1、 外文翻译 原文 FDI and Technology Spillover: An Evaluation across Different Clusters in India Material Source:Journal of the Asia Economy Author: Smruti Ranjan Behera The present analysis tries to explore the impact of FDI particularly its technology spillover effect within or between selected industries
2、of Indian manufacturing in different select clusters across four regions in India. To measure the spillover effect of a particular cluster this analysis develops an innovative production function which allows for measuring the inter-cluster technology spillover across different clusters in India. Th
3、e specification of the production function is to measure the technology spillover across different clusters in India and its inter-cluster spillover analysis with respect to some basic parameter in the model. It accounts for the role of investment climate to measure the spillover effect of a particu
4、lar cluster in India. The empirical findings reveal that some clusters benefit more from the foreign counterparts due to mo re technological stock in cluster/region and cluster-specific effect and other intermediate factors. Furthermore, technology spillover intensity in some clusters seems to be st
5、rongly affected by geographical location and the better investment climate of these regions. 1. Introduction: One of the aims in attracting FDI by developing countries is improvement of regional development. Having firms locate in undeveloped and developed regions provides a direct impact in terms o
6、f employment and capital creation given the underutilization of resources prior to the entry, and a potential indirect effect via spillovers to local firms. Multinational firms operating in emerging markets transfer technology to local suppliers to increase their productivity and this transfer gener
7、ates greater competition and lower prices that benefit the entire economy. The primary motivation of the multinationals to transfer technology to suppliers is to enable higher quality inputs at lower prices. Multinationals could diffuse the technology widelyeither by direct transfer to additional fi
8、rms or by encouraging spillover from the original 2recipient. Wide diffusion of technology would then encourage entry into the supplier market, thereby increasing competition and lowering prices. In fact, the multinational cannot prevent the upstream suppliers firms also selling to others in the dow
9、nstream markets. The lower input prices and cheap accessing of labor in developing economies may induce entry and therefore more competition in downstream markets, which lower input prices and therefore more output. Pack and Saggi (2001) show theoretically that, as long as there is not too much entr
10、y, profits will rise in both downstream and upstream markets. If so, the new surplus generated from increased productivity and the deadweight loss reduced from increased competition will be split between consumers and producers in a Pareto-improving distribution. Economic geography in an era of glob
11、al competition involves a paradox. It is widely recognized that changes in technology and competition have diminished many of the traditional roles of location. Resources, capital, technology, and other inputs can be efficiently sourced in the international markets. Local firms can access the immobi
12、le inputs via the corporate networks. Thus, it is no longer necessary to locate near large markets to serve them. Governments are loosing their influence over competition to global forces, so it is easy to conclude that location is diminishing in importance. But, how far this hypothesis is correct f
13、or the developing economies rather is it hard to reconcile this with competitive reality. In the Competitive Advantage of Nations (Porter, 1990) the microeconomic-based theory of national, state, and local competitiveness in the global economy maintains that regional clusters have a prominent role t
14、o play. 2. Conceptual Issues: Technology diffusion at the industry level for host-country firms is one of the beneficial impacts of FDI. FDI brings with it new kinds of innovative ideas and benefits like technology transfer, management know-how, exchange of knowledge and export marketing access. Man
15、y developing countries are attracting FDI to reduce the technological gap in comparison to the advanced nations, to upgrade their managerial skills and to develop their export markets. Proponents offer three explanations for how technology spillovers occur from multinational to domestic firms. First
16、, local firms may be able to learn the technological know-how from the foreign counterparts. Second, employees may leave multinationals to create or join domestic firms of a particular region. Third, multinational investment may encourage the entry of international trade brokers, accounting firms, c
17、onsultant companies and other professional services which there after become available to the local firms. Rodrik (1999) in a summary of evidence, states that the local firms enjoy a positive spillover generated by the multinationals firm entry in the same industry. The fruit of technology spillover
18、 over in particular regional provinces depend upon a number of factors that are linked to the quality of microeconomic business environment. Some aspect of the business environment include for example, the road system of a cluster, corporate taxes, the legal system of the particular area, local labo
19、ur market regulation, and credit facilities of the particular clusters. However, these economy-wide (or horizontal) areas are important and represent the binding constraints to competitiveness in developing economies. Capturing the business environment in a location is challenging given the myriad l
20、ocal influences on productivity and productivity growth. This is the main concern for it is hard to believe that such horizontal spillovers are likely. First, the technology gap between the foreign and local firms may often be wide in local markets. Local firms may be lacking the absorptive capacity
21、 needed to recognize and adopt the new kind of technology. Further, the degree of competition in the local markets of a particular cluster may vary between the local and foreign firms. Due to differences in the quality, technology and other attributes which occur because exported and domestically co
22、nsumed goods entail different production methods; this reduces the potential for the technology transfer. Second, multinationals may enact measures to minimize technology leakages to the local competitors. And multinationals with non-secure technology may not enter the market at all if they rely on
23、a technological advantage to sustain rents. In addition, foreign firms pay higher wages to discourage technology leakage through former employees. In fact, because of higher wages, foreign firms may even draw a capable manager away from the local to the foreign firm in a particular province. In cons
24、trast, technological benefits to local firms through vertical linkages are much more likely, because foreign firms have incentives to provide technology to local firms/suppliers. Vertical technology transfer could occur through both backward (from buyer to supplier) and forward (from supplier to buy
