1、外文翻译原文ASTUDYOFTHEINFLUENCEOFCOMPANYCULTURECOMMUNICATIONSANDEMPLOYEEATTITUDESONTHEUSEOF5SSFORENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTATCOOKEBROTHERSLTDINTRODUCTION5SSTHE5SPRACTICEISBASEDONTHEPHILOSOPHYTHATPERSONALORGANIZATION,NEATNESS,CLEANLINESS,STANDARDIZATIONANDDISCIPLINEFORMTHEFOUNDATIONFORACHIEVINGHIGHQUALITYSTA
2、NDARDSINTHEPRODUCTIONOFGOODSANDSERVICES,FROMAWELLORGANIZEDWORKINGENVIRONMENTHO,1996HTTP/WWWHKBUEDUHK/SAMHO/TQMEX/5SHTMTHE5SSREPRESENTTHEFIVEJAPANESEWORDSSEIRI,SEITON,SEISO,SEIKETSUANDSHITSUKEOSADA,1991THEENGLISHEQUIVALENT,THE5CS,CLEAROUT,CONFIGURE,CLEANANDCHECK,CONFORMITY,CUSTOMANDPRACTICEAREMORECOM
3、MONLYUSEDINUKFIRMS,TOACHIEVETHESAMEOUTCOMESTHELINKBETWEENTHEEFFECTIVEUSEOFWORLDCLASSMANUFACTURINGWCMTECHNIQUESSUCHASTHE5SSANDIMPROVEDQUALITYOFPRODUCTS,SERVICESANDPROCESSES,INALEARNINGENVIRONMENTISWELLRECOGNIZEDWILLIAMS,1999LINKSBETWEENENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTANDTHE5SSENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTINABUSINES
4、SANDINDUSTRIALCONTEXTISBASEDUPONAPHILOSOPHYTHATRELATESSTRONGLYTOTHE5SSANEFFECTIVEENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTSYSTEMTHATRESULTSINREALIMPROVEMENTSINENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCERELIESONCOMMITMENTFROMTOPMANAGEMENT,ACOMPREHENSIVETRAININGPROGRAMME,EFFECTIVECOMMUNICATIONSANDTOTALINVOLVEMENTOFEMPLOYEESFROMALLLEVELSA
5、NDFUNCTIONSMUCHACTIVITYTOIMPROVEENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEISLINKEDWITHHOUSEKEEPING,THEREFORETHESHOPFLOOR,YARDANDSTORAGEAREASBECOMETHEPRIMARYFOCUSOFATTENTIONGENERALLYACLEAROUTOFWASTES/SCRAP,OLD,UNUSEDTOOLS,ANDEQUIPMENTISNECESSARYONCETHEAREASARECLEAR,ATTENTIONISGIVENTOTHESTORAGEOFTOOLS,EQUIPMENT,RAWMATE
6、RIALS,OILS,ANDCHEMICALS,SCRAPANDWASTESTOREDUCERISKTOTHEENVIRONMENT,DRUMSANDCONTAINERSOFFLUIDSMUSTBESTOREDWITHAPPROPRIATESECONDARYCONTAINMENTANDLABELINGSUCHMEASURESPREVENTPOSSIBLESPILLAGEANDACCIDENTS,ANDREDUCEACCESSANDRETRIEVALTIMEABATEMENTTECHNOLOGIESMAYBEREQUIREDWHEREPROCESSES,MANUFACTURINGOROTHERW
7、ISE,POSEPARTICULARLYHIGHENVIRONMENTALRISKSNEWORAMENDEDOPERATIONALPROCEDURESANDWORKINSTRUCTIONSTOPREVENTARETURNTOBADHABITSNEEDTOBEINTRODUCEDANDFOLLOWEDINORDERTODEMONSTRATEACHIEVEMENT,PARAMETERSSHOULDBESETANDMEASUREDTOSHOWPROGRESS,OROTHERWISETHISGIVESEMPLOYEESAMEANSOFMONITORINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEIRA
8、CTIONSANDISANINCENTIVETOKEEPWITHTHEGOODPRACTICETHELINKBETWEENTHE5SSANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFANENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTSYSTEMISCLEAR,HOWEVERINPRACTICESUCCESSFULIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE5SSTOIMPROVEENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCE,HOUSEKEEPINGORHEALTHANDSAFETYSTANDARDSDEPENDSTOAGREATEXTENTUPONTHEFIRMSCULTURECULTUREANDATTI
9、TUDELARGELYTOPMANAGEMENTANDORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTUREDETERMINETHECULTUREOFAFIRMHUMANFACTORSSUCHASPERSONALITIESOFTOPANDMIDDLEMANAGEMENTINFLUENCETHECOMMUNICATIONDYNAMICSOFAFIRM,WHICHINTURNDETERMINESTHEEXTENTOFINVOLVEMENTANDMOTIVATIONATTHEOPERATIVELEVELMANAGINGIMPROVEMENTANDCHANGEOFPRACTICEEVENINASMALLFIR
10、MREQUIRESSTRONGLEADERSHIPBYEXAMPLE,NOTWORDSOPPORTUNITIESTOINVOLVETHOSEATLOWERLEVELSINTHEORGANIZATIONINIMPROVEMENTINITIATIVESARECREATEDMAINLYATTHETOPANDCASCADETOMIDDLEMANAGERSTHESUCCESSORFAILUREOFIMPROVEMENTTECHNIQUESSUCHASTHE5SSLIESTHEREFOREINTHEHANDSOFTOPMANAGEMENT,ASTHEYPLAYTHEKEYROLEINESTABLISHIN
11、GTHEFIRMSCULTURETHEORETICALLY,THE5SSSETOUTACLEAR,SIMPLEROUTETOWARDSACHIEVINGATOTALQUALITY,EQUITABLE,ENVIRONMENTWHEREWELLCONTROLLEDPROCESSESANDOPERATIONSPRODUCEHIGHQUALITYGOODSANDSERVICESINPRACTICE,BECAUSEOFTHEPLETHORAOFHUMANFACTORSTHATCOMEINTOPLAY,THESITUATIONISFARMORECOMPLEXANDTHEROUTETOIMPLEMENTAT
12、IONANDUSEOFTHE5SSISNOTSOCLEARCUTTHECASESTUDYINCLUDEDINTHISPAPEREXPLORESTHEUSEOFTHE5SSINCOOKEBROTHERSLTDASATECHNIQUETOIMPROVEENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCE,HOUSEKEEPING,ANDHEALTHANDSAFETYINACOHERENTWAYTHEVIEWSOFTOPANDMIDDLEMANAGERSANDOFSHOPFLOOROPERATIVESGIVEANINSIGHTINTOTHEREALISSUESRELATINGTOTHEPRACTICAL
13、USEOF5SSTECHNIQUETHESURVEYIDENTIFIESTHEOBSERVEDANDPERCEIVEDBARRIERSTOFULLIMPLEMENTATIONANDUSEOFTHE5SSTECHNIQUEANDTHEBENEFITSTHATHAVEALREADYBEENOBSERVEDATSHOPFLOORLEVELANDTHROUGHOUTTHEBUSINESSEMPLOYEESWHOTOOKPARTINTHESURVEYSUGGESTPOTENTIALSOLUTIONS,INADDITIONTOOTHERCONTINUALIMPROVEMENTTECHNIQUESTHATW
