1、 外文翻译 原文 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Material Source: http:/www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/wp/00-3.pdf Author: Catherine L. Mann Electronic commerce and its related activities over the internet can be the engines that improve domestic economic well-being through liberalizatio
2、n of domestic services, more rapid integration into globalization of production, and leap-frogging of available technology. Electronic commerce integrates the domestic and global markets from its very inception. Negotiating on trade issues related to electronic commerce will demand self-inspection o
3、f key domestic policies, particularly in telecommunications, financial services, and distribution and delivery. Technical aspects of electronic commerce, its complexity and the characteristic of network externalities should change the way that developing countries approach the external negotiating p
4、rocess to depend more on cooperative effort through their regional forums (APEC,FTAA). Second, since electronic commerce is characterized by “network externalities. Developing countries should take advantage of the technical leadership coming out of the private sector in the most advanced countries
5、(and their own private sector, even if nascent) and “draft”in behind. E-commerce is not a service, nor a good, but something that is comprised of both. In the context of WTO commitments, embracing this idea could lead to a liberalizing bias in favor of electronic delivery of goods and services as co
6、mpared to delivery by a scheduled mode. Rather than view this outcome with alarm, developing countries should encourage it as a positive force that furthers the development both of electronic commerce, as well as engenders deeper liberalization and deregulation throughout the economy. This paper was
7、 originally prepared as a power-point presentation for the World Services Congress,November 1999. It will appear in a volume edited by Robert Stern and entitled, Services in the International Economy: Measurement, Modeling, Sectoral and Country Studies, and Isues in the World Services Negotiations.
8、Electronic commerce and its related activities over the internet can be the engines that improve domestic economic well-being through liberalization of domestic services, more rapid integration into globalization of production, and leap-frogging of available technology. Since electronic commerce int
9、egrates the domestic and global markets from its very inception, negotiating on trade issues related to electronic commerce will, even more than trade negotiations have in the past, demand self-inspection of key domestic policies, particularly in telecommunications,financial services, and distributi
10、on and delivery. Because these sectors are fundamental to the workings of a modern economy, liberalization here will rebound to greater economic well-being than comparable liberalization in more narrowly focussed sectors. Thus, the desire to be part of the e-commerce wave can be a powerful force to
11、erode domestic vested interests that have slowed the liberalization of these sectors. Technical aspects of electronic commerce, its complexity and the characteristic of network externalities should change the way that developing countries approach the external negotiating process. Specifically, the
12、complexity of negotiations will require more cooperative effort among countries through their regional forums (APEC, FTAA) which heretofore have operated at the periphery of the WTO process. Second, since electronic commerce is characterized by network externalities, developing countries should take
