1、 外文翻译 原文 The comparative advantages of trade in tourism services Material Source:World Tourism Economy Author： David James The thought of comparative advantage was mentioned earliest in The Wealth of Nation of Adan Smith, then David Ricardo came out the theory of Comparative Advantage. By the resear
2、ch of Eli F Heckscher and Bertil Ohilin, factor was added into the theory and the theory of comparative advantage was further perfected. With the development of international trade, people found that something happening in international trade could not be explained by the theory of comparative advan
3、tage. So, Michael Porter came out the theory of comparative advantage of nations and constructed competitive advantage of nations and constructed comparative perfect theory system. International service trade came forth later in international trade, but with the share of it becoming bigger and bigge
4、r, all the countries attached more importance to service trade. So, service trade was brought into multilateral trade system of GATT. The tourism trade shared a large portion in the service trade, and brought forth a more concern of every government. With opening up of China tourism market, the tour
5、ism service trade face opportunities and challenges never met before. This thesis was separated into four parts. The first part introduce China tourism service trade and analyze the importance to china trade. Classic Comparative Advantage Theory and Competitive Advantage Theory were discussed in cha
6、pter two. In chapter three, these two theories were used to analyze actuality of China tourism trade. In chapter four, some countries good measure were discussed, and relevant measures were brought forward to improve the competitive advantage of China tourism service trade in the world. The service
7、trade is the most rapidly developing area in the international trade domain. In the recent several decades, the volume growth of service trade in western developed country has gone far beyond the growth of the goods trade. As the most important component in the service trade, and as one of a few key
8、 industries which have international competitive advantages after China enters WTO, the tourism industry obtains the widespread attention. Tourism in our country has already obtained huge achievement during the 30 years of reform and open. But it is an unavoidable question to promote international c
9、ompetitiveness of Chinas tourism for China transforming from the traveling great nation to the traveling powerful one. This paper utilizes the theory of industrial international competitiveness in tourism and does a research on the problem of international competitiveness of tourism in our country.
10、And by illustrating the current developing situation of tourism in China, the author uses Mr. Porters “state Diamond“ model to analyze the existing key factors which could significantly affect our international competitiveness of tourism. Furthermore, this paper sets up an index system basing on the
11、 tourism service data of import and export, which is composed of three indices such as International Market Occupancy Factor, Trade Competitive Power Index, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, makes a worldwide comparative analysis of our tourism competitiveness. World tourism resources and the to