14、OULDADDRESSTHECONSTRAINTSTHATWEREIDENTIFIEDCOOKEBROTHERSLTDCASESTUDYBACKGROUNDOFCOOKEBROTHERSCOOKEBROTHERSLTDISASMALL,FAMILYOWNEDMANUFACTURINGCOMPANYBASEDINWALSALLTHEFIRMWASESTABLISHEDIN1872,INASTON,BIRMINGHAMANDMOVEDTOTHEPRESENTSITEINWALSALLIN1960THEFIRMSMAINBUSINESSISTHEMANUFACTUREOFHINGESFORARCHI
15、TECTURAL,OFFICEEQUIPMENTANDAUTOMOTIVEAPPLICATIONSTHEOPERATIONSASSOCIATEDWITHHINGEMANUFACTUREAREPRESSWORK,METALTREATMENTANDASSEMBLY,ALLOFWHICHARECARRIEDOUT,TOVARYINGEXTENT,ONSITETHESITEHOUSESTHESUBSIDIARYFIRM,PHOENIXTOOLING,ALSO,ATOOLDESIGNANDMANUFACTUREBUSINESSATTHETIMEOFTHESURVEYTHEFIRMEMPLOYED92FU
16、LLTIMEANDSIXPARTTIMESTAFFTHEFIRMCONSIDERSITSMANAGEMENTSTRUCTURETOBEHIERARCHICAL,HAVEACHAIRMAN,THREEDIRECTORS,TWOMANAGINGDIRECTORS,ANDFINANCEDIRECTOR,TENMIDDLEMANAGERSANDFIVECELLLEADERS/SUPERVISORSTHEFIRMGAINEDCERTIFICATIONWITHISO9002IN1988THEREFORETHEREISEXPERIENCEOFOPERATINGTOAQUALITYSTANDARDIN1993
17、COOKEBROTHERSWASCERTIFIEDWITHINVESTORSINPEOPLEIIP,MAKINGITTHEFIRSTBUSINESSINWALSALLBOROUGHTOACHIEVECERTIFICATIONWITHTHEUKEMPLOYEESTRAININGANDDEVELOPMENTSTANDARDACOMPREHENSIVETRAININGPROGRAMMEOPERATESFORALLEMPLOYEES,EACHBEINGENTITLEDTOTWOTRAININGHOURSPERWEEKTHISTIMEISUSEDFORCROSSCOMPANYTRAININGPROGRA
18、MMESONTOPICSSUCHASENVIRONMENTALAWARENESS,5SS,DETERMINEDACCORDINGTOIDENTIFIEDNEEDSTHETIMEMAYBEUSEDALSOFORNATIONALVOCATIONALQUALIFICATIONNVQANDHIGHEREDUCATIONTRAINING,SPECIFICTOINDIVIDUALSJOBSTHEFIRMMAYBECONSIDEREDTHEREFORETOBEALEARNINGCOMPANYASPROMOTIONOFLEARNINGOPPORTUNITIESFOREMPLOYEESISATOPPRIORIT
19、YTHEFIRMSBOARDOFDIRECTORSMADEACOMMITMENTTODEVELOPANDIMPLEMENTANENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTSYSTEMTHATWOULDSATISFYISO14001CRITERIA,IN1996THEPROCESSWASSEENASALEARNINGOPPORTUNITYFORALLINTHEFIRMTHEAPPROACHTAKENTHEREFOREWASTOTRAINTENEMPLOYEES,REPRESENTINGRELEVANTFUNCTIONS,INENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTTECHNIQUESTH
20、ETEAMSTARTEDTHEPROCESSOFDESIGNINGANDDEVELOPINGANENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTSYSTEMCONCURRENTLYALLOTHERSTAFFRECEIVEDCOMPREHENSIVEENVIRONMENTALAWARENESSTRAININGINAROLLINGPROGRAMMEDELIVEREDOVERAYEARTHEOUTCOMEOFTHISAPPROACHISASYSTEMTHATISEMPLOYEEDRIVENANDHASRESULTEDINCONSIDERABLEIMPROVEMENTSINTHEFIRMSENVIRON
21、MENTALPERFORMANCEEXAMPLESINCLUDESIGNIFICANTREDUCTIONSINTHEUSEOFOIL,50PERCENT,WATER,30PERCENT,ENERGY,30PERCENTANDPAPER,75PERCENTALLOFWHICHWEREIDENTIFIEDASHAVINGENVIRONMENTALSIGNIFICANCEATTAININGTOTALQUALITYSTATUSISTHEKEYDRIVERATCOOKEBROTHERSUSEOF5SSISSEENASAPIVOTALTECHNIQUEFORIMPROVINGHOUSEKEEPING,HE
22、ALTHANDSAFETYANDENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCETHROUGHOUTTHEFIRMASWITHENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTANDAWARENESS,TRAININGWASUSEDASTHEMEANSTOINTRODUCETHE5SSTHREEMEMBERSOFSTAFF,TWOCELLLEADERSANDONEFROMSHOPFLOORWEREFORMALLYTRAINED,ONTWOSEPARATEPROGRAMMERSTHEPURPOSEANDOBJECTIVESOFBOTHPROGRAMMESWEREESSENTIALLYTHESAME,
23、THATIS,TRAININGINTECHNIQUESFORPROCESSANDQUALITYIMPROVEMENTSUBSEQUENTLYALLEMPLOYEESRECEIVEDINFORMALTRAININGINTHE5SSONAROLLINGPROGRAMMEDELIVEREDINHOUSEMETHODFORMALINTERVIEWSEMPLOYEESREPRESENTINGTHETHREEMAINLEVELSOFTHEFIRM,TOPMANAGEMENT,MIDDLEMANAGEMENT,INCLUDINGSUPERVISORSANDSHOPFLOORWEREINTERVIEWEDIN
24、THREEINDEPENDENTINTERVIEWSTHEFINANCEDIRECTOR,REPRESENTINGTOPMANAGEMENT,WASINTERVIEWEDALONETHEFINANCEDIRECTOR,ALONGWITHTHECOMPANYADMINISTRATORHADDESIGNEDANDDELIVEREDTHEINFORMAL5SSTRAININGINHOUSETHREEEMPLOYEES,TWOMIDDLEMANAGERS/SUPERVISORS,ONESHOPFLOOR,WHOHADRECEIVEDFORMAL5SSTRAINING,WEREINTERVIEWEDAS
25、AGROUPFOURSHOPFLOOROPERATIVESREPRESENTINGDIFFERENTMANUFACTURINGAREASWEREINTERVIEWEDTOGETHERDIRECTQUESTIONSWEREASKEDATTHEINTERVIEWANDINTERVIEWEESWEREGIVENTHEOPPORTUNITYTOADDGENERALCOMMENTSRELATINGTOTHEISSUESRAISEDTHE5SSTRAININGPROGRAMMETHEFORMALTRAININGINCLUDED5SSASPARTOFAWORLDCLASSMANUFACTURETRAININ
26、GPROGRAMME,DELIVEREDTHROUGHTWOPROVIDERSPROCESSIMPROVEMENTTECHNIQUESPROVIDEDTHEMAINFOCUSOFTHECOURSEHEALTHANDSAFETYANDENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTWEREREFERREDTOBRIEFLYTRAININGWASACTIVITYBASEDWITHMANYTEAMBASEDEXERCISESASWELLASINDIVIDUALTASKSCOURSEWORKINCLUDEDA5SSWORKBASEDPROJECTTHATWASASSESSEDTHROUGHOBSERVA
27、TIONSANDPRESENTATIONSMEASURINGEFFECTIVENESSOF5SSTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHE5SSASAMEANSTOIMPROVEENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCE,HOUSEKEEPINGANDHEALTHANDSAFETY,ATTHETIMEOFTHESURVEY,WASNOTMEASUREDTHEREPRESENTATIVEOFTOPMANAGEMENTWHOTOOKPARTINTHEINTERVIEWDISCUSSEDTHEPARAMETERSANDCRITERIATHATWOULDBEUSEDTHEYAREASFOLLOW
