1、 外文翻译 原文 The worlds of tea and coffee: Patterns of consumption Material Source: 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Author: David grigg Abstract Coffee and tea are both drunk in most countries, but typically one predominates. Coffee is the preferred drink in European the Americas, tea elsewhere. Until
2、the early eighteenth century coffee production and consumption was confined to the Islamic world, tea production to East Asia. European traders altered this pattern dramatically. The present pattern of coffee consumption is influenced by income per capita,that of tea is not. Religious influences pla
3、yed some part in the early development of both tea and coffee but have little relevance at the present. National factors have influenced wider patterns. British preference for tea was taken to all their colonies. In recent years fears about health have had some influence on coffee consumption. Intro
4、duction Geographers have always been interested in the production of food on the farm, but recently there has been a growing interest in aspects of food beyond the farm gate such as food processing, food security, restaurants and food health (Atkins and Bowler, 2001; Bell and Valentine, 1997).Howeve
5、r, somewhat surprisingly the geography of food consumption who eats what, where and why has been an interest of only a few geographers and economists (Cpde and Lengelle, 1961; Grigg, 1995; Simoons, 1990; Bennett,1954; Kariel, 1966). But if little attention has been paid to international and regional
6、 variations in food consumption, the geography of drink attracts even less. Granted the production of wine has its students (Unwin, 1991; Blij, 1984) but alcoholic beverages are not the major drinks in most countries. In Europe coffee is generally the leading drinkexcluding water except in Britain a
7、nd Ireland where it is tea ( P.V.G.D,1998.). Tea and coffee compete with each other in many countries, a topic investigated by N. Berdichevsky (1976),when however there was little data available on consumption in much of Africa and Asia, and Berdichevsky excluded producer countries from his study. T
8、he Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations subsequently published data on food consumption, and it is now available for most member states from 1961 to 1996 (FAO, 2001). It seems worthwhile, now world-wide statistics are available, to reexamine the geography of tea and coffee consump
9、tion. The nature of tea and coffee Tea is a drink made by pouring hot water on the dried leaves of the tea plant, camellia sinensis. Coffee is prepared in a similar way, with hot water and the seeds of the coffee tree, of which coffea arabica and coffea canephoria var. robusta are the most used. The
10、 flesh of the cherries is removed, and the seeds roasted. The two drinks have a number of properties in common. The aroma and taste of both is pleasant although some find them bitter, especially coffee, unless milk and sugar are added. Hot drinks not only warm the body, but assuage hunger, at least
11、temporarily; more important, prior to the advent of safe public water supplies, the boiling of water reduces the harmful bacteria carried in many water sources. Neither drink has any major nutritional value; a cup of tea contains only four calories, but forty if milk and sugar are added (Encyclopaed
12、ia Britannica, 1985a,p. 735). Far more important however is that both contain caffeine which stimulates the central nervous system, reduces sleepiness and increases vigilance; it is this that explains the popularity of both drinks. When they were first introduced into Europe in the seventeenth centu
