1、原文THEDIFFUSIONOFEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSINITALIANLISTEDCOMPANIESWHATISTHETRIGGERINTRODUCTIONPASTSTUDIESHAVEBROUGHTTOLIGHTTHEDISSIMILARITIESINTHEPAYPACKAGESOFMANAGERSINANGLOSAXONCOUNTRIESASCOMPAREDWITHOTHERNATIONSEG,BEBCHUK,FRIEDANDWALKER,2002CHEFNSANDTHOMAS,2004ZATTONI,2007INTHEUKAND,ABOVEALLINTHEUS,REM
2、UNERATIONENCOMPASSESAVARIETYOFCOMPONENTS,ANDSHORTANDLONGTERMVARIABLEPAYCARRIESMOREWEIGHTTHANELSEWHERECONYONANDMURPHY,2000INOTHERCOUNTRIES,HOWEVER,FIXEDWAGESHAVEALWAYSBEENTHEMAININGREDIENTINTOPMANAGERSPAYSCHEMESOVERTIME,VARIABLESHORTTERMPAYHASBECOMEMORESUBSTANTIALANDTHEIMPACTOFFRINGEBENEFITSHASGRADUA
3、LLYGROWNNOTWITHSTANDING,INCENTIVESLINKEDTOREACHINGMEDIUMTOLONGTERMCOMPANYGOALSHAVENEVERBEENWIDELYUSEDTOWERSPERRIN,2000INRECENTYEARS,HOWEVER,PAYPACKAGESOFMANAGERSHAVEUNDERGONEANAPPRECIABLECHANGEASVARIABLEPAYHASINCREASEDCONSIDERABLY,EVENOUTSIDETHEUSANDTHEUKINPARTICULAR,MANAGERSINMOSTCOUNTRIESHAVEEXPER
4、IENCEDANINCREASEINTHEVARIABLEPAYRELATEDTOLONGTERMGOALSWITHINTHECONTEXTOFTHISGENERALTRENDTOWARDMEDIUMANDLONGTERMINCENTIVES,THEREISAPRONOUNCEDTENDENCYTOADOPTPLANSINVOLVINGSTOCKSORSTOCKOPTIONSTOWERSPERRIN,20002005THEDRIVERSOFTHEDIFFUSIONOFLONGTERMINCENTIVEPLANSSEEMTOBESOMERECENTCHANGESINTHEINSTITUTIONA
5、LANDMARKETENVIRONMENTATTHELOCALANDGLOBALLEVELSPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTTRIGGERSOFTHECONVERGENCETOWARDTHEUSPAYPARADIGMAREBOTHMARKETORIENTEDDRIVERS,SUCHASTHEEVOLVINGSHAREOWNERSHIPPATTERNSORTHEINTERNATIONALIZATIONOFTHELABORMARKET,ANDLAWORIENTEDDRIVERS,SUCHASCORPORATEORTAXREGULATIONCHEFNSANDTHOMAS,2004DRIVE
6、NBYTHESECHANGESINTHEINSTITUTIONALANDMARKETENVIRONMENT,WEOBSERVEAGLOBALTRENDTOWARDTHE“AMERICANIZATIONOFINTERNATIONALPAYPRACTICES,”CHARACTERIZEDBYHIGHINCENTIVESANDVERYLUCRATIVECOMPENSATIONMECHANISMSEG,CHEFNS,2003CHEFNSANDTHOMAS,2004IRONICALLY,THESPREADOFTHEUSPAYPARADIGMAROUNDTHEWORLDHAPPENSWHENITISHOT
7、LYDEBATEDATHOMEINPARTICULAR,THECRITICSARECONCERNEDWITHBOTHTHELEVELOFEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONPACKAGESANDTHEUSEOFEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSCHEFNSANDTHOMAS,2004CRITICSSTRESSEDTHATUSTOPMANAGERS,ANDPARTICULARLYTHECEOS,RECEIVEVERYLUCRATIVECOMPENSATIONPACKAGESTHE80SAND90SSAWANINCREASINGDISPARITYBETWEENCEOSPAYANDTHA
