1、 外文翻译 原文 competitiveness of the port Material source: http:/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6866/2/MPRA_paper.pdf Author: Azevedo,Susana an Ferreira The Port of Sines is located on the Southeast of Europe, 58 nautical miles south from Lisbon, on the cross of the main international maritime routes East-West
2、and North- South. Its strategic location, along with its natural characteristics, allows the Port to be positioned as the great hub Port of the Ibero-Atlantic front. Its direct hinterland comprises all the south and midland part of Portugal and reaching a competitive position also in Spain. The Port
3、 of Sines and its support Industrial and Logistics Zone, with more than 2.000 ha, are already a worldwide extent logistic platform, able to receive the main players of Port, maritime, industrial and logistic sectors. The Sines Logistics Platform combines a modern international deepwater Port with a
4、major Industrial and Logistics Zone (ZILS). This publicly managed zone has over 2,000 hectares available for the use of industrial companies and related service providers. The Port of Sines has the Zalsines. This is a modern logistical platform with high strategic potential for value added services.
5、 It is settled in a vast area with logistical capability, with plots of land available, and being developed in a flexible and staged manner. It is geared towards the installation of industrial and service companies, serviced by a road and rail system with large capacity and as part of the main multi
6、modal axes of 9 the Trans-European Transport Networks. The land allocated to the development of the ZAL at Sines covers two areas: one situated in the intra-Port zone and the other one in the extra-Port zone. It has a liquid bulk terminal, designed according to a multi-client and multi-product archi
7、tecture. This bulk has six jetties and natural beds down to 28 metres ZH, has the capacity to receive vessels up to 350,000 tonnes Dwt, and allows the simultaneous handling of different products (crude, refined products, liquefied gases and other liquid bulks). Port of Sines has also a network of pi
8、pelines for moving products between the Port, the adjoining tanking area and the Sines industrial logistics area where the main industries are located which use the terminal (refinery, petrochemicals, resins factory and carbon black smoke factory). The terminal operates under a public service cargo
9、handling regime, being directly operated by APS. In order to meet what is set out in the Strategic Plan for the Port of Sines and the guidelines of the responsible authorities, the process is ongoing vis-vis the concession of this service and is expected to be completed on January 1st 2008. The term
10、inal is equipped with a modern computerized command and control system which allows compliance with the highest safety standards in the operations carried out. It is also associated with waste and ballast water treatment plant which allows compliance with all environmental requirements. The Liquid B
11、ulk Terminal (TGLS) also has a good capacity for expansion and is able to receive new clients who wish to set up in the tanking area or in the ZILS. This terminal is endowed with a fuelling bunkering facility also, managed by Galp Marinha and Aviao which allows the supplying of ships at the TGLS thr
12、ough a fixed installation and throughout the Port by barge. The Port of Sines operates 24 hours a day, all year round. Vessels and cargoes are offered permanent services, such as: Vessel Traffic System (VTS), pilotage, towage and mooring, access control and surveillance; fresh water and bunkers, acc