13、ry the only alternative drinks, other than the frequently polluted water supplies, were the alcoholic beverages, which were also free of bacterial contamination. Tea and coffee were thus a valuable alternative to wine, beer or spirits and much beloved by temperance campaigners. In the twentieth cent
14、ury other non-alcoholic drinks have become widely available, such as mineral waters, soft drinks and juices, and have competed with both tea and coffee. In the United States for example, the consumption of soft drinks exceeds that of tea, coffeeand alcoholic beverages combined (P.V.G.D., 1998). Worl
15、d Patterns of consumption per capita Predominates in North Africa, and is the preferred drink in much of the rest of Africa, although the amount drunk there is very small. There are distinct outliers of tea drinking in the British Isles, in South Africa, Argentina, Chile, and New Zealand (and Austra
16、lia until recently). Coffee is the favoured drink only in Europe and the Americas. Not surprisingly, the per capita distribution of tea and coffee consumption largely replicates the map of preferences. Coffee consumption is highest in North America and Europe, but hardly drunk at all in the former S
17、oviet Union, Africa or Asia, except in Japan, the Philippines, Israel and South Korea (Figure 3). However it is notable that whilst coffee is the preferred beverage in most of Latin America, where much of the production takes place, per capita consumption is below that in Western Europe and North Am
18、erica. Tea consumption per capita is at its highest in south west and south Asia and North Africa, Russia and also in the British Isles, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Tea is little drunk in most of the Americas, tropical Africa or in Europe (Figure 4). Economic factors There is a marked d
19、ifference between the influence of income per capita upon coffee and upon tea. The consumption of coffee per capita for all countries has been regressed upon GDP per capita which has been logarithmically transformed. There is a high correlation (r = 0.72) between income and consumption, and income a
20、ccounts for half the variation in consumption (r2 = 0.52)(Figure 5). As noted earlier the highest consumption is in Western Europe and North America, the lowest in Africa and Asia, with most of the countries in Latin America falling between the two, as they do in incomes (Figure 3). In contrast tea
21、shows very little correlation (Figure 6) between income and consumption (r = 0.17) nor does income help account for variations in consumption (r2 = 0.03). This is explained by the fact that coffee is the preferred drink in the richer countries, in North America and Europe, and tea drinking is the pr
22、eferred drink in the poorer countries of Asia and Africa. However if the regression analysis is confined to only those countries where tea is the preferred drink, and those where coffee consumption per capita exceeds tea are excluded, then there is a much higher correlation (r = 0.65) between tea an
23、d income, and income is a more powerful determinant (r2 = 0.4) of variations. It is debatable what conclusions can be drawn from this evidence. Income is clearly important in determining in which countries there are the highest levels of consumption of the more expensive beverage, coffee; but this d
24、oes not preclude the possibility of people in rich countries that can afford coffee, choosing to drink the cheaper beverage, tea. Cultural factors In 1900 even the United States, where coffee consumption had run well ahead of tea, still had a tea consumption much the same as Russia, where far more t