8、TOFRANKANDLEWORKERSTHANKSTOTHISEFFECT,THEIRDIRECTCOMPENSATIONHASBECOMEAHUNDREDTIMESTHATOFANAVERAGEEMPLOYEEHALLANDLIEBMAN,1998THEMAINDETERMINANTSOFTHEINCREASINGLEVELOFCEOSANDEXECUTIVESCOMPENSATIONAREANNUALBONUSESAND,ABOVEALL,STOCKOPTIONGRANTSCONYONANDMURPHY,2000STOCKOPTIONPLANSHAVERECENTLYBEENCRITICI
9、ZEDBYSCHOLARSANDPUBLICOPINIONBECAUSETHEYCHARACTERISTICALLYARETOOGENEROUSANDSYMPTOMATICOFAMANAGERIALEXTRACTIONOFTHEFIRMSVALUEBEBCHUKETAL,2002BEBCHUKANDFRIED,2006INLIGHTOFTHESERECENTEVENTSANDOFTHEINCREASEDTENDENCYTOADOPTEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANS,THISPAPERAIMSATUNDERSTANDINGTHEREASONSBEHINDTHEDISSEMINATIONO
10、FSTOCKOPTIONANDSTOCKGRANTINGPLANSOUTSIDETHEUSANDTHEUKTHECHOICETOINVESTIGATETHISPHENOMENONINITALYRELIESONTHEFOLLOWINGARGUMENTSFIRST,THELARGEMAJORITYOFPREVIOUSSTUDIESANALYZETHEEVOLUTIONOFEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONANDEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSINTHEUSAND,TOASMALLEREXTENT,INTHEUKSECOND,OWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDGOVERNAN
11、CEPRACTICESINCONTINENTALEUROPEANCOUNTRIESARESUBSTANTIALLYDIFFERENTFROMTHEONESINANGLOSAXONCOUNTRIESTHIRD,CONTINENTALEUROPEANCOUNTRIES,ANDITALYINPARTICULAR,ALMOSTIGNOREDTHEUSEOFTHESEINSTRUMENTSUNTILTHEENDOFTHE90SOURGOALISTOCOMPARETHEEXPLANATORYPOWEROFTHREECOMPETINGVIEWSONTHEDIFFUSIONOFEQUITYINCENTIVEP
12、LANS1THEOPTIMALCONTRACTINGVIEW,WHICHSTATESTHATCOMPENSATIONPACKAGESAREDESIGNEDTOMINIMIZEAGENCYCOSTSBETWEENMANAGERSANDSHAREHOLDERSJENSENANDMURPHY,19902THERENTEXTRACTIONVIEW,WHICHSTATESTHATPOWERFULINSIDERSMAYINFLUENCETHEPAYPROCESSFORTHEIROWNBENEFITBEBCHUKETAL,2002AND3THEPERCEIVEDCOSTVIEWHALLANDMURPHY,2
13、003,WHICHSTATESTHATCOMPANIESMAYFAVORSOMECOMPENSATIONSCHEMESFORTHEIRSUPPOSEDORREALCOSTADVANTAGESTOTHISPURPOSE,WECONDUCTEDANEMPIRICALSTUDYONTHEREASONSWHYITALIANLISTEDCOMPANIESADOPTEDEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSSINCETHEENDOFTHE90STOGAINADEEPUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPHENOMENON,WECOLLECTEDDATAANDINFORMATIONBOTHONTHEEVO
14、LUTIONOFTHENATIONALINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTINTHELASTDECADEANDONTHEDIFFUSIONANDTHECHARACTERISTICSIE,TECHNICALASPECTSANDOBJECTIVESOFEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSADOPTEDBYITALIANLISTEDCOMPANIESIN1999AND2005WEUSEDBOTHLOGITMODELSANDDIFFERENCEOFMEANSSTATISTICALTECHNIQUESTOANALYZEDATAOURRESULTSSHOWTHAT1FIRMSIZE,AND