12、urism industry are the external environment of Chinas tourism, and have the most significant impact to Chinas tourism. So in the four part of this thesis, the paper introduces some development patterns in the world, analyzes three countries tourism and gets some new ideas on how to develop Chinas to
13、urism services. Finally, bases on the conclusion made by the certain analysis and practical evaluation, the author provides some useful suggestions for promoting Chinas tourism competitiveness from the tourism product structure, regional structure of the tourism industry and so on. The tourism is on
14、e of the biggest and develops quickest service industries in the world. and is regard as “the forever sunrise industry”. On July 21, 2005, Peoples Bank of China announced our country starts to implement take the market supply and demand as a foundation, refers to a basket currency to carry on the ad
15、justment, to have the management floating exchange rate system. From now on, the price of Renminbi was increased , and brought the profound influence for our countrys tourism. Under the Renminbi revaluation background, how big of the traveling service trades competitive in the international market;
16、how to became a powerful traveling nation in the world; pay more attention to the competitive while make a strategy of traveling developmental and use the theries conduct t the practice are the main viewpoints in this article. This article utilizes the domestic and foreign traveling competitive powe
17、r theory in the traveling service trade domain, research the competitive power of our countrys traveling service trade international under the background of Renmibi revaluation. First, this article to the domestic and foreign traveling international competitive power theory which has carried on the
18、elab omtion with to organize, discusses the suitable in the traveling service trade domain, has emphatically introduced the baud conpetitiv -e advantage theory。 From the present situation, utilizes the model “ diamond” to analysis the primary factr for influence the competitive of ur cuntry s tracel
19、ing and service tradeing.Second, compared the main countries and the areas in the world with their traveling trade competitive under the situatin., then carries on the generalized an alysi is using the service trade comparison superiority index and the international market percentage of target to ou
20、r country trav veli ng international compe titive power. Finally, take the above analysis as the basis, research the international competitive power t inhance our countrys traveling and service tradeing ,then give some advice about how to improve the competitive of our tourism industries,such as dea
21、l the rate of exchange reformation with a good way;optimize the traveling industrial structure;strength the power of development and management;learn form ther countries experience and enhance the guidance power of the government. As a newcomer to the international tourism competition, China is face
22、d up with inevitable challenges of enhancing the tourism service trades competitive edge so as to become a first-class player in the industry from the country rich in tourism resources. As a result, it is one method of new analysis this paper attempts to develop in the tourism industry to put the al
