1、 外文翻译 原文 EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS OF INDIAN TEXTILEAND GARMENT INDUSTRY Material Source: Indian Council For Research On International Economic Relations Author:Samar Verma The international trade in textile and clothing sectors has been a egregious exception to the most favoured nation principle of GA
2、TT and, since the early 1960s, has been a case of managed trade through forced consensus. However, the WTO Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) marked a significant turnaround. According to the ATC, beginning 1st January 1995, all textiles and clothing products that had been hitherto subjected to
3、 MFA-quota, are scheduled to be integrated into WTO over a period of ten years. “The dismantling of the quota regime represents both an opportunity as well as a threat. An opportunity because markets will no longer be restricted; a threat because markets will no longer be guaranteed by quotas, and e
4、ven the domestic market will be open to competition”. From 1st January 2005, therefore, all textile and clothing products would be traded internationally without quota-restrictions. And this impending reality brings the issue of competitiveness to the fore for all firms in the textile and clothing s
5、ectors, including those in India. It is imperative to understand the true competitiveness of Indian textile and clothing firms in order to make an assessment of what lies ahead in 2005 and beyond. Owing to its significant contribution, the Indian textile and clothing industry occupies a unique place
6、 in the Indian economy. It contributes about 4% of GDP and 14% of industrial output. Second largest employer after agriculture, the industry provides direct employment to 35 million people including substantial segments of weaker sections of society. With a very low import-intensity of about 1.5% on
7、ly, it is the largest net foreign exchange earner in India, earning almost 35% of foreign exchange. This is the only industry that is self-sufficient and complete in cotton value chain- producing everything from fibres to the highest value added finished product of garments. Its growth and vitality
8、therefore has critical bearings on the Indian economy at large. What Is Competitiveness? Competitiveness is about productivity, which in turn is a function of factors related to cost of products, as well as those related to non-price factors such as delivery schedules, reliability of producers, and
9、such intangible factors like image of the country/company and brand equity. Together, they define the competitive sinews of a product to compete under conditions of free market. However, in order to translate industry competitiveness into sales (greater export share in world market), another set of
10、issues- in addition to productivity-need to be examined. These relate to market access conditions. Indeed, industry competitiveness of restrained exporters such as India was not much of an issue during the last almost four decades, ever since the Short Term Arrangement (STA) of 1961. And the reason
11、lay not in price and non-price factors, but in the“manage”dconditions under which global trade in textile and clothing products took place. In fact, it was precisely because of the price competitiveness of some Asian exporters in the 1950s and the 1960s that the “generally and solemnly agreed rules
12、of post-war policy conduct-including the keystone of the system, the non-discrimination rules- were formally set aside for reasons regarded as pragmatic”. This system of managed trade, however, will come to an end on 31st December 2004. For the purpose of this study, industry has been defined as a g
13、roup of firms manufacturing products that directly or indirectly competes with each other. It is implied that no nation can be competitive in manufacturing all goods and services. Hence, industry competitiveness of an entire nation is not quite meaningful. Instead, since it is the firms who compete
14、in international markets, the entire framework of competitiveness would revolve around the study of the firm. “industrial success was founded on behaviour of firms, not on the decisions of governments”. The list of products (industries) identified is in Appendix A. Objective & Scope Of The Study The
15、 objective of the project is to evaluate the export competitiveness of Indian textile and clothing sectors. Because Indian textile and clothing sector is predominantly cotton based, this study would focus mainly on the cotton textile and apparel, and look at the entire value chain from fibre to garm
16、ent and retail distribution. With the aforementioned objective in mind, this study has first identified the products in Indian export basket which have shown a promising growth in value, or in unit value and have a considerable weight in the Indian export basket on the basis of recent performance of
17、 Indian exports of textile and clothing sectors in the US and EU markets. Research Methodology In order to evaluate the demand-side of Indian textile and clothing exports, the study has analysed the competitive performance of Indian exports of the identifiedproducts in the US and EU markets. It has
18、also been used to highlight the role of emerging trade policy environment- specifically, the role of discriminatory rules of origin in Regional Trading Arrangements RTAs, tariff peaks and environmental and labour standards-as market access issues relevant to textile and clothing exporting countries.
