 路易斯安那州西南部海产品的重
46、金属含量 一个具体地点的汞毒性的评价，通过对卡尔卡西尤河口的沉淀物的测定。在这个十天中对 存留下来的沉积物的毒性进行评估，和端足目动物的干重，河口的条件。一共有 32 个沉积物的样品，用来测试毒性，包括 14 个稀释的沉淀物样品和 6 个稀释泥沙系列。所有的沉淀物样品将被作为汞和其他化学元素的解析，包括酸性硫化物的挥发并同时提取金属。由于无毒性的汞被发现，说明了一个具体地点的门槛对总汞毒性端足目动物超过 4.1 镁 /公斤干重。具体因素是可能限制汞生物利用度和毒性相对较高的硫化氢含量。此外，在沉淀物中发现的汞含量较低，在三样沉积物样本中经扫描电镜分析表明提取金属汞，在总汞浓度范围中。 商业的污
47、染物排放和石化设 施生产过程中的污染已经对路易斯安那州的卡尔卡西尤河口造成了部分污染，有多种有机或者无机的金属污染。作为一个特殊的研究部分，沉积物毒性的测试已经被雷德蒙德教授研究了，来评估潜在影响底栖生物群落。十来天流过沉积物的毒性测试出同片脚类动物揭示重大的毒性在 68%的站检验。 Ampelisca abdita 的死亡率主要因为卡尔卡西尤支流沼泽地的水污染。死亡率与沉积物中的重金属含量和有机物的浓度成正相关。实验结果表明泥沙间隙水盐度的含量高达 2.5 个百分比，这个并不影响 Ampelisca abdita 的在溢流道系统。沉淀物 在 48c 环境里存储 7 星期也不会对毒性有重大的影
48、响。 Ampelisca abdita 的沉积物毒性比使用了三个短期慢性受纳水体的生物更流行。结果表明使用本端足目动物的毒性测试是个有价值的工具当评估沉淀包含复杂污染物混合物，并且随着时间的推移污染物数量的变化评估也会受到影响。与化学分析结合，测试表明咸水沼的污染大部分是有河口的毒性影响的。 在路易斯安那州的卡尔卡西尤河口的附近对工业的污染物排放进行了研究，表明水，底部和悬浮泥沙和四种生物被卤化有机化合物污染，包括 haloarenes一个在河口盐析效应将适度提 高了污染物的生物群和沉积物分割的趋势。在水里、悬浮泥沙和生物群污染物的浓度远远低于预测值在假设泥沙底部浓度的基础上。相对的的浓度责的
49、因素在生物区系之间 (鲶鱼 )，罐底杂质提高同提高辛醇 /河口水分配系数 (叩头 )，最大化在日志约的叩头 5，尽管这些比率相当少于平衡价值。相反的，在水，生物和沉积物里的污染浓度更接近平衡值。生物浓度因素取决于 4 种相关生物的脂肪含量，当然与合理的使用平衡与三油酸甘油酯与水分配系数有莫大的关系。 汞 (二 )氯化物、醋酸苯汞、三氧化二砷、铅在实验室被测试了单独的静态生物通过使用人工海水，以评估 24-96-H 的半致死浓度。正如值物业管理公司96-H 的 LC-50 值是最毒的而铅的毒性是最低的。镉表现出来的是从曝露的 24小时到 96 小时的时间里毒性增长了 6.6 倍，标记病理的改变应该注意肝的变化。长期对汞的亚致死浓度和镉带来的退行性改变以及鳃动物暴露。伴随着二次片层的细胞广泛增殖由囊肿形成，坏死区域往往出现在镉处理蟹的鳃。有趣的是，自由氨基酸池来自肌肉和经处理的动物肝，无论是急性还是长期曝露在外的都没有数和量的减少。 总而言之 海鲜仍然是能使世界上许多国家饮食保持稳定的，这将与其他许多行业共存并且也会继续成为 一个污染问题，像发生在 2005 年 9 月 24 好的袭击了路易斯安那州西南部的丽塔飓风等自然灾害和发生在 2006 年 7 月份，卡尔克苏河
