1、 外文翻译 原文 Foreign Direct Investment,Technology Transfer,and Dual Convergence in the Dual-Structured Chinese Market Economy Material Source:Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management， 2009 Author:Chun Liao Economic convergence presupposes that foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology trans
2、fer are based on similar economic models of the two economies, accompanied by a trend of high economic growth of the follower that indicates a catching up of the follower with the leader. Based on similar economic models,FDI and technology transfer can be greatly encouraged.FDI and technology transf
3、er can enhance the economic model convergence of the two economies in even more detail,and can lead to economic performance convergence between the two economies. FDI can bring about a certain diffusion of technology,management style,and work practice,and therefore implicate some convergence of the
4、productive efficiency.If all these are based on different economic models of the two countries,it will still be difficult to observe economic convergence between the two economies.In contrast,if all these are based on similar economic models of the two countries,then the diffusion of technology,mana
5、gement style,and work practice,and the convergence of productivity can be so greatly enhanced that FDI could promote the process of convergence.In this sense,FDI and technology transfer based on a common economic model actually mean economic convergence of the two economies. Furthermore,if FDI is tr
6、ansferred from different kinds of advanced economies to an economy that follows an economic model with a dual structure which is compatible with two different types of advanced market economy,that implies a dual convergence of the economy toward these two different types of advanced economy.In this
7、case,the dual structure of the economic model makes it compatible with two different types of advanced economy.FDI and technology transfer tend to go to this economy with a strong trend.The economic convergences of this dual type of economy toward different types of advanced economy happen at the sa
8、me time.For such an economy it is possible to develop two different kinds of core competitiveness based on the dual convergence toward the two different kinds of advanced economic models.With such overall competitiveness,the country can produce a broader variety of goods,and can compete successfully
9、 in more sectors in the international markets.Economic indicators can show such a strong trend of economic convergence.FDI accompanied by technology transfer surge into the economy,and a strong trend of GDP growth shows the economy catching up quickly with the economies of leaders.The Chinese econom
10、y provides the typical case study here. The Dual-Structured Chinese Market Economy Supports Its Dual Convergence Toward Both Coordinated Market Economies and Liberal Market Economies Because the Chinese economic model is dual-structured and compatible with both advanced liberal market economies and
11、coordinated market economies, FDI and technology transfer from both types of developed economies to China are encouraged. As FDI and technology transfers are based on compatible models, they pro- mote a dual convergence of the Chinese economy toward both types of advanced economy. During the process
12、 of dual convergence, the Chinese economy gains more and more dual competitiveness and innovative capacity. The dual convergence effect helps the Chinese economy to catch up quickly with the advanced economies. Thus, the dual-structure-based dual convergence effect contributes to the remarkable Chin
13、ese economic growth. Massive Waves of FDI Flow to China 4.2.1.1 An Overview of Foreign Direct Investment in China From the 1980 s onward, FDI steadily flowed into China. Especially after 1992, massive and strong waves of FDI poured into China. Table 4.1 shows the general trend of FDI in China during
14、 the period of 19842006. FDI that has actually been used reached a total amount of about US $70 billion in 2005 and 2006. China has become the largest recipient of FDI among the developing countries since the late 1990 s, accounting for about 30% of the total FDI flow to the developing world (Tian e