13、 advantage of the technical leadership coming out of the private sector in the most advanced countries (and their own private sector, even if nascent) and “draft” in behind. Standing on the shoulders of giants makes sense when network externalities and interoperable standards are key to maximizing t
14、he benefits of e-commerce. Trying to develop domestic standards or following the old technique of import substitution to develop a domestic industry is even more economically wasteful in the context of the internet and electronic commerce than it was in more traditional sectors. Trade negotiations a
15、re often the tool used to liberalize domestic sectors. But the complementarity between domestic policy and trade strategy is tighter in the case of e-commerce and the internet. Moreover, this complementarity emphasizes that e-commerce is not a service, nor a good, but something that is comprised of
16、both. In the context of the WTO commitments,embracing this idea could lead to a liberalizing bias in favor of electronic delivery of goods and services as compared to delivery by another scheduled mode. For example, insurance products could be sold over the Internet even if the physical presence of
17、a foreign insurance firm was not scheduled for liberalization under GATS. Rather than view this outcome with alarm, developing countries should embrace it as a positive force that furthers the development both of electronic commerce, as well as encourages deeper liberalization and deregulation throu
18、ghout the economy. “ Electronic commerce” is a shorthand term that embraces a complex amalgam of technologies,infrastructures, processes, and products. It brings together whole industries and narrow applications, producers and users, information exchange and economic activity into a global marketpla
19、ce called “the Internet.” There is no universal definition of electronic commerce because the Internet marketplace and its participants are so numerous and their intricate. Relationships are evolving so rapidly. Nonetheless, one of the best ways of understanding electronic commerce is to consider th
20、e elements of its infrastructure, its impact on the traditional marketplace, and the continuum of ways in which electronic commerce is manifested. This approach shows clearly how electronic commerce is intricately woven into the fabric of domestic economic activity and international trade. Electroni
21、c commerce as it has evolved today requires three types of infrastructure: Technological infrastructure to create an Internet marketplace. Electronic commerce relies on a variety of technologies, the development of which are proceeding at breakneck speeds. Process infrastructure to connect the Inter
22、net marketplace to the traditional marketplace.This infrastructure makes payment over the Internet possible (through credit, debit, or Smart cards, or through online currencies). It also makes possible the distribution and delivery (whether online or physical) of those products purchased over the In
23、ternet to the consumer. “Infrastructure” of protocols, laws, and regulations. This infrastructure affects the conduct of those businesses engaging in and impacted by electronic commerce, as well as the relationships between businesses, consumers, and government. Examples include technical communicat