15、NOTITSOWNERSHIPSTRUCTURE,ISADETERMINANTOFTHEADOPTIONOFTHESEINSTRUMENTS2THESEPLANSARENOTEXTENSIVELYUSEDTOEXTRACTCOMPANYVALUE,ALTHOUGHAFEWCASESSUGGESTTHISPOSSIBILITYAND3PLANSCHARACTERISTICSARECONSISTENTWITHTHEONESDEFINEDBYTAXLAWTORECEIVESPECIALFISCALTREATMENTOURFINDINGSCONTRIBUTETOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEL
16、ITERATUREONBOTHTHERATIONALESBEHINDTHESPREADINGOFEQUITYINCENTIVESCHEMESANDTHEDIFFUSIONOFNEWGOVERNANCEPRACTICESTHEYSHOW,INFACT,THATEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSHAVEBEENPRIMARILYADOPTEDTOTAKEADVANTAGEOFLARGETAXBENEFITS,ANDTHATINSOMEOCCASIONSTHEYMAYHAVEBEENUSEDBYCONTROLLINGSHAREHOLDERSTOEXTRACTCOMPANYVALUEATTHEE
17、XPENSEOFMINORITYSHAREHOLDERSINOTHERWORDS,OURFINDINGSSUGGESTTHATITALIANLISTEDCOMPANIESADOPTEDEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSTOPERFORMASUBTLEFORMOFDECOUPLINGONTHEONEHAND,THEYDECLAREDTHATPLANSWEREAIMEDTOALIGNSHAREHOLDERSANDMANAGERSINTERESTSANDINCENTIVEVALUECREATIONONTHEOTHERHAND,THANKSTOTHELACKOFTRANSPARENCYANDPR
18、EVIOUSKNOWLEDGEABOUTTHESEINSTRUMENTS,COMPANIESUSEDTHESEMECHANISMSTOTAKEADVANTAGEOFTAXBENEFITSANDSOMETIMESALSOTODISTRIBUTEALARGEAMOUNTOFVALUETOSOMEPOWERFULINDIVIDUALSTHESERESULTSSUPPORTASYMBOLICPERSPECTIVEONCORPORATEGOVERNANCE,ACCORDINGTOWHICHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSPLEASESTAKEHOLDERSFOR
19、THEIRIMPLICITALIGNMENTOFINTERESTSANDINCENTIVETOVALUECREATIONWITHOUTIMPLYINGASUBSTANTIVEIMPROVEMENTOFGOVERNANCEPRACTICESTHEORETICALBACKGROUNDCORPORATEGOVERNANCEINITALIANLISTEDCOMPANIESITALIANCOMPANIESARETRADITIONALLYCONTROLLEDBYALARGEBLOCKHOLDERZATTONI,1999BANKSANDOTHERFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSDONOTOWNLA
20、RGESHAREHOLDINGSANDDONOTEXERTASIGNIFICANTINFLUENCEONGOVERNANCEOFLARGECOMPANIES,ATLEASTASFARASTHEYAREABLETOREPAYTHEIRFINANCIALDEBTBIANCHI,BIANCOANDENRIQUES,2001INSTITUTIONALINVESTORSUSUALLYPLAYAMARGINALROLEBECAUSEOFTHEIRLIMITEDSHAREHOLDING,THEIRSTRICTCONNECTIONSWITHITALIANBANKS,ANDAREGULATORYENVIRONM
21、ENTTHATDOESNOTOFFERINCENTIVESFORTHEIRACTIVISMFINALLY,THESTOCKMARKETISRELATIVELYSMALLANDUNDEVELOPED,ANDTHEMARKETFORCORPORATECONTROLISALMOSTABSENTBIANCO,2001INSHORT,THEITALIANGOVERNANCESYSTEMCANBEDESCRIBEDASASYSTEMOF“WEAKMANAGERS,STRONGBLOCKHOLDERS,ANDUNPROTECTEDMINORITYSHAREHOLDERS”MELIS,2000354THEBO