15、t al. 2004). China has been the second largest FDI recipient in the world after the USA for many years (Madariaga and Poncet 2006). The origins of FDI inflow to China are various, and FDI flows from economies with different economic models. For example, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the USA, the UK, and Canada
16、 are the main source economies with a market-based firms gov- ernance structure, while Japan, South Korea, Germany, France, and the Nether- lands are the main source economies with a coordinated firms governance structure. Table 4.2 shows the top sources of FDI in China. Over two thirds of Chinas in
17、coming FDI flows into the manufacturing sectors.Within these manufacturing sectors,a big proportion of FDI flows into higher-value-added sectors such as semiconductors.FDI flows increasingly to the electronics,telecommunications equipment,and chemicals sectors. More and more multinational enterprise
18、s are locating their regional headquarters in mainland China.At the end of 2002,there were 70 regional headquarters and 37 international purchasing centers of foreign companies in Shanghai. So far 90%of multinational companies in Europe,the USA and Japan have set a“China first”strategy.Four hundred
19、of the Fortune 500 companies have made an influential direct investment inChina.McDonalds alone has built 52 factories,ABB Group has established 20 joint ventures,Volkswagan has invested US$2 billion,key components of Boeing planes have been made in China,and so on.High profitability obtained by the
20、 early investors further encourages more and more foreign investment by multinational companies. Usually,FDI inflow is accompanied by technology transfer.Domestic firms can catch up with the advanced foreign firms on the level of technology and management skills through the externalities of FDI.As f
21、or the channels of technology transfer and spillover through FDI,there has been an increasing consensus among scholars on the four most outstanding forms of externalities.The first channel is the demonstration effect:domestic firms can learn superior production technologies and management skills fro
22、m foreign firms located nearby.The second channel is the employment effect:foreign firms transfer their know-how and train their domestic workers,who may move to domestic firms later on and bring with them updated technology knowhow and management skills.The third channel is the linkage effect:domes
23、tic firms may learn updated technology and management skills through backward or forward linkage across firms.The fourth channel is the competition effect:domestic firms are forced to update technology and management skills under the increasing competition pressure from foreign firms(Eden et al.1997
24、;Blomstrom and Kokko 1998;Gorg and Strobl 2001;Tian et al.2004). Multinational companies emphasize the localization of research and develop- ment centers in China. Over 110 of the Fortune 500 companies have established research and development centers. At the end of 2003, Microsoft invested US $80 m
25、illion in the China Research Institute, and a further US $50 million flowed into the Microsoft Asian Technology Center in Shanghai. Motorola set up the Motorola China Research Institute in Beijing in 1999. It has more than 18 research and development centers, and has received investment of over US $
26、1.3 billion since then, investing in advanced semiconductor materials, microcontrollers, code division multiple access technology, and chips for cell phones, and software. According to the theory of the Varieties of Capitalism approach, firms in coordinated market economies will not invest abroad on
27、ly because of low-cost labor. The main reason for this is that they can get institutional advantages and core competitiveness from the special institutional arrangements in their home countries, and they are not willing to give up this opportunity only for cheaper labor. But if the host countrys eco
28、nomic model is similar to that of their home country, then the firms may intend to invest there. In contrast, firms in liberal market economies may be more inclined to invest in foreign countries to secure cheaper labor because they do not require special institutional infrastructure (Hall and Soski
29、ce 2001). If FDI has no significant effect on domestic capital formation,but has a positive effect on economic growth,it must contribute to economic growth via channels other than capital formation. Many new studies have found that the main channel is technology transfer and technology spillover,as
30、inferred from the new theory of endogenous growth.New technology which is embodied in FDI manifests itself in the forms of new ideas,new products,advanced managerial skills,advanced production process,and advanced equipment,and could spread out into the whole economy (Romer 1986;Tian et al.2004).FDI
31、 has a positive effect on economic growth by bringing in new technologies and lowering the cost of innovation.By allowing FDI free access to the home market and to profit from the home market,the home country hopes to profit from the expected spillover effects(Ruffin 1993,p.23;Tian et al.2004).Techn
32、ology transfer is not limited to the industries with FDI,because new technology in FDI can spill over to the whole economy.These are called“externalities”in the new theory of endogenous growth. 译文 外商直接投资，技术转让和双收敛在中国的两用市场经济结构中 资料来源 :创新，技术和知识管理 作者：廖骏 经济趋同的前提是外国直接投资（ FDI）和技术转移是类似的经济模式的两个经济体的高经济增长趋势的追随者
33、的陪同下 ,由一个高的经济增长趋势的表明。 基于类似的经济模式，外国直接投资和技术转让，可以能被大大的鼓励 .FDI和技术转让可以加强这两个经济体的经济模式在更详细的衔接，并可能导致两国经济体的经济表现趋同 。 外国直接投资可以带来技术，管理风格和工作实践具有一定的扩散，并因此产生一些生产 .如果收敛所有这些都是在两个国家不同的经济模式为基础，它仍将是很难观察到的融合两者之间的经济 .相反，如果所有这些都是基于这两个国家，那么，技术，管理风格和工作实践扩散相似的经济模型，并融合了生产力大大提高，可以使外国直接投资得到促进 .从这个意义上说，外国直接投资和技术转让的进程共同的经济模型实际上指的两
34、个经济体的经济融合。 此外，如果外国直接投资是从对发达经济体不同种类的经济，遵循着一个具有双重结构这两项先进的市场经济的不同类 型兼容，这意味着一个经济朝这两种不同类型的二元经济模型收敛 .在这种情况下，经济模式的二元结构使得它与两种先进经济兼容 .FDI 和技术转让不同类型兼容，就算是一个强烈的趋势与此经济。 .这种二元经济型走向经济这个经济收敛不同类型的先进的经济发生在同一时间。对于这样一个经济发展是有可能的两种不同的核心竞争力的基础上，对两种先进的整体竞争力等经济模型 .和不同类型双接轨，国家可以生产更多种类的商品种类，并能在国际市场竞争中获得成功 .经济指标可以显示更多的部门通过这样的
35、技术转移到经济强劲飙升伴随经济收敛 .FDI 趋势，国内 生产总值强劲增长的趋势表明经济赶上了经济的快速复苏 .在中国经济提供了典型案例学习。 4.2 两用市场经济结构中都支持其对市场经济的双重协调和自由市场经济体系的融合 由于中国的经济模式是双既先进的结构化和自由市场经济和协调的市场经济，外国直接投资和技术转让，从发达经济体兼容这两种类型对中国受到了鼓励。外国直接投资和技术转让是在兼容模式的基础上，他们推动经济朝着这两种类型的先进的中国二元经济的融合。在双融合的过程中，中国经济获得越来越多的双重竞争力和创新能力。集聚效应的双重帮助中国经济赶上先进经济的快速复苏。因 此，双重结构的双重收敛作用
36、有助于经济增长显着的中国。 4.2 大量外国直接投资对中国的推动 4.2.1.1 在中国的外商直接投资概况 从 1980 年起，外国直接投资不断流入中国。特别是 1992 年以后，外国直接投资大量涌入中国。表 4.1 显示，在 1984 至 2006 年期间的外国直接投资在中国的总趋势。外商直接投资实际使用已在 2005 年和 2006 年达成的关于美国总金额为 700 亿美元。中国已经成为外国直接投资的最大受益者是发展中国家90 年代后期以来，约占总数的 30 对发展中国家的外国直接投资流量占世界的30 (Tian et al. 2004)。中国已连续多年在世界上第二大外国直接投资仅次于美国
37、收件人 (Madariaga and Poncet 2006).。 流入中国的外国直接投资的来源是多方面的，和外国直接投资从不同的经济模式的经济流动。例如，台湾，香港，美国，英国，加拿大是一个以市场为基础的公司治理结构的主要来源的经济体系，而日本，韩国，德国，法国和荷兰，土地是主要来源的经济体系协调与公司治理结构 两年多的中国的外国直接投资流量的三分之二进入到制造业。在这些生产部门，外国直接投资流入大的比例，如 半导体高附加值的行业。外国直接投资流入越来越多地在电子，通讯设备和化工行业。越来越多的跨国企业正在寻找中国大陆地区总部。截至 2002 年底，共有 70 个区域总部和 37 个外国公司
38、在上海国际采购中心。到目前为止， 90 欧洲，美国和日本的跨国公司 90的公司已经制定了“中国第一”的战略。四名财富 500 强企业百作出了有影响力的中国直接投资。麦当劳仅已建成 52 个工厂， ABB 集团已成立 20 个合资企业，Volkswagan 已投资 20 亿美元，波音飞机的关键部件都取得了中国，等等。高盈利能力进一步鼓励越来越多的外国早期投资者得到跨 国公司投资。 通常情况下，外国直接投资流入是通过技术转移 .国内公司，它们可以赶上对技术和管理技能，通过对技术转移和 FDI 溢出的外部渠道 .至于技术转让和通过外国直接投资溢出的渠道，出现了一对四最突出的外部形式越来越多的学者的共
39、识 .第一个渠道是示范效应：国内企业可以借鉴外国公司附近优越的生产技术和管理技能 .第二个渠道是就业的影响：外国公司转让其专门知识，培养他们的家庭佣工，谁可能转移到国内企业，并与他们稍后带来更新的技术诀窍和管理技能 .第三个渠道是连锁效应：国内企业可透过不同企业向前或向后连锁更新的技术和管 理技能 .第四个渠道是竞争的影响：国内企业被迫更新由外国公司在日益激烈的竞争压力，技术和管理技能 .(Eden et al.1997;Blomstrom and Kokko 1998;Gorg and Strobl 2001;Tian et al.2004)。 跨国公司在中国强调研究和开发中心的定位。以上的
40、财富 500 强企业 110个建立了研发中心。截至 2003 年底，微软美国在中国投资研究院 8000 万美元，另外 5000 万美元到微软亚洲技术中心在上海流。摩托罗拉公司于 1999 年成立北京摩托罗拉中国研究院。它拥有超过 18 个研究开发中心，并自那时以来已收到超过 13 亿美元的投资，先进半导体材料，微控制器，码分多址接入技术的投资，并为手机和软件的芯片 据资本主义的理论方法的品种，在市场经济协调国外投资公司将不只是因为廉价劳动力。这主要的原因是他们可以从他们本国特殊的制度安排，体制优势和核心竞争力，他们都不愿意放弃只为廉价劳动力这个机会。但是，如果东道国的经济模式是类似的本国的话，
41、那么这些公司可能打算在此投资。相反，在自由市场经济的企业可能更倾向于在国外投资，以确保更廉价的劳动力，因为他们没有特殊要求的体制基础设施 (Hall and Soskice 2001) 如果外国直接投资不会对国内资本的形成有重要影响，但对经济增长产生积极作用，就必须通过促进经济增长的资本形成比其他渠道。许多新的研究发现，主渠道是技术转让和技术溢出，从内生性增长的新理论推断。新技术，是体现表现在外国直接投资的新思路，新产品，先进管理经验，先进的生产工艺，先进设备的形式本身，并可能蔓延到整个经济走出 (Romer 1986;Tian et al.2004)。通过引进外国直接投资新技术和降低创新成本 .通过允许外国直接投资自由进入国内市场并从中获益的国内市场成本 对经济增长产生积极影响，希望本国的预期利润溢出效应 (Ruffin 1993,p.23;Tian et al.2004)。技术转让不仅限于外国直接投资的行业，因为外国直接投资的新技术可以波及到整个经济领域 .那些被称为内源性增长的新理论“外部因素”