25、er) linkages. In fact, in the Indian context most of the foreign firms are upgrading their technology and supply their product to local and to foreign markets. So the main focus in the present study is to find out the degree and extent of the forward spillover (horizontal spillover) from suppliers t
26、o buyers. That is, we examine empirically the upstream effect of FDI on performance for the improvement of productivity of local suppliers/firms. Multinational firms are transferring their technology to local firms and it will reduce the input costs and increase quality and finally increase the outp
27、ut and profits. Foreign firms have an incentive to transfer the technology to many buyers through the supply chain in the downstream and upstream markets. In other words, foreign firms cannot prevent its more productive suppliers firms also selling to the other rival foreign/local firms at lower pri
28、ces. The lower supply prices may induce entry and increase competition so that the price falls in both the upstream/downstream markets. And overall these actions reduce the cost of production by reducing the deadweight loss from the imperfect competition. Thus, this reduction of the input prices and
29、 reduction of the cost not only reduces the deadweight loss but it also improves the benefit to both consumer and producer in the upstream/downstream markets of a particular cluster/regional province. 译文 FDI 与技术外溢 印度不同行业评估 资料来源 : 作者： Smruti Ranjan Behera 目前的分析试 图探讨印度四个地区的外商直接投资的影响，特别是印度不同选择集群中制造业行业内
30、部和行业之间的技术外溢效应的影响。为了测量某一组特别的技术溢出效应，开发了一个全新的生产函数，它用于测量印度在不同集群间的技术溢出效应。为了测量模型内印度的不同集群中的技术溢出效益及其集群内的某些方面的基本参数溢出分析。它根据投资比例来衡量印度特殊集群的溢出效应。实证结果显示，一些集群更多地受益于外国同行。更受益于集群 /区位中拥有的科技股和集群的具体因素。此外，一些集群的技术外溢的似乎更受地理位置和更好的投资环境的影响。 1.简介： 吸引外商直接投资的发展中国家其中之一的目标是改善区域发展。公司地处经济发达地区和欠发达地区对给定的资源利用，创造就业和资本方面有着直接的影响，并且对当地企业的技
31、术外溢效应有着间接影响。跨国公司在新兴市场的营运对当地供应商进行了技术转移，以提高其经营效率，并且这种转移可以促进竞争和降低价格，有利于整个经济。该跨国公司转让技术的主要动机是为了使供应商以较低的价格生产出高质量的产品。跨国公司的技术扩散可以通过直接转让给其他公司或鼓励从原来的供应商外溢。广泛的技术扩散被鼓励进入当地市场，从而增加竞争，降低 价格。事实上，跨国公司不能阻止其上游供应商在下游市场也出售技术给其他人。较低的投入价格和发展经济体中的廉价劳动力可能引起下游市场较低的输入价格，从而降低了价格，增加了产量。 Pack、 Saggi（ 2001）用理论证明了，只要没有太多的项目，利润将在下游
32、和上游两个市场增加。如果是这样，可以通过提高生产力来产生新的盈余，通过提高竞争力减少无谓的损失，将分割消费者和生产者之间的一个帕累托改进分配。 在一个全球竞争的时代，经济地理涉及一个悖论。人们普遍认识到，技术和竞争格局的变化已经削弱了传统角色中的许多东 西。资源，资金，技术和其他投入，可以有效地在国际市场采购。当地企业可以通过企业网络互相访问。因此，不再需要定位在大市场附近以获得服务。各国政府在全球竞争的环境下降越来越失去他的作用，所以很容易得出结论，位置的重要性越来越小。但是，这种假设相对于发展中国家的经济与竞争的现实是难以调和的这一点来说到底有多正确呢？在国家竞争优势（波特， 1990）的
33、国家，全球经济中的国家微观经济基础理论和当地竞争力理论认为区域集群发挥着突出的作用。 2.概念问题： 技术在东道国企业行业层面的扩散是 FDI 的有利影响之一。 FDI 与它带来的创新理念和收益的如技术转让，管理知识，知识交流及出口市场准入。许多发展中国家吸引 FDI 来减少与发达国家的技术差距，提升其管理技能，并且发展他们的出口市场。建议者提供了三种如何使技术溢出从跨国公司到国内企业转移的解释。首先，当地企业可以从国外同行那里学到技术知识。其次，员工可能给跨国公司建立或加入一个特定区域的国内企业。第三，跨国投资可以鼓励国际贸易经纪人，会计师事务所，咨询公司等别的对当地企业发展有帮助的专业性服
34、务进入本国。 罗德里克（ 1999）在一篇总结报告中这样说道，本地企业在跨国公司进入同行企业时会得到正向的技术溢出。在特殊区域省份的技术外溢成果依赖于一些与微观经济营商环境质量有联系的因素。一些环境方面的业务，例如包括集群道路系统，企业税，特定区域制度，当地劳动力市场监管制度，和集群信贷融资法律制度。但是，这些经济宽（或水平）地区是非常重要的，他们代表发展经济体中对竞争力的结合约束。获得一个位置的好的经营环境是非常具有挑战性的，对生产力和生产率增长有很大的影响。这是主要的关注点，因为很难相信有这样水平外溢的可能。首 先，在当地市场上本地企业与国外企业还存在还大的技术差距。 当地企业可能还不能完
35、全吸收一种新的技术。此外，与国外企业在争夺某一特殊集群市场的竞争力有所不同。这都归因于质量、技术的差异和一些因为生产方式不同使得出口的和国内消费的商品有所不同。这会降低技术转移的潜力。其次，跨国公司可能会制定措施来减少泄漏他们的技术给竞争对手。另外一些有着非安全技术的跨国公司如果他们都依靠技术优势来维持租金，是根本不允许进入市场的。此外，外国公司会支付更高的工资给其前雇员，以阻止技术外泄。事实上，由于较高的工资，甚至在一些地方可能 会吸引当地有能力的管理者离开原来的公司，去跨国公司发展。 相反的，对本地公司来说，技术优势通过纵向联系更容易获得，因为外国公司为了他们的利益着想也会提供技术给本地公
36、司 /供应商。 通过向后（由买方供应商）和向前（从供应商到买方）之间的联系，纵向的技术转让可能发生。事实上，在印度的大部分外国公司会是提高他们的技术以向本地和国外市场提供产品。因此，目前的研究重点是找出从卖家到买家这段范围的正向溢出（水平溢出）。 也就是说，我们实证研究了 FDI 对于本地供应商 /公司提高生产力这方面来说的上游效应。 跨国公司正在把他们的技术转移给当地企业，这会使它会降低投入成本，提高质量，最终增加产量和利润。外国公司有动力在下游和上游市场通过供应链，转移他们的技术给许多买家。换言之，外国公司不能阻止它更富有成效的供应商也以低价出售给其他竞争对手（外国 /本地公司）。较低的供应价格可能会促进竞争，增加可引起竞争，使得价格在上游 /下游两个市场都下跌。所有的这些行动通过从不完全竞争中减少无谓的损失来减少产品的成本。因此，这种输入价格的下降和成本的降低不仅降低了无谓的损失，还有利于提高某一集群 /区域内上游 /下游市场消费者和的生产 者的利益。