24、ions and interconnectivity standards; the legality and modality of digital signatures, certification, and encryption; and disclosure, privacy, and content regulations. Together, these infrastructures enable electronic commerce to innovate the traditional Marketplace in three ways:Process innovations
25、: Electronic commerce simplifies, makes more efficient, reduces costs, or otherwise alters the process by which an existing transaction takes place. Electronic commerce creates or fac ilitates new industries and products not previously available. Market innovations: Electronic commerce also creates
26、new markets in time, space, and in information that heretofore did not exist because transaction and coordination costs were prohibitively high. For example, the online bank Wingspan offers 24-hour bill payment features; PeopleLink is a global advertising location for artisans in remote parts of Lat
27、in America and Africa; reverse auctions through Priceline inform businesses of the exact price aconsumer is willing to pay for the products, as well as reduce the consumers purchase cost.In reviewing the infrastructures that make electronic commerce possible, as well as theimpact electronic commerce
28、 has on the traditional marketplace, we can see how electronic commerce is intricately woven into the fabric of domestic economic activity and international trade. 译文 发展中国家 的 电子商务 资料来源 :www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/wp/00-3.pdf 作者： 曼 凯瑟琳 通过提高国内经济福利的自由化 ,更加快速的家政服务 ， 融入全球化的制造和 leap-frogging 现
29、有技术。电子商务集国内和全球市场从其产生开始 ， 贸易谈判有关电子商务 是 要求自检的关键 ， 国内政策特别是在电信、金融、与分布交货。电子商务的技术方面 的 复杂性和特点 ， 网络外部性应该改变自己看待事物的方式方法 ,发展中国家对外更多地依赖谈判过程 ,通过他们的合作区域论坛(APEC,FTAA)。其次 ,由于电子商务的特点是 “ 网络外部性 ” ， 发展中国家应充分利用 技术领导能力走出私人的领域最先进的国家 。 电子传送的商品和服务助理员相比 是 一个预定的模式 ,发展中国家应鼓励它作为一种积极的力量进一步发展 ,电子商务的两种 ,以及产生更深刻 。 在整个经济自由化与管制。电子商务及
30、其相关活动对互联网可以引擎 ,改善 ， 通过国内经济福利的自由化的家政服务 ,更加快速的整合 ， 经济融入全球化的制造和leap-frogging 现有技术。由于电子商务集成国内和 全球市场从其产生以来 ,谈判电子商务贸易相关的问题 ,甚至超过贸易谈判的 过去 ,需求关键设备自检国内政策 ,特别是在电信 ,金融服务和配送。因为这些部门都是基本的。运行的一个现代经济中 ,自由化这里将会反弹至更大的经济福利 。 更狭窄的自由比同类集中部门。因此 ,渴望参与电子商务波可以是一种强大的力量 ,侵蚀国内既得利益者的速度减慢这些行业的自由化。 电子商务 技术方面 的 复杂性和特点 ， 网络外部性应该改变自
31、己看待事物的方式方法 ,发展中国家对外谈判进程。具体地说 ,谈判需要的复杂性与他人合作 。通过他们的努力在国与国之间区域论坛 (APEC、 FTAA),迄今行在世贸组织的外围过程。其次 ,由于电子商务具有网络外部性 ， 发展中国家应充分利用了出来的技术领导私人部门最先进的国家 (和他们的自己的私营企业 ,即使新兴 )和 “ 汇票 ” 的后面。网络外部性的时候才合理和可互操作的标准最大化的关键 电子商务的好处。试图发展我国标准或者在过时的技术了 ， 进口替代国内产业发展更经济上浪费时间在背景下的互联网和电子商务不如从前更传统的部门。贸易谈判通常使用工具放宽国内行业。 但国内政策互补贸易 战略紧电
32、子商务的情况和互联网。而且 ,这种互补强调电子商务不是一种服务 ,服务相比 ,由另一预定交付模式。例如 ,保险产品在互联网上可以卖掉 ,即使身体存在外国保险公司定于自由化贸易总协定下。而不是把这结果震惊 ,发展国家应该拥抱它作为一种正面的力量 ,发展高科技电子两个 。商业鼓励更深的自由化和在整个经济管制。 “ 电子商务 ” 是一种速记 ,融入一个复杂的术语 ,汞合金的科技 ,基础设施、流程和产品。它结合了整个行业和缩小 ， 应用 ,生产者和使用者 ,信息交换和经济活动的成为一个全球性的市场被称为 “ 互联网。 ” 没有全球性通用电子商务的定 义 。 因为互联网市场和它的参加者是如此众多和他们的
33、错综复杂 。 关系发展如此迅速。然而 ,最好的方式之一的理解 。 电子商务的因素是考虑基础设施 ,他对传统一系列的市场 ,如何在电子商务已经实现了。 电子商务作为它已经演变今天需要三种类型的设施 :1.技术的基础设施 ,以创造一个互联网市场。电子商务需要有各种各样的技术 ,它的发展速度惊人的进展 (例如 ,互联在电信、电缆、卫星、或另外的因特网 、 设备及用户 ,如电脑、电视、或移动电话 )。 2.过程基础设施将互联网市场传统市场。此基础设施在因特网上可能使付款 (通过信用、付款 ,或聪明卡片 ,或 者通过在线货币 )。它也就有可能配送 (无论在线或身体 )在互联网上购买的产品给顾客。 3.基
34、础设施 ” 的协议、法律、法规 ,制定本办法。这场基础设施的影响的行为的公司从事电子商务与影响 ,以及企业之间的关系、消费者和政府。例子包括技术通讯和互联标准 ;的合法性和形态的数字签名 ,认证 ,并加密 ;和信息披露 ,隐私 ,和内容法规 ,制定本办法。 市场有三种方法 : 1.过程创新 。 电子商务简化 ,使更多的效率 ,降低成本 ,或其他方式改变的过程发生一个已经存在的事务。系统来代替电话、传真订购过程能用一种网上订购过程 ， 消费者愿意支付产品 ,降低消 费者的购买成本。在回顾商业的基础设施 ,使电子商务的可能 ,以及影响电子商务对传统的市场 ,我们可以看到怎样的电子商务是杂乱迂回渗透到人们的国内经济活动 。 2.贸易。在基础设施也关系是关键 ,电子商务对国内的活动。三个服务行业基础设施的电信、金融服务、与分布、交货 ,全面的关键元素是经济活动。 3.电子商务是全球性的起步。尽管传统的边界问题仍然国际贸易的世界 ，电子商务减少了它们的重要性。不再客户需要在现场看到或听到他们购买的是什么。在超过 40 个国家的客户的产品在 160 多个国家和地区。目前正免费电子市场明确贸易壁垒。缺 乏国际的运价规则或者其他障碍对电子商务鼓励更多的人试一试 ,然后继续使用互联网市场 ,创造一个更大层面的效率和经济效益为它的参加者。