22、ARDOFDIRECTORSISTRADITIONALLYONETIER,BUTASHAREHOLDERSGENERALMEETINGMUSTAPPOINTALSOABOARDOFSTATUTORYAUDITORSASWELLWHOSEMAINTASKISTOMONITORTHEDIRECTORSPERFORMANCEMELIS,2000FURTHER,SOMESTUDIESPUBLISHEDINTHE90SSHOWEDTHATTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSWASUNDERTHERELEVANTINFLUENCEOFLARGEBLOCKHOLDERSBOTHINSIDEANDOUTSI
23、DEDIRECTORSWEREINFACTRELATEDTOCONTROLLINGSHAREHOLDERSBYFAMILYORBUSINESSTIESMELIS,19992000MOLTENI,1997CONSISTENTWITHTHISPICTURE,FIXEDWAGESHAVEBEENTHEMAININGREDIENTOFTOPMANAGERSREMUNERATION,ANDINCENTIVESCHEMESLINKEDTOREACHINGMEDIUMTOLONGTERMCOMPANYGOALSHAVENEVERBEENWIDELYUSEDMELIS,1999EQUITYINCENTIVES
24、CHEMESADOPTEDBYITALIANCOMPANIESISSUESTOCKSTOALLEMPLOYEESUNCONDITIONALLYFORTHEPURPOSEOFIMPROVINGTHECOMPANYATMOSPHEREANDSTABILIZINGTHESHAREVALUEONTHESTOCKEXCHANGEONLYVERYFEWCANBECOMPAREDWITHSTOCKOPTIONPLANSINTHETRUESENSEOFTHETERMEVENINTHISCASE,HOWEVER,DIRECTORSANDTOPMANAGERSWERERARELYEVALUATEDTHROUGHS
25、TOCKRETURNS,BECAUSEOFTHESUPPOSEDLIMITEDABILITYOFTHEITALIANSTOCKMARKETTOMEASUREFIRMSPERFORMANCEMELIS,1999THEEVOLUTIONOFITALIANINSTITUTIONALCONTEXTINTHELASTDECADETHEINSTITUTIONALCONTEXTINITALYHASEVOLVEDRADICALLYINTHELASTDECADE,CREATINGTHEPOSSIBILITYFORTHEDISSEMINATIONOFEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSTHEMAINCHANG
26、ESREGARDEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCOMMERCIALLAW,THEINTRODUCTIONANDUPDATINGOFTHECODEOFGOODGOVERNANCE,THEISSUEOFSOMEREPORTSENCOURAGINGTHEUSEOFEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANS,ANDTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHETAXLAWZATTONI,2006CONCERNINGTHENATIONALLAWANDREGULATIONS,SOMEREFORMSINTHECOMMERCIALLAW1998,2003,AND2005ANDTHEINTRODUCTION1999AN
27、DUPDATE2002OFTHENATIONALCODEOFGOODGOVERNANCECONTRIBUTEDTOTHEIMPROVEMENTOFTHECORPORATEGOVERNANCEOFLISTEDCOMPANIESZATTONI,2006FINANCIALMARKETSANDCORPORATELAWREFORMSIMPROVEDTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHESTOCKEXCHANGEANDCREATEDANINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTMOREFAVORABLETOINSTITUTIONALINVESTORSACTIVISMBIANCHIANDENRIQUES
28、,2005ATTHESAMETIMETHEINTRODUCTIONANDUPDATEOFTHECODEOFGOODGOVERNANCECONTRIBUTEDTOTHEIMPROVEMENTOFGOVERNANCEPRACTICESATTHEBOARDLEVELTHESEREFORMSDIDNOTPRODUCEANIMMEDIATEEFFECTONGOVERNANCEPRACTICESOFITALIANLISTEDCOMPANIES,ALTHOUGHTHEYCONTRIBUTEDTOIMPROVE,SLOWLYANDWITHSOMEDELAY,THEIRGOVERNANCESTANDARDSZA