25、ea than coffee was drunk. In all the English- speaking countries, except the United States, more cups of tea were drunk than cups of coffee; tea was imported mainly from the British dominions in South Asia. However in the twentieth century the allegiance to tea has weakened (Table 6); the consumptio
26、n of tea has declined in the English speaking countries except surprisingly in the United States, and coffee consumption has increased everywhere but the United States and South Africa; more cups of coffee than tea are now drunk in the United States, Canada and Australia; only New Zealand, the Unite
27、d Kingdom and South Africa remain faithful to tea (FAO, 2001) and only in South Africa is a greater quantity of tea than coffee consumed (Table 6). There are three possible reasons for the decline of tea and the increase of coffee. First is the changing nature of immigration. Since 1945 migration fr
28、om Britain and Ireland has been a falling proportion of all migrants to Australia, New Zealand and Canada, reducing the proportion from tea drinking countries. Second, and a more likely explanation, has been the rising incomes in all these countries. It has been noted that in Britain since 1950 tea
29、has behaved like an inferior good; as long as incomes were low the cheaper beverage was preferred, but as incomes have risen so coffee consumption has increased, and tea consumption has fallen (Ritson,1994). Much the same is true of the other Englishspeaking countries other than the United States. I
30、n the latter, concerns about the effect of caffeine on health may help explain the fall of coffee drinking, although the competition from soft drinks may be an equally powerful factor. A third possible reason may be the revival of the coffee house, which was an important factor in the early spread o
31、f coffee in the Middle East and in Western Europe in the eighteenth century. In Britain coffee houses had a temporary revival in the 1950s with the introduction from Italy of the expresso machine; more potent has been the rise of the Starbucks coffee chain in the United States and its spread to Brit
32、ain. Coffee and tea have become associated with different lifestyles, tea being drunk at home by the old, coffee by the young and outgoing. Conclusions It is not possible to give a simple explanation of the world pattern of consumption of tea and coffee. It can be shown how the location of productio
33、n and consumption of both tea and coffee has changed over time. Thus coffee drinking was once confined to the Middle East, then spread to Western Europe and later North America, and when production shifted to Latin America so consumption increased there. But consumption has never been other than neg
34、ligible in tropical Africa and east, south and south east Asia. Tea consumption remained confined to East Asia until the middle of the seventeenth century. Consumption then spread to the English speaking world and the Muslim countries of the Middle East and North Africa, as well as Russia and its em
35、pire. But China remained the leading source of tea until replaced by the plantations of south and south east Asia in the 1880s. Incomes and price have been important but not always paramount factors in determining whether tea or coffee predominates. As tea has always been cheaper per litre than coff
36、ee this may explain the sway the former has always had in Asia. Japan and Korea became coffee drinkers after the growth of incomes, and American influence in the 1940s and 1950s. The presence of high incomes suggests why consumers in the countries of Western Europe and North America have been able t
37、o drink coffee in large quantities. But it does not follow that the richer countries automatically drink coffee, the poor tea. Tea was the preferred drink in Britain, Australia, New Zealand and Canada for a long period when they were among the richest countries in the world. Cultural factors have pe
38、rhaps been less important than might have been expected, although the migration of the British and Irish spread tea drinking. If no simple model can be provided to explain the patterns of consumption, at least this analysis demonstrates the great diversity in drinking habits and the need to look at
39、the geography of consumption from different viewpoints. 译文 世界上茶和咖啡 :消费的模式 资料来源 : 2003 年学术出版机构 作者： 葛里格大卫 摘要 咖啡和茶两个在多数国家被喝， 但通常是一个占主导地位。在欧洲和美洲咖啡是首选的饮料，别的地方则是茶。 直到十八世纪初咖啡的生产和消费仅限于伊斯兰世界，茶叶 在东亚生产 。 欧洲商人改变了这种格局 。 当前样式人均收入影响咖啡消耗量， 但没有改变 茶。 早期茶叶和咖啡的发展受到一定成分的宗教影响，但目前基本没什么影响。 国家因素影响 成了 更 主要的方式 。 英国喜欢茶被带到他们所有的
40、殖民地。近年来健康担忧 对 咖啡 消费有了一些影响。 简介 地理学 家 一直对农场的粮食生产感兴趣 ， 但最近在食品方面 出现 的兴趣超出了农场大门如食品加工、粮食安全、餐馆和食品卫生杂志 。 然而 ,多少有些令人惊讶的是地理食品消费 吃什么 ,去哪里 ,为什么 已经成了只有极少数地理学家与的经济学家 的 利益 。 但是，如果对国际性组织， 和 在粮食消耗上的地方变化 没怎么注意，则 饮料地理吸引 会更少 。 含酒精的饮料还是有它的消费者的，但不含酒精的饮料还是大多数国家的主要饮料。 咖啡通常是欧洲领先的饮料 ， 不包括水 ， 除英国和爱尔兰的地方是茶 。茶和咖啡在许多国家互相竞争，当然有很
41、多数据除了大部分非洲和亚洲及 Berdichevsky 可在本国研究生产。食品和农业 联合国组织以后出版的食物消费数据 也包括最惠成员国从 1961 年到1996 年。在 变成一个世界范围内的数据可用的情况下重新审视地理茶和咖啡的消费状况 ， 似乎 是 值得做的。 茶叶和咖啡的性质 茶是一种由热水浇注在 茶树的 干树叶 的 饮料 。 咖啡是编制 asimilar 方式，用热水和咖啡树的种子 ，那 些咖啡属阿拉伯咖啡和咖啡属 canephoria 变种 。 罗巴斯特种咖啡是最常用。樱桃的肉被移走 ， 种子烘烤。这两款 饮料 有许多特性共同之处。两者的香气和 味道 是美好的 ， 虽然有些 时候发现
42、 他们 是 苦的 ， 特别是咖啡 ， 除非加入牛奶和糖。热的饮料 尽管 暖和了身体 ， 但减轻饥饿 ，只 是暂时的 ;更重要的是 ，在 安全公共供水系统 中， 许多水源 用 沸腾的水减少 了 有害细菌。无论是饮料有任何重大的营养价值 ;一杯茶只含有四个卡路里的热量 ,除非加入牛奶和糖 。 更重要的事情是无论如何都含有咖啡因 ， 刺激中枢神经系统 ， 减少困倦和提高警惕 ， 它是用来解释其流行的两 种饮料。当他们第一次被引进欧洲在第十七世纪唯一供选择的饮料，其他是则是常常被细菌污染的酒精饮料。 茶叶和咖啡，因此是有价值的替代葡萄酒，啤酒或烈酒，深受禁酒运 动人士喜爱。在二十世纪的其他不含酒精的饮
43、料已成为广泛使用，如矿泉水，汽水，果汁，并与茶，咖啡竞争。例如在美国，软饮料的消费量超过了茶叶，酒类饮料 。 世界人均消费模式 占了主导地位在北非 ,受欢迎的饮料 ,茶在 非洲 占大部分数量， 其余部分 虽然 有喝 但数量 很小。在英伦三岛，在南非，阿根廷，智利和新西兰 饮茶有明显的不同。 咖啡 仅仅在欧洲和美洲受到特别的偏爱。 毫不奇怪 ,人均分布的茶和咖啡消费很大程度上复制的地图上的偏好。在北美和欧洲 ， 咖啡消费量最高 。 但是值得注意的是 ， 虽然咖啡是 最畅销 的饮料 ， 在大多数拉丁美洲国家 ，那些经常生产 咖啡的地方， 人均消费低于西欧和北美 。 茶消费量最高人均位于西南、南亚、
44、北非、俄罗斯、英国、南非、澳大利亚和新西兰。美洲 ， 大多数热带非洲还 有 在欧洲 ，茶消费很少。 经济因素 人均收入对咖啡和茶的消费影响有显著的差异。 人均咖啡消费量一直在人均国内生产总值倒退已对数转换。有一种高交互作用 (r = 0.72)收入和消耗量之间和一半的损益表在消耗量上的变化 (r2 = 0.52)。最 早被注意最高的消耗量在西欧和北美洲，最低在非洲和亚洲，有大多的国家在拉丁美洲落在二之间 ，与此相反茶显示非常小的相关性 ，收入对消费没有很大的影响 。这是用事实解释的咖啡在更加富有的国家，在北美洲和欧洲，是首选的饮料 ， 在亚洲和非洲的穷国 茶是首选的饮料。 但是，如果回归分析只
45、限于那些国家的茶是首选饮料，那些人均咖啡消费量超过茶被排除在外，则有更高的相关性（ r = 0.65），茶与收入，收入 成了 一个更强大的决定因素 。 收入显然是在确定哪些国家有重要的是较昂贵的饮料，咖啡消费量最高水平，但这并不排除在富裕国家，人们可以买得起咖啡的可能性，选择喝便宜的饮料，茶。 文化因素 1900 年甚至美国，那里的咖啡消费量已远远超过了茶叶经营，茶叶消费量仍然有一大部分为俄罗斯 那 里茶远远超过咖啡做为饮料。 在所有的英语国家，除了美国 ，喝茶的杯数还是大于喝咖啡的杯数。茶从南亚那些被英国统治的国家进口。 然而在 20 世纪 ， 茶的消耗量在 讲英语的国家下降了，但是咖啡的消
46、耗量上升了，除了美国和南非。在美国、加拿大和澳洲在喝咖啡比喝茶多。只有新西兰，英国和南非继续忠于茶，而且只有南非茶的消耗比咖啡数量大。 有三种茶衰落和咖啡增量 可能的原因， 首先是移民的改变的本质。自 1945 年以来从英国和爱尔兰的迁移是所有移民的一个下跌的比例向澳洲、新西兰和加拿大，减少从茶饮用的国家的比例 。 第二 ， 一个更为可靠的解释是在 这些国家增长的收入 。 在英国 1950 年以来茶一直 是 劣等品 ， 收入长期偏低 者的 便宜饮料的首选，但随着收入的增加使咖啡消费量有所增加，茶叶消费量下降 。 同样是正确的 ,其他说英语国家的其他超过美 国。 在后者，对咖啡因对健康影响的关注
47、可能有助于解释咖啡饮用下降，虽然从软饮料的竞争可能是一个同样强大的因素。第三个可能的原因也许是咖啡馆的复兴，是在咖啡早传播的一个重要因素在中东和在西欧在 18 世纪。在英国，咖啡馆曾与来自快报机引进意大利在 20世纪 50年代暂时的复兴，更有力的一直是在美国星巴克咖啡连锁店，并蔓延到英国的崛起。 咖啡和 茶已成为不同的生活方式，茶代表了那些退休了在家的人，咖啡代表了那些在外打拼的年轻人。 结论 对于消费茶和咖啡的世界，不可能给出简单的解释。 可以显示茶和咖啡的生产和消耗的地点怎么随着时间的推移改变了。因而喝咖啡曾经被限制了到中东，然后传播向西欧和 后来的 北美洲 ， 并且，当生产转移了到拉丁美
48、洲，因此那里消耗量增加了。但是在热带非洲和东部，南之外和东南亚 的 消耗量 是微不足道的。 茶消耗量依然是局限对直到第十七个世纪的中期的东亚。消耗量然后传播了到 讲英语的 世界和中东和北非的回教国家 还有俄国和它的帝国。 但是中国在 19 世纪 80 年代保持茶的主导的来源直到被南和东南亚的种植园 替换。 收入和价格已经在决定是否茶或咖啡占主导地位重要，但并不总是最重要的 因素。茶叶一直每公斤比咖啡便宜这可能解释在亚洲总是比前者有动摇。日本和韩国在收入增长后成为了咖啡饮用者受到了 20 世纪 40 年代和 20 世纪 50 年代美国的影响。 高收入的存在表明，为什么在西欧和北美国家的消费者已经能够大量喝咖啡 。 但这并不是说这些富裕的国家喝咖啡 ，穷的喝茶 叶是在英国，澳大利亚，新西兰和加拿大很长一段时间时，他们是世界上最富有的国家的首选饮料。或许是文化因素可能低于预期的重要，虽然英国 和爱尔兰传播饮茶迁移 。 如果没有一个简单的模型可以用于解释消费模式 ， 至少这个分析表明 ，应该从不同的观点看饮用的习惯和地理的消费。