13、idents/pollution fighting, shiprepair (land and onboard). The development of the quality management system is an important contribution to entrepreneurs innovation processes by valuing the client. Quality management in the Port system, seen as a differentiation factor towards competitive Ports and o
14、ther means of transport, in particular by road, aims for the service constant improvement paying attention to the integration of other fundamental aspects: Environment (ISO 14001), Safety (OHSAS 18001) and Safety in Information Technologies (ISO 27001). Although loading and unloading containers is t
15、he key operation in shaping the success of a Port, there are a number of support features or enablers that make the Port operations 12 highly effective and help sustain its competitive advantage; such as the vessels traffic, and the value added services offered (Gordon, et al., 2005). The general sh
16、ipment presented a significant increase relatively to 2005 (119,70%), due to the addition of the movement of shipment in containers in the Port of Sines which registered a total of 1.473.493 ton., corresponding to 121,956 TEUs, 85,278 containers. With respect to the value added services, the Port of
17、 Sines operates 24 hours a day, all year round. Port of Sines attempts to provide valued added services to its traditional Port operations. So beyond the ones related with the approaches and inward, it can offers the followings: i) communications in Port navigation; ii) bunkers provisions and other
18、goods supply to vessels; iii) vessels and boats repair; iv) wastes integrated management; v) Vessel Traffic System (VTS); vi) pilotage towage and mooring; vii) access control and surveillance; viii) fresh water and bunkers; ix) accidents/pollution fighting; and x) ship repair (land and onboard). Gro
19、wing number of organizations are under pressure from their partners to change their traditional management style, both operationally and organizationally, replacing them with integrated systems that help increase the speed and fluidity of physical and information flows. In order to reach this kind o
20、f integration they are investing on new information systems supported by important Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Information systems are defined as the people, equipment, and procedures used to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely and accurate informatio
21、n to decision makers (Murphy and Wood, 2004). In the knowledge-based economy, the rapidly changing and uncertain environment makes organizations face the biggest challenge that how to break the current situations and to capture their competitive advantage. The works of Parsons (1983), Porter and Mil
22、lar (1965), Porter (1985), Constanza and Cynthia (1993) and McGaughey, et al. (1994) pointed out the importance of the information systems, in the determination of the organizations competitive advantage. Information Systems force organizations to find new ways to expand the markets in which they co
23、mpete, to attract and retain customers by customizing products and services, and to restructure their strategy to obtain competitive advantage (Gratzner and Winiwarter, 2003). The information systems are very important also to the Ports operations and represent a vital link in the logistics chain. T
24、he Port of Sines is using information systems to provide information about movement and clearance of vessels and cargoes. These systems link public and private organizations which need to be able to access information about intermodal movement of cargo, nationally and internationally. It makes use o
25、f the One Stop Shop concept, widely regarded as an improved system because it allows the participants to interact with all the available cargo and vessel handling services through a single channel of communication. The One Stop Shop is very useful for electronic customs clearance, since it provides