29、TTONI,2006BEYONDTHEEVOLUTIONOFGOVERNANCEPRACTICES,SOMECHANGESINTHEINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTDIRECTLYAFFECTEDTHEDIFFUSIONANDTHECHARACTERISTICSOFEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSBOTHTHEWHITEPAPEROFTHEMINISTRYOFTHEINDUSTRYANDFOREIGNCOMMERCEANDTHECODEOFGOODGOVERNANCEISSUEDBYTHENATIONALSTOCKEXCHANGEINVITEDCOMPANIESTOIM
30、PLEMENTEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSINORDERTODEVELOPAVALUECREATIONCULTUREINITALIANCOMPANIESFURTHERMORE,IN1997FISCALREGULATIONSWEREENACTEDALLOWINGATAXEXEMPTIONONTHESHARESRECEIVEDTHROUGHANEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANACCORDINGTOTHENEWREGULATION,WHICHTOOKEFFECTONJANUARY1,1998,ISSUANCEOFNEWSTOCKSTOEMPLOYEESBYANEMPLOYERORA
31、NOTHERCOMPANYBELONGINGTOTHESAMEGROUPDIDNOTREPRESENTCOMPENSATIONINKINDFORINCOMETAXPURPOSESAUTUORI2001INTHEFOLLOWINGYEARS,THEEVOLUTIONOFTAXRULESREDUCEDTHEGENEROUSBENEFITSASSOCIATEDWITHTHEUSEOFEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANS,BUTALSOTHENEWRULESCONTINUEDTOFAVORTHEDISSEMINATIONOFTHESEPLANSDRIVENBYTHESECHANGESINTHEIN
32、STITUTIONALCONTEXT,EQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSBECAMEWIDELYDIFFUSEDAMONGITALIANLISTEDCOMPANIESATTHEENDOFTHE90SZATTONI,2006IRONICALLY,THEDIFFUSIONOFTHESEINSTRUMENTSINITALYANDINOTHERCOUNTRIES,SUCHASGERMANYBERNHARDT,1999,SPAINALVAREZPEREZANDNEIRAFONTELA,2005,ANDJAPANNAGAOKA,2005TOOKPLACEWHENTHEYWERESTRONGLYDEB
33、ATEDINTHEUSFORTHEIRUNPREDICTEDCONSEQUENCESANDTHEMALPRACTICESASSOCIATEDWITHTHEIRUSEBEBCHUKETAL,2002THERATIONALESEXPLAININGTHEADOPTIONOFEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSAREAMAINCOMPONENTOFEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONINTHEUSTHEIRUSEISMOSTLYFOUNDEDONTHEARGUMENTTHATTHEYGIVEMANAGERSANINCENTIVETOACTINTHESH
34、AREHOLDERSINTERESTSBYPROVIDINGADIRECTLINKBETWEENTHEIRCOMPENSATIONANDFIRMSTOCKPRICEPERFORMANCEJENSENANDMURPHY,1990BEYONDTHAT,EQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSALSOHAVEOTHERPOSITIVEFEATURES,ASTHEYMAYCONTRIBUTETOTHEATTRACTIONANDRETENTIONOFHIGHLYMOTIVATEDEMPLOYEES,ENCOURAGEBENEFICIARIESTOTAKERISKS,ANDREDUCEDIRECTCASH
35、EXPENSESFOREXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONHALLANDMURPHY,2003DESPITEALLTHEIRPOSITIVEFEATURES,THEUSEOFEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSISINCREASINGLYDEBATEDINTHEUSINPARTICULAR,CRITICSQUESTIONTHEIRPRESUMEDEFFECTIVENESSINGUARANTEEINGTHEALIGNMENTOFEXECUTIVESANDSHAREHOLDERSINTERESTSTHEYPOINTOUTTHATTHESEINSTRUMENTSMAYBEADOPTEDTO