19、 To assess the supply-side factors of export competitiveness, a preliminary interview was conducted with a few exporters. The interview sought their views and opinions chiefly in respect of the supply-side bottlenecks that they are facing in India. The supply-side framework is based more on opinions
20、 than on data/numbers. The inferences about the supply-side factors are therefore based on the opinions expressed by exporters of identified products. Competitive Performance- Operational Definition In both these markets, competitive performance has been defined through changes in market shares (in
21、value terms) over the years 1995 and 2000. The following twincriterion was employed to identify export-competitive products. A product is said to be export-competitive if the growth rate in unit value of the product imported from India exceeds average growth rate in unit value of the product from al
22、l suppliers in a market (US/EU), and Its market share grows over the period 1995-2000. However, there are two additional qualifications that need to be borne in mind. 1. To the extent market share is a function of quotas, it may so happen that some countries market share declines over time only beca
23、use their exports are constrained by quotas. 2. Because the market share-based competitive performance has been evaluated in value terms, the effect of exchange rate movements on export competitiveness (and revealed in market shares) cannot be ruled out a priory. All value data is reported in US$ te
24、rms for the two years 1995 and 2000. During this period, the value of US$ declined by almost 13%, if deflated by consumer price index in the US. The data in the tables have been reported in nominal terms, and analysis made on that basis, since they are all reported in US$ and are equally therefore a
25、ffected. Using the twin-criteria of export-competitiveness, all selected products are classified into the four categories of leaders, gainers, losers and outliers. 译文 印度纺织服装行业的出口竞争力 资料来源 : Indian Council For Research On International Economic Relations 作者： Samar Verma 自 1960 年早期，纺织服装行业是国际贸易中关贸总协定最惠国
26、之间经过谈判一致同意的，对关贸总协定正常纪律的例外。然而，世界贸易组织关于纺织品和服装协定标志着一个重大的转变。根据 1995 年 1 月 1 日开始生效的纺织品和服装协定，曾受多种纤维协定配额限制的所有的纺织品和服装产品，将计划在十年内实现世界贸易组织规 定的自由化。配额制度的废除在带来机会的同时，也带来了挑战。虽然市场不再受到配额的限制，但同时也失去了配额的保障，甚至连国内的市场也将向竞争者开放。从 2005 年 1 月 1 日起，所有的纺织和服装产品都将实现全球贸易自由化而不再受到配额的限制。这项规定的执行给所有的包括印度在内的纺织服装行业制造者带来了一个竞争力的问题。为了对 2005
27、年及以后的趋势做出一个分析，了解印度纺织和服装企业的竞争力已是迫在眉睫。 印度的纺织和服装工业对印度经济有着非常重大的贡献，占有一个比较独特的地位。纺织业生产总值约占印度国内生产总值的 4%，占全国制造业的比重为 14%。印度的纺织服装行业包括相关的薄弱产业的直接就业人数为 3500万人，是除了农业以外，提供就业人数最多的一个产业。其进口饱和度只有 1.5%，而纺织品出口占出口总额的 35%，是印度最大的出口创汇产业。从合成纤维到高附加值的纺织成品的生产，纺织服装业是唯一一个自给自足和完整的棉价值链产业。因此纺织行业的高成长性和持久力已在很大程度上影响着整个印度的经济。 什么是竞争力？ 所谓竞
28、争力是指生产率，换句话说，也就是产品的成本因素的作用，以及一些非价格因素，如交货计划，生产商的可靠性，一个国 家或公司和品牌的形象等无形因素。他们一起定义一个产品在自由市场状态下的竞争力。但是，为了解释在销售领域的行业竞争力即在世界市场上占有更多的出口份额，除了生产力外，还有其它一系列的和市场准入条件相关的因素需要考查。事实上，从1961 年短期纺织品协定开始，在过去的将近四十年里，对于像印度的出口商，出口限制的行业竞争力并不是一个很大的问题。其中的原因并不在于价格和非价格因素， 而是纺织服装产品全球贸易一直处于受数量管制的条件下。事实上，在 20 世纪 50 和 60 年代，因为亚洲的一些出
29、口国的价格竞争力使战后普遍一致认同的协定包括系统的宗旨和无歧视原则等都以威胁阻碍这些产品贸易的有序发展为理由而被置之度外。然而，配额限制将在 2004 年 12 月 31 日被取消。 本文的研究目的在于产业是指众多的制造商制造的产品间的直接或间接的竞争。这也意味着某一国家在所有制造的商品和服务上并不拥有绝对优势，因此研究整个国家的产业竞争力并没有多大意义。相反，只有研究企业在国际市场上的竞争力才具有实际意思，因为一个行 业的成功是建立在一个企业文化的基础上而不是在政府的决策上的。在目录 A 里，对这一系列的产品和行业做了定义。 本文的研究目的和范围 本文的研究目的在于研究印度纺织服装行业的出口
30、竞争力。印度的纺织服装行业主要是以棉花为基础的，本文主要研究棉纺织品和服装，以及从纤维到服装成品和零售渠道的整个价值链。基于上述的目的，本文首先确认纺织服装行业在印度出口产品中已取得的预期的价值或单位价值的成长，以及近期印度纺织和服装行业出口到美国和欧盟市场的数量在整个印度出口产品中占据了相当大的比重。 研究方法 为了衡量印度纺织服装行业 的出口需求，本文分析了这些产品在美国和欧盟市场上的竞争成果。也特别强调了在新兴的贸易政策环境下的作用，确切地说是区域贸易协定，关税峰值和环境以及劳动力水平作为纺织服装出口国的市场进入条件时，歧视性规则的作用。 为了评估出口竞争力在供应方面的因素，初步采访了一
31、些出口商。此次访谈主要是寻求他们在印度所面对的供应方面的瓶颈的意见和观点。供应方面的框架的得出更多是基于一些观点而不是数据或数字。因此关于供应方面的因素的推论主要是基于特定产品出口商的意见。 竞争成果操作定义 在这两个市场上，竞争绩效被定义为在 1995 年 到 2000 年期间通过改变可以以价值计算的市场占有份额。以下是被普遍采用为定义具有出口竞争力产品的是两个标准。 一个产品被认为有出口竞争力时，必须是该产品从印度进口的单位价值增长率超过了该产品从美国和欧盟市场上所有的供应商的平均价值增长率。并且在 1995 年到 2000 年期间，该产品的市场份额一直在扩大。此外，还有两个额外的标准需要被考虑。 1、在一定程度上的市场份额是由于配额的作用下，或许会发生一些国家的市场占有率在一段时间内有一定程度的缩减，但这仅仅是因为受到出口配额的限制。 2、由于市场占有份额的竞争绩效是以价 值计算的，所以出口竞争力以及它所体现的市场占有份额就受到汇率变动的影响。 1995 年和 2000 年这两年所有的价值数据都是以美元计算的。在此期间，如果除去美国消费者物价指数的因素，美元价值下降了近 13%，表中的数据也都是用美元进行计算，基于这些条款进行的分析，因此也受到了相同的影响。 通过运用这两个标准来衡量出口竞争力，所有被选择的产品可以被分为 4 大类：领导者、赢家、输者和淘汰者。