26、a quicker clearance of vessels and cargoes, along with more efficient processing of tax requirements. The One Stop 14 Shop is currently being integrated with the information systems used by logistics operators in connection. The Port of Sines is using also an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) syste
27、m to support its day-to-day operations in areas such as finance, maintenance, human resources, contracts, and projects management. The Port has also developed a Data Warehouse to manage all information concerning analysis and statistics, as well as providing a decision support database. The use of t
28、hese information systems and according to Daugherty, Ellinger and Rogers (1995) allow the organizations in general to reach a superior performance. This is because the use of information systems becomes organizations more responsive and agile contributing to enhance the customers fulfilment. The Por
29、t of Sines uses some information systems such as: intranet, extranet and Single Port Window. We would like to highlight the use of the single Port window named Portmos. The Portmos is a platform designed and created to support the motorway of the sea services, providing global door-to-door integrati
30、on and visibility over the entire transport and logistic chain. The Portmos plataform integrates information and provides seamless communication between all the actors in the transport chain, without replacing their information systems. This platform supports: door-to-door tracking, integrated trans
31、port chain management, online booking of intermodal services, transport chain monitoring and benchmarking, including Service Performance Indicators. With reference to the liquid bulks in the Port of Sines, in the year 2006, were handling 19.506.184 tons, which represents an increase of 5,14% regardi
32、ng 2005 and of 72% over all the cargo handling on it. As regards the general cargo, it had a significative increase on about 119,70% comparing to 2005. This is due mainly to the increase on cargo container which reach a total of 1.473.496 tons and 121.956 TEUs. As regards the cargo type handling, de
33、serves a special highlight the general container cargo since it had the greater increase from 2005 to 2006. More precisely it increased 281,44% from/to Portugal; 73,96% from/to European Union and 337,81% from/ to third countries2. Considering the vessels traffic, this performance indicator has incre
34、ase during the last six years. In the year of 2006 its value was very good, more than 1400 vessels goes to the Port of Sines. The Port of Sines has an important role to the global economy given that there are many vessels that comes to and goes from the Port of Sines to around the world. The most of
35、 the vessels that use the Port of Sines comes from Panama, Malta, Liberia and Spain. From 2005 to 2006 the most increase in the number of vessels comes from Bahamas Islands (69.23%). Understanding sources of sustained competitive advantage for firms has become a major area of research in the field o
36、f strategic management. One source of sustained competitive advantage which is very followed by academics is the firms resources and capabilities that is the Resource-Based view. According to this theory for a firm to take high levels of performance and a sustained competitive advantage, it needs to
37、 acquire heterogeneous resources which will be difficult to create, to substitute or to imitate by other firms. The firms reach a superior performance, not only because they have more or better resources, but also because of their distinctive competences allow to do better use of them. Being so, we