23、ready exiting international trade theory into use in the tourism service trade industry, that is to say, employ the current theory as a example for the practical use. This paper starts with the reality of the development of China tertiary industry, then analyze the factors which influence the compet
24、itiveness of the tourism service industry based on the pattern of Polands “National Diamond”. In the meantime, an evaluation is conducted of Chinas tourism competitiveness on the basis of the data of the tourism industrys input and output, and the percentage of the market share in the world. in addi
25、tion, this paper makes an analysis of the factors influencing the tourism service industry from the perspective of such areas as the conditions of factors of the tourisms production ,domestic tourism demand, the conditions of the tourism-related or auxiliary industry, tourism enterprises strategy, s
26、tructure, competition and opportunities, and the government. In the end, the paper proposes the suggestion and tactics to enhance Chinese tourism service industrys competitiveness. 译文 旅游服务贸易的比较优势 资料来源 : 世界旅游经济 作者： 大卫詹姆斯 思想的比较优势中提到的最早的阿丹史密斯国富 ， 然后来到了李嘉图比较优势理论。由礼 F 赫克歇尔和作者 Bertil Ohilin 研究， 因素是加入的理论和比
27、较优势 理论的进一步完善。随着国际贸易的发展，人们发现，在国际贸易中发生的事情不能由比较优势理论来解释。所以，迈克尔波特出来的比较优势的国家和构建国家竞争优势，构建比较完善的理论体系的理论。 二次大战以后 ,随着国际和平环境的来临 ,世界经济的日益繁荣和国际交往的不断扩大 ,旅游业已经成为世界规模最大的产业 ,其发展对于世界各国经济的发展都带来了重要的贡献 ,由于国际旅游业是世界经济中最具有广泛前景的一个组成部分 ,各国都在继续努力的开放并积极参与这一领域的竞争。我国作为国际旅游竞争领域的后来者 ,要想从旅游资源大国向世界旅游强 国转变 ,增强国际旅游服务贸易的竞争力是解决问题的必由之路。如何
28、将现有的国际贸易理论移植到旅游服务贸易领域 ,并加以应用来指导实践 ,是本文在研究旅游服务贸易领域尝试的一条新分析思路。 本文在比较优势理论、波特的国家竞争优势理论等理论基础上 ,依据近年我国有关统计资料 ,以相关的贸易理论及现代统计方法为指导 ,定性和定量分析相结合的方法 ,将理论与实践相结合采用贸易竞争指数、国际市场占有率、贸易显示性优势指数及劳动生产率指标等指标来构架评价指标体系 ,借用 EVIEWS 统计分析软件 ,运用多元回归方法。得出了以下结论 : 我国国 际旅游服务贸易比较优势较为突出 ,国际竞争力相对较强。但是这样的竞争力只是暂时的 ,可能存在后劲不足的问题。通过实证分析发现影
29、响国际旅游服务贸易竞争力因素 ,交通运输 ,组织化程度与我国国际旅游服务贸易竞争力水平成正相关关系。根据分析的结果 ,本文在实行保护、开发创新并重的原则下 ,从基础设施建设 ,交通条件 ,产业组织结构等方面着手改善我国国际旅游服务贸易竞争力水平。 就在国际市场经济改天换地的时刻， 国际服务贸易挺身而出，后来在国际贸易，但它的份额变得越来越大， 所有国家更加重视服务贸易。因此，服务贸易纳入关贸总协定的多边贸易体制。 上世纪后半叶，全球旅游界盛行着这样一个观点，旅游业是 21 世纪产业和朝阳产业，旅游业将在 21 世纪蓬勃发展，实现大跨越与大发展，成为独领风骚的产业，并有着不衰的生命力和极强的竞争
30、力。 近 30 年来 ,西方发达国家服务贸易额的增长远远超过了货物贸易。作为服务贸易最为重要的组成部分 ,作为中国加入 WTO 后少数具有国际竞争优势的重要产业之一 ,旅游服务贸易日益受到世界各国的广泛关注和重视。改革开放以来 ,我国的旅游业已经取得了巨大的成就 ,但是要想把我国从旅游大 国转变为旅游强国 ,增强我国旅游服务国际贸易竞争力是无法回避的问题。产业国际竞争力钻石模型理论运用于旅游服务贸易领域 ,研究我国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力问题。 然而， 服务贸易是国际贸易领域中发展最为迅速的地区。在最近的几十年中，西方发达国家服务贸易额的增长已经远远超出了货物贸易的增长。由于在服务贸易的最重要
31、组成部分，作为少数具有国际竞争优势加入 WTO 后中国重点行业之一，旅游业得到了广泛的关注。旅游在我国已获得在改革开放 30 年来的巨大成就。但它是一个不可回避的问题，以促进中国从旅游大国转变为一个强大的中国旅游的旅 游业的国际竞争力。本文利用了工业旅游的国际竞争力理论和是否对我国旅游业的国际竞争力问题进行研究。 并说明了当前中国旅游业发展的情况，笔者利用波特先生的“国家钻石”模型来分析现有的关键因素可能显着影响我们的旅游业的国际竞争力。此外，该文件列出了一个指标体系，对旅游服务的进出口数据的基础上， 这是三个国际市场占有率等因素，贸易竞争力指数，显示性比较优势指数，指数构成，使我们的世界旅游
32、竞争力的比较分析。世界旅游资源和旅游产业是中国旅游业的外部环境，有最重大影响的中国旅游业。因此，在本论文第四部分，介绍了世界上一些发展 模式，分析了三个国家的旅游，并得到关于如何开发中国的旅游服务的新思路。最后，在结论基地以一定的分析和评价方面取得的实际，笔者从为促进旅游产品结构，区域结构，旅游产业等中国的旅游竞争力的一些有益的建议。 众所周知， 旅游业是最大的之一，在世界上发展最快的服务行业。而以“永远的朝阳产业”方面。 7 月 21 日， 2005 年，人民对中国银行宣布我国开始实行以市场供求为基础的需求，是指一篮子货币进行调节，有管理的浮动汇率制度。从现在开始，人民币价格上升，并带来了为
33、我国的旅游业产生深远的影响。在人民币升值背景下，如何在旅游服 务贸易在国际市场的竞争力大，如何成为一个强大的旅游在世界各国，更注重竞争而作出的旅游发展战略，并使用theries 行为吨的实践是这篇文章的主要观点。 作为国际旅游竞争力的新人，正面临着与中国加强旅游服务贸易的竞争力，从而成为行业中一流的从该国丰富的旅游资源球员不可避免的挑战。因此，它是一种新的分析方法，本文试图在旅游产业发展投入在旅游服务贸易行业，这就是说，作为一个榜样，采用目前的理论使用已经退出国际贸易理论实际使用。本文从对中国的 第三产业发展的实际出发，然后分析哪些因素影响了旅游服务在波兰的“国家钻石 ”模式为主业的竞争力。在此期间，进行了一个评价中国的旅游竞争力对旅游业的投入和产出数据，市场份额比例在世界上的基础。此外，本文通过对影响从这些地区作为旅游的生产，国内旅游需求因素的条件角度对旅游服务行业因素分析，与旅游业相关或辅助行业状况，旅游企业战略，结构，竞争和机遇，和政府。最后，提出的建议和策略，以提高中国旅游服务行业的竞争力。