36、FULFILLOTHEROBJECTIVES,SUCHASTOEXTRACTVALUEATSHAREHOLDERSEXPENSESEG,BEBCHUKANDFRIED,2006,OREVENTOACHIEVEAREALORPERCEIVEDREDUCTIONINCOMPENSATIONCOSTSEG,MURPHY,2002INSUMMARY,THEACTUALDEBATEINDICATESTHATTHREEDIFFERENTRATIONALESMAYEXPLAINTHEDISSEMINATIONANDTHESPECIFICFEATURESOFEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANS1THEOP
37、TIMALCONTRACTINGVIEWJENSENANDMURPHY,19902THERENTEXTRACTIONVIEWBEBCHUKETAL,2002AND3THEPERCEIVEDCOSTVIEWHALLANDMURPHY,2003ACCORDINGTOTHEOPTIMALCONTRACTINGVIEW,EXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONPACKAGESAREDESIGNEDTOMINIMIZEAGENCYCOSTSBETWEENTOPMANAGERSAGENTSANDSHAREHOLDERSPRINCIPALSJENSENANDMECKLING,1976THEBOARDSOF
38、DIRECTORSAREEFFECTIVEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSAIMEDATMAXIMIZINGSHAREHOLDERVALUEANDTHETOPMANAGEMENTSCOMPENSATIONSCHEMEISDESIGNEDTOSERVETHISOBJECTIVEFAMAANDJENSEN,1983PROVIDINGMANAGERSWITHEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSMAYMITIGATEMANAGERIALSELFINTERESTBYALIGNINGTHEINTERESTSOFMANAGERSANDSHAREHOLDERSJENSENANDMECKLING,1
39、976FOLLOWINGTHEALIGNMENTRATIONALE,EQUITYINCENTIVESMAYIMPROVEFIRMPERFORMANCE,ASMANAGERSARESUPPOSEDTOWORKFORTHEIROWNANDSHAREHOLDERSBENEFITJENSENANDMURPHY,1990INSHORT,THESEINSTRUMENTSAREDESIGNEDTOALIGNTHEINTERESTSOFMANAGERSWITHTHOSEOFSHAREHOLDERS,ANDTOMOTIVATETHEFORMERTOPURSUETHECREATIONOFSHAREVALUEJEN
40、SENANDMURPHY,1990SOURCEALESSANDROZATTONIANDALESSANDROMINICHILLI,2009“THEDIFFUSIONOFEQUITYINCENTIVEPLANSINITALIANLISTEDCOMPANIESWHATISTHETRIGGER”CORPORATEGOVERNANCEANINTERNATIONALREVIEW,VOL17,PP221223译文股权激励计划在意大利上市公司扩散,什么是触发器简介过去的研究揭示了管理者薪酬在盎格鲁撒克逊国家和其他国家相比的差异(例如,贝舒克,弗莱德和瓦尔克,2002;柴芬斯和托马斯,2004;萨特尼,2007
41、)。在英国,尤其是美国,报酬包括各种部分,和其他地方薪酬相比,短期和长期的可变报酬占了主要部分(康勇和墨菲,2002)。然而在其他国家,固定工资在高级管理者的薪酬计划中占了主要部分。随着时间的推移,可变短期报酬已经变得更为重要,附加福利的影响已经逐渐增加。尽管如此,与达到中期到长期的公司目标挂钩的激励机制从来没有被广泛应用。然而,最近几年,管理者的全部报酬已经经历了一个相当可观的改变,可变报酬已经合理增加,这包括了除美国和英国以外的国家。尤其是,大多数国家的的管理者已经经历了与长期目标相关的可变报酬的增加。在趋向中期和长期激励的大的背景下,出现了一个显著的趋势采用与股票或股权期权相关的计划韬睿
42、派林,2000;2005。在当地和国际水平下,长期激励计划传播的推动者在体制和市场环境中看起来最近有些变化。特别重要是对美国的报酬范例趋同触发器都以市场为导向的驱动,例如股权形式的演化或劳动力市场的国际化,法律驱动,例如法人或税收规则(柴芬斯和托马斯,2004)。在体制和市场环境中,由于这些变化的推动,我们观察到了一个趋向于“国际报酬行为美国化”的全球趋势,以高奖励和非常丰厚的报酬机制为特点(例如,柴芬斯,2003;柴芬斯和托马斯,2004)。讽刺的是,美国报酬范例在本国激烈争论时,就在世界范围发生扩散了。特别是,评论家关注管理层薪资水平和股权激励计划的应用(柴芬斯和托马斯,2004)。评论家
43、强调美国高层管理者,特别是首席执行官,都获得非常丰厚的报酬。八九十年代出现了首席执行官和基层员工之间报酬的日益悬殊。由于这种效应,他们的直接报酬已经是平均雇佣者的一百倍(霍尔和李普曼,1988)。首席执行官和管理者薪资的增长水平的决定性因素是年终分红,尤其是股权认证奖金(康勇和墨菲,2000)。股票期权计划最近已经受到学者和公众批评,因为他们太慷慨,典型的一个公司价值管理的提取症状(贝舒克等,2002;贝舒克和弗莱德,2006)。根据最近这些事件和采用股权激励计划增长倾向,这篇文章主要在于理解除美国和英国之外,股票期权和股票授予计划宣传背后的原因。选择在意大利调查这种现象依靠以下观点。首先,以
44、前的大部分研究分析管理层薪资和股权激励计划在美国和英国的发展。其次,所有权结构和管理措施在欧洲大陆国家与盎格鲁撒克逊国家有本质区别。最后,欧洲大陆国家,尤其是意大利,几乎都忽视这些结构的使用,直到九十年代末。我们的目标是对比这三个相互矛盾观点在股权激励计划扩散上的解释力1)最佳承包观点,阐述了薪资报酬的目的是把管理者和股东之间的代理成本最小化(詹森和墨菲,1990);2)阐述了强大的内部人员可能为他们自己的利益而影响报酬过程(贝舒克等,2002);3)认知成本观点(霍尔和墨菲,2003),阐述了公司可能会为了他们的(假定或实际)成本优势而赞成一些报酬机制。为什么意大利上市公司在九十年代末采用股
45、权激励计划,为了这个目的,我们进行了实证研究寻找原因。为获得这个现象的深层理解,我们收集了最近十年在国家体制环境演变下的数据信息和在1999年和2005年意大利上市公司采用股权激励计划的扩散和特点(即,技术方面和目标)。我们使用逻辑模型和不同方式的统计技术分析数据。我们的结果显示1)公司规模,而不是所有权结构,是采用这些模式的一个决定性因素;2)这些计划没有被广泛应用,提取公司价值,尽管一些案例显示了这个可能性;3)计划的特点与税收法定义的一致,接受特殊财政处理。我们的调查结果有助于发展股权激励计划传播和新兴管理措施传播的原理。实际上,结果显示股权奖励计划已经被首先采用,以把握大量税收利益,在
46、一些情况下它们可能已经被用来控制股东以牺牲小股东为代价来提取公司价值。换句话说,我们的调查结果显示了意大利上市公司采用股权激励计划以实行一个微妙的分离模式。一方面,他们宣布这些计划主要在于定位股东和管理者的利益和激励价值的创造。另一方面,由于缺乏透明度和关于这些结构的前期知识,公司采用这些机制,利用税收利益,有时也分配一大部分价值给一些强有力的个体。这些结果支持一个公司管理的象征性认知,根据这项认知,股权激励计划的简介,请股东为了他们隐含的利益和激励定位,评定价值创造,这并不意味管理措施的实质改善。理论背景意大利上市公司的公司管理意大利公司传统上由一个大股东控制(萨特尼,1999)。银行和其他
47、金融机构不拥有大部分股权,在大型公司的管理上也没有发挥强有力的影响,至少直到他们能够偿还金融贷款(比安奇,比安科和恩里克,2001)。体制投资者通常起着边缘作用,因为他们拥有有限的股权,他们和意大利银行有着严密联系,并且没有为他们积极性的激励提供监管环境。最后,股市相对较小并且没有发展,公司控制市场几乎缺失(比安科,2001)。总之,意大利管理系统能被描述为一个“无力管理者,强大股东和无能力保护小股东”的系统(梅里斯,2000)。董事会传统上是一层,但是股东全体大会必须委任一个法定的审计委员会,他们的主要任务是监督董事的行为(梅里斯,2000)。进一步来说,在九十年代发布的一些研究显示董事会受
48、大股东的相关影响。实际上内、外董事都通过家族或业务关系控制股东(梅里斯,1999;2000;蒙太尼,1997)。与此图片一致,固定工资已经成为高级管理者薪酬的主要成分,而与达到中期到长期公司目标挂钩的激励计划从来没有被广泛应用(梅里斯,1999)。意大利公司采用的股权奖励机制无条件地发行股票给全体员工,以改善公司氛围和稳定股票交易市场上的股价。实质上没有什么能与股权激励计划相比较。然而,即使在这种情况下,董事和高层管理者很少通过股份返利进行估价,因为假定意大利股市在衡量公司效益的能力有限(梅里斯,1999)。在过去十年意大利体制框架的演变意大利的体制框架在过去十年已经有了根本改变,产生了股权激
49、励计划传播的可能性。关于商业法发展的主要改变,良好治理法典的简介和更新,一些鼓励股权激励计划实行的报告和税法演变的发行。关于国家法律和法规,商业法(1998,2003和2005)和良好治理法典的简介(1999)和更新(2002)的一些改革有助于上市公司管理的提高。(萨特尼,2006)金融市场和公司法律改革提高了股票交易市场的效率,创造了一个对体制积极投资者更有利的体制环境(比安奇和恩里克,2005)。同时良好治理法典的简介和更新有助于董事阶层管理行为的提高。这些改革在意大利上市公司的管理应用上没有产生及时效应,尽管他们慢慢地而且推迟,但有助于提高管理标准(萨特尼,2006)。超越管理实践的演变,体制环境的一些改变直接影响股权激励计划的传播和特征。国家股票交易所签署,工业和对外贸易部门发布的白皮书和良好治理法典引导公司执行股权激励机制,为意大利公司发展价值创造文化。此外,在1997年,财政法规制定,允许通过股权奖励机制对股份税收的豁免。根据1998年1月实行的新法规,由雇佣者或者属于同一集团的另一个公司对被雇佣者的发行新股票并不代表实物收入税的补偿(奥沃瑞,2001)。在接下来的几年,税收法演变减少了与股权激励机制相关的大部分利益,但是新规定也有助于这些机制的传播。受体制结构变化驱动,在九十年代末股权激励机制在意大利