1、 外文翻译 原文 Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and development Material Source:World Investment Report 2009(Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and Development)United Nations New York and Geneva,2009 Author： United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment Transnationa
2、l Corporations,Agricultural Production and development Agriculture is central to the provision of food and the eradication of poverty and hunger. Not only does it provide significant mass and rural employment, it is also a major contributor to national economic growth and a considerable foreign exch
3、ange earner for many developing countries. Given the fundamental importance of agriculture to most developing economies, its chronic neglect by many of them has been of utmost concern for some time. However, several factors, which are not mutually exclusive, have resulted in a recent upswing in dome
4、stic private and foreign participation in agricultural industries in a significant number of developing countries. Most of these factors are of a structural nature, and are expected to drive agricultural investment in the foreseeable future. In this context foreign participation, as well as domestic
5、 investment, can play a critical part in agricultural production in developing countries, boosting productivity and supporting economic development. The main drivers of agricultural investment include the availability of land and water in target locations, combined with fast growing demand and risin
6、g imports of food crops in various countries, including both the more populous emerging countries, such as Brazil, China, India and the Republic of Korea, and land-and water-scarce developing regions, such as member States of the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC).International demand for agricultural co
7、mmodities has been further spurred by other factors, such as biofuel initiatives around the world, resulting in a spate of investments in developing countries in the cultivation of sugarcane, grains(such as maize)and oilseeds(such as soya beans),as well as non-food crops such as jatropha. These tren
8、ds are intertwined with a rapid rise in food prices over the past few years and subsequent shortages in commodities such as rice, which has spawned a number of “new investors“, and also triggered a number of speculative direct investments in agriculture and land. Significance of FDI, by country, com
9、modity and region FDI in agriculture is on the rise, although its total size remains limited(inward FDI stock in 2007 was$32 billion)and is small relative to other industries. At the turn of the 1990s, world FDI flows in agriculture remained less than$1 billion per year, but by 20052007, they had tr
10、ipled to$3 billion annually. Moreover, TNCs established in downstream segments of host-country value chains(e.g.food processing and supermarkets)also invest in agricultural production and contract farming, thereby multiplying the actual size of their participation in the industry. In fact, after a r
11、apid rate of growth in the early 2000s, FDI flows in the food and beverages industry alone(i.e.not including other downstream activities)exceeded$40 billion in 20052007. Although the share of FDI in agriculture remains small as a share of total FDI in developed, developing and transition economies a
12、s a whole, in some LDCs, including Cambodia, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Malawi, Mozambique and the United Republic of Tanzania, the share of FDI in agriculture in total FDI flows or stocks is relatively large. This is also true for some non-LDCs, such as Ecuador, Honduras, Indonesia, Malay
13、sia, Papua New Guinea and Viet Nam. The high share in these countries is due to factors such as the structure of the domestic economy, availability of agricultural land(mostly for long-term lease), and national policies(including promotion of investment in agriculture). FDI is relatively large in ce
14、rtain cash crops such as sugarcane, cut flowers and vegetables. The bulk of inward FDI in developing regions is aimed at food and cash crops. There is also a growing interest in crops for biofuel production through projects related to oil-seed crops in Africa and sugarcane in South America, for inst
15、ance. In terms of the main produce targeted by foreign investors in developing and transition economies, some regional specialization is apparent. For example, South American countries have attracted FDI in a wide range of products such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, flowers, soya beans, meat an
16、d poultry; while in Central American countries, TNCs have focused mostly on fruits and sugarcane. In Africa, foreign investors have shown a particular interest in staple crops such as rice, wheat and oil crops; but there is also TNC involvement in sugarcane and cotton in Southern Africa, and in flor
17、iculture in East Africa. In South Asia, foreign investors have targeted the large-scale production of rice and wheat, while their activities in other Asian regions are concentrated more in cash crops, meat and poultry. Finally, TNCs in the transition economies are largely involved in dairy products,
18、 although more recently they are also seeking to invest in wheat and grains. Significance of contract farming in developing countries Contract farming is a significant component of TNCs participation in agricultural production, in terms of its geographical distribution, intensity of activity at the
19、country level, coverage by commodities and types of TNCs involved. In this context contract farming can be defined as non-equity contractual arrangements entered into by farmers with TNC affiliates(or agents on behalf of TNCs)whereby the former agree to deliver to the latter a quantity of farm outpu
20、ts at an agreed price, quality standard, delivery date and other specifications. It is an attractive option for TNCs, because it allows better control over product specifications and supply than spot markets. At the same time it is less capital- intensive, less risky and more flexible than land leas
21、e or ownership. From the perspectives of farmers, contract farming can provide predictable incomes, access to markets, and TNC support in areas such as credit and know-how. TNCs engaged in contract farming activities and other non-equity forms are spread worldwide in over 110 countries across Africa
22、, Asia and Latin America. For example, in 2008 the food processor Nestl(Switzerland)had contracts with more than 600,000 farms in over 80 developing and transition economies as direct suppliers of various agricultural commodities. Similarly, Olam(Singapore)has a globally spread contract farming netw
23、ork with approximately 200,000 suppliers in 60 countries(most of them developing countries). Contract farming is not only widespread, but also intensive in many emerging and poorer countries. For instance, in Brazil, 75%of poultry production and 35%of soya bean production are sourced through contrac
24、t farming, including by TNCs. In Viet Nam the story is similar, with 90%of cotton and fresh milk, 50%of tea and 40%of rice being purchased through farming contracts. In Kenya, about 60%of tea and sugar are produced through this mode. 译文 跨国公司参与农业生产和发展 资料来 源： 2009 年世界投资报告（跨国公司、农业生产与发展）联合国 , 2009 年 ,纽约
25、和日内瓦 作者：联合国贸易和发展会议 跨国公司参与农业生产和发展 农业是粮食供应和消除贫困和饥饿的关键 .它不仅提供了大量的农村就业 ,同时也是许多发展中国家国民经济增长和赚取可观的外汇收入的一个重要因素 .鉴于农业是发展中国家最重要的基础 ,许多国家长期忽视农业的现象一向令人很担忧 .然而 ,有这么一些因素 ,这些因素并不互相排斥 ,它们导致了相当多的发展中国家的国内私人企业和外国企业参与农业产业的增多 .这些因素大部 分都是结构性的 ,预计能在可预见的未来促进对农业的投资 .在这样的背景下 ,外国参与以及国内投资能对发展中国家的农业生产发挥重要作用 ,提高生产率并推动其经济的发展 . 农业
26、投资的主要驱动力因素主要包括目标地区所具有的土地和水资源情况 ,还包括不同国家粮食需求的快速增长和粮食作物进口的增长 ,这些国家包括人口较多的新兴国家 ,如：巴西、中国、印度和大韩民国 ,以及土地和水资源匮乏的发展中国家 ,如：海湾合作理事会成员国 .进一步刺激农业初级产品国际需求的的其他因素还有全球使用生物燃料的各项举措 ,从而促进了对发展中国家的甘蔗、谷物 （如：玉米）、油籽（如：大豆）以及非粮食作物 ,如麻风树种植蜂拥而至的投资 .这些趋势与过去几年粮食价格的迅速上涨以及随后出现的大米等初级商品短缺现象交织在一起 ,引来众多的 “ 新投资者 “ ,也引发了一些对农业和土地的投资性直接投资
27、 . 按国家、商品和区域分类看外国直接投资的重要性 对农业的投资中外国直接投资虽然有所上升 ,但是与其他行业相比 ,对于农业的总投资的规模仍然有限（ 2007 年 ,农业外国直接投资存量为 320 亿美元） .1990 年代初期 ,全球农业中外国直接投资为每年 10 亿美元都不到 ,但是 ,到2005 年到 2007 年 ,外 国投资额已经增加了两倍 ,达到每年 30 亿美元 .除此之外 ,处于东道国价值链下游产业的跨国公司（如：食品加工和超市）也在农业生产和订单农业上有所投资 ,进而使其对该行业的参与规模成倍增长 .实际上 ,经过本世纪初的快速增长 ,2005年到 2007年 ,仅仅投入到食
28、品和饮料行业的国外直接投资（不包括其他下游活动）就已经超过了 400 亿美元 . 虽然在农业的外国直接投资在发达经济体、发展中经济体和转型经济体全部外国直接投资中所占的比例很小 ,但是一些最不发达国家 ,如： 柬埔寨、老挝人民民主共和国、马拉维、莫桑比克和坦桑尼亚联合共和国的农业部门的外国直接投资占外国直接投资总量或存量的比例比较大 .同样 ,一些非最不发达国家 ,如厄瓜多尔、洪都拉斯、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、巴布亚新几内亚和越南的情况也如此 .造成这种现象的因素有各种各样的 ,如国内的经济结构、可用耕地的情况（多为长期租赁） ,以及国家的政策（包括促进农业投资）等 . 在某些经济作物中 ,如甘
29、蔗、花卉和蔬菜所获得的外国直接投资相对较多 .在发展中国家的大部分地区中外来直接投资流入的主要目标是粮食和经济作物 .并且对生产生物燃料的作物 的兴趣也越来越大 ,比如 ,有与非洲油籽作物和南美洲甘蔗相关的项目 .在外国投资者在投资于发展中经济体和转型经济体的主要目标产物方面 ,区域专门化的趋势越来越显著 .例如：南美洲国家有些类型的产品吸引了外国直接投资 ,如小麦、水稻、甘蔗、花卉、大豆、肉类和家禽产品；在中美洲国家 ,跨国公司主要集中投资在水果和甘蔗上 .在非洲 ,外国投资者尤其对水稻、小麦等主粮作物和油料作物很感兴趣；但是 ,也有一些跨国公司投资于南部非洲的甘蔗和棉花业 ,或者东非的花卉
30、栽培业 .外国投资者在南亚的主要目标是大规模的水稻和小麦生产 ,而在亚洲其他区域投 资活动的重点则是经济作物、肉类和家禽类 .最后 ,转型经济体的跨国公司主要从事乳制品的生产 ,但是近期也开始投资于小麦和谷物 . 发展中国家订单农业的重要性 无论从地理分布、国家一级的活动强度、初级产品覆盖面和跨国公司参与类型等各个角度来看 ,订单农业都是跨国公司参与农业生产的重要组成部分 .在这一背景下 ,可以将订单农业界定为农民和跨国公司的子公司（或代表跨国公司的中介机构）做出的非股权合同安排 ,据此 ,前者同意按照约定的价格、质量标准、交付日期和其他具体要求 ,向后者交付一定数量的农产品 .对于一个跨国公
31、司来讲 ,该选择具有 吸引力 ,因为这种做法可以比现货市场能更好地控制产品的规格和 供应 .同时 ,这样的做法比土地租赁或者所有权方式占用资金少、风险低 ,也更加灵活 .从农民的角度来看 ,订单农业能够为其提供可预见的收入、市场准入 ,跨国公司还可以在信贷和知识等领域提供支持 . 订单农业活动和其他非股本形式投资的跨国公司遍布全球 ,在非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲就涉及 110 多个国家 .例如： 2008 年 ,有 80 多个发展中经济体和转型经济体的 60 多万个农场作为各种农产品的直接供应商与食品加工企业雀巢公司（瑞士）签订合同 .同样的 ,奥兰公司（新加坡）拥有一个全球 覆盖率的订单农业网络 ,在 60 个国家（大部分是发展中国家）有约 20 万个供应商的农业网络 . 订单农业不仅很普遍 ,而且在许多新兴国家和贫穷国家也相当密集 .例如：在巴西 ,75%的禽类生产和 35%的大豆生产都是订单农业采购 ,也包括跨国公司的订单农业 .在越南 ,类似的情况也同样存在 ,如 90%的棉花和鲜牛奶 ,50%的茶叶和40%的大米都是通过农业订单采购的 .在肯尼亚 ,大约 60%的茶叶和糖通过这种方式产生 .