38、analysed the main resources and capabilities of the Port of Sines enhancing its principal characteristics in an effort to understand the factors that justify its success and international competitiveness. The main resources analysed are: i) the Port operations from the point of view of customer serv
39、ice; ii) the road and rail accessibilities; iii) the information and communication systems used to increase the customer service; and iv) the main infrastructures in terms of terminals, and to support the industrial and logistics activities. The value, rare, inimitable and organized resources of the
40、 Port of Sines contribute to built on strong capabilities and consequently to attain superior performance and competitive advantage. Through its superior resources the Port of Sines can offer a quick response and a better access to information, a superior customer service and also a better processin
41、g and faster communication between the entities involved in Port operations. 译文 港口的竞争力 资料来源： http:/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6866/2/MPRA_paper_6866.pdf 作者： Azevedo,Susana an Ferreira 西尼什港位于欧洲东南部，距离里斯本南面 58 海里处，处于国际海上航线横贯东西南北的十字路口。它的战略位置加上其自然特性，使得它成为伊利比亚大西洋的中心港口。其直接腹地包括葡 萄牙南部和中部地区的一部分，并且在西班牙也具有竞争地位。 西尼
42、什港和其支持工业和物流园区超过了 2000 公顷，已经是全球范围的物流平台，能够接收港口、海运、工业的主体和后勤部门。西尼什港口物流平台结合了现代国际深水港的重要工业和物流园区（齐尔斯）。这种公共管理区域有20000 亩可供工业企业和相关服务提供商使用。 西尼什港口是一个具有较高战略和潜在增值服务的现代物流平台。它被用于有物流能力、土地可利用的广大地区，并且灵活地发展。这将着眼于工业和安装服务公司，由公路和铁路系统提供大容量服务，并作为主要多式联运 9 轴跨欧洲交通网络的一部分。西尼什港分配给玉米赤霉醇发展的土地包括两个方面：一方面位于内部港区，另外一方面位于外部港区。 西尼什港有一个液体散货
43、码头，根据多客户端和产品的建筑来设计。这个港口有 6 个码头，自然海床有 28 米深，有能力接受载重吨为 35 万吨级船只，并可以同时处理不同的产品（原油、成品油、液化气体和其他液体散）。 西尼什港也有各港口间的管道运输网络，毗邻的地下区域和西尼什港工业物流园区的主要工业都使用这个终端（炼油、石化、树脂的工厂和碳黑烟工厂）。 该终端在公共服务货物管理制度下运行，由 APS 直接经营。为 了满足西尼什港口的战略目标和负责当局的指导方针，这项工程持续在服务上让步，并且预计将于 2008 年 1 月 1 日完成。 终端都配备了现代化的电脑化的指挥和控制系统，它允许符合安全标准最高的执行操作。它和废弃
44、物和压载水处理厂联合起来，使其符合所有环境要求。 液体散货码头（ TGLS）也有良好的扩展能力，能够接受将在重挫区或齐尔斯建设的新客户。这个终点站具有燃料灌装设备，由 Galp Marinha 和 Aviao来管理，并且使在液体散货码头船舶的供给通过固定装置遍及整个港口。 西尼什港口全年每天都运作 24 小时。船舶和货 物提供永久的服务，如船舶交通管理系统 (交管 )、引航、拖带、系泊、访问控制、监控、淡水、燃料、事故 /除污，船舶修理 (陆地上和船上 )。 质量管理系统的发展在企业家创新过程中的客户评估作了重要贡献。质量管理体系对于竞争的港口和其他方式的运输来说被看作是一个分化因子，特别是通
45、过道路，目的是为了在不断的改进中注重其他基本问题的结合，就像环境(ISO 14001)、安全 (18001)和安全纪录信息技术 (ISO 27001)。 虽然集装箱的装卸在塑造一个港口的成功时是一个关键操作，但有一些支持功能或引擎号码使港口业务具有 更高的效率，帮助维持其竞争优势，如船舶的流量和增值的提供（戈登等， 2005）。 由于锡尼什港对集装箱装运之外的运 动登记总共达到了 1,473,493 吨， 一般货物与 2005 年相比有明显增加（ 119.70%），相当于 121956 个标准货柜单位，85278 容器。 西尼什港口全年提供全天 24 小时的增值服务。西尼什港口试图向传统港口提
46、供其增值服务。它可以提供以下服务：（ 1）港口导航通信；（ 2）燃料条款和其他提供给船舶的货物；（ 3）船舶和船舶修理；（ 4）废弃物综合管理；（ 5）船舶交通管理系统（交管）；（ 6）引航拖船和系泊 ；（ 7）存取控制和监控；（ 8）淡水和燃料；（ 9）事故 /除污；（ 10）船舶修理（陆地上和船上）。 越来越多的组织正在他们伙伴的压力下在操作上和组织上改变着传统的管理模式，取而代之的是集成系统，以提高速度和物理、信息流的流动性。为了达到这种融合，他们正投资于重要信息和技术通信（ ICT）支持的新信息系统。 信息系统被定义为人员、设备，为满足收集、分类、分析、评估和分发需要，及时、准确的向决
47、策者提供的信息（墨菲和伍德， 2004）。在知识经济、快速变化和不确定环境下，使组织面临的最大问题是如何打破当前形势，获得他们的竞争优势。帕森斯（ 1983 年）、波特和米勒（ 1965 年）、波特（ 1985）、康斯和新西亚（ 1993 年）和麦戈伊（ 1994）等人的作品指出了信息系统的重要性和在组织的竞争优势中的重要地位。信息系统迫使组织寻找新的方法来拓展市场，通过按用户要求制作来吸引和留住客户，并调整他们的策略以获得竞争优势（ Gratzner 和 Winiwarter， 2003）。 信息系统对港口业务也是非常重要的，并且在物流环节中是一个至关重要的环节。西尼什港口利用信息系统来提供
48、运作信息、船舶和货物的清关信息。这些系统连接了需要国内和国际货物运输信息的公共和私营机构。 信息系统利用一站式概念，被广泛地视为一个更好的系统，因为它允许参与者在互动模式下只通过单一信息通道使所有可用的货物和船得到服务。一站式对电子清关来说是很有用的，因为它提供了更快的船舶和货物清关，同时更有效地处理税务。一站式商店目前正与物流服务商使用的连接的信息系统融合。 西 尼什港也使用企业资源规划（ ERP）系统，以支持其日常业务领域，如金融、维修、人力资源、合同、项目管理。港口还制定了数据仓库来管理所有资料分析和统计，并提供决策支持数据库。 信息系统的使用，根据多尔蒂，埃林杰和罗杰斯（ 1995 年
49、）让一般的组织达到卓越的性能。因为信息系统的使用使组织变得更加敏感和敏捷，从而促进加强客户的实现。信息系统的使用，使组织能更有效、灵活地满足客户的需求。 西尼什港口使用一些信息系统，如内部网、外部网和单端口窗口。我们要强调命名为 portmos 的单端口窗口的使用。 Portmos 是为支持海 上服务的公路系统而创造和设计的一个平台，它提供全球门对门一体化和能见度在整个运输和物流链的服务。 Portmos 平台整合信息，并在运输链中为使用者提供无缝通信，而无需更换信息系统。这个平台支持送货上门跟踪、综合运输链管理、多式联运服务预订、运输链的监测和基准测试，包括服务性能指标。 参照西尼什港口的液体散货，在 2006 年达到 19,506,804 吨，与 2005 年相比增长 5.14%，并且是所有货物的 72%。 至于一般货物，与 2005 年相比有 119.70%的大增长。这是由于集装箱货物的增加，共有 1,473,496 吨， 121,956 货柜。 至于货物类型，特别值得一提的是一般集装箱货物，因为它从 2005 年到2006 年有很大的增长。更确切地说，进出葡萄牙的货物增长了 281.44%，进出欧盟的货物增长了 73.96%，进出第三国家的货物增长了 337.81%。 关于船