28、SISSUESANDSUGGESTIONSWILLFEEDBACKFROMTHEWORKFORCETHISWILLBEOBTAINEDTHROUGHONEREPRESENTATIVEFROMEACHSECTIONREPORTINGINFORMALLYEACHMEMBEROFASECTIONWILLHAVETHEOPPORTUNITYTOREPORTTHEAUDITINGPROCESSWILLENCOMPASS5SSFORHOUSEKEEPING,ENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEANDHEALTHANDSAFETYSTAFFATALLLEVELSWILLGETINVOLVEDEV
29、ENTUALLYINTHEAUDITPROCESSPERFORMANCEINDICATORSPISRELATINGTOSALES,PROFITABILITYANDPRODUCTQUALITYWILLBEINTRODUCEDGRADUALLYPISRELATINGTOWASTEANDSCRAPMATERIALSWERENOTINPLACEAND,ITWASFELT,MAYBEDIFFICULTTODETERMINEDUETOTHEHIDDENREWORKTHATNEEDSTOBEMEASUREDUNTILATRUEFIGUREFORREWORKISOBTAINEDTHEPISRELATINGTO
30、SCRAPLEVELSAREMEANINGLESSCONCLUSIONSTHEOUTCOMESOFTHESURVEYATCOOKEBROTHERSDEMONSTRATECLEARLYTHATTHE5S，PRACTICEISSEENASANEFFECTIVETECHNIQUETHATCANIMPROVEHOUSEKEEPING,ENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEANDHEALTHANDSAFETYSTANDARDSINANINTEGRATEDHOLISTICWAYTHESURVEYDEMONSTRATES,HOWEVER,THATTHEREAREBARRIERSTOTHEEFFEC
31、TIVEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE5SSFORANYIMPROVEMENTPURPOSETHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTBARRIERSIDENTIFIEDRELATEDTOCOMMUNICATION,DEGREEOFSTAFFINVOLVEMENTANDATTITUDESOFEMPLOYEESCOOKEBROTHERSLTDHASALEARNINGETHOSANDEMPLOYEESHAVEHIGHERTHANUSUALOPPORTUNITIESTOTRAINANDLEARNEVENWITHTHISPOSITIVECULTURALBACKDROP,THEREAREATTITUD
32、EPROBLEMS,PARTICULARLYATSHOPFLOORLEVELANDPOORPERCEPTIONOFTHECOMMUNICATIONSMECHANISMWITHINTHEFIRMEMPLOYEESINVOLVEDINTHESURVEYHADVERYCLEARVIEWSASTOTHESOLUTIONSTHATWOULDOVERCOMETHEBARRIERSREPRESENTATIVESFROMALLLEVELSOFTHEFIRMSAWTHATTHERESOLUTIONLAYINEMPLOYEEAUTONOMYANDMOREEFFECTIVECOMMUNICATIONMECHANIS
33、MSTHEREWASOVERALLAGREEMENTTHATLINESOFCOMMUNICATIONSHOULDBESHORTWITHFASTANDEFFECTIVEFEEDBACKMECHANISMTHEINTRODUCTIONOFASUGGESTIONSCHEMEAGAINWITHFASTFEEDBACKWASIDENTIFIEDASANIMPORTANTMEANSOFPROMOTINGINVOLVEMENTBOTHMIDDLEMANAGEMENTANDSHOPFLOORAGREEDTHATRECOGNITIONFORWORKWELLDONEWASANEFFECTIVEMEANSOFPRO
34、MOTINGPOSITIVEATTITUDESANDINCREASEDINVOLVEMENTATLOWERLEVELSTOPMANAGEMENTWASVERYAWAREOFTHEISSUESTHATCONSTRAINEDFULLIMPLEMENTATIONOF5SSTHEREWASUNDERSTANDINGALSOOFTHESOLUTIONSTHATWOULDOVERCOMETHECONSTRAINTSOWINGTOTHEFIRMHAVINGLIMITEDRESOURCESANDSMALLINVESTMENTBUDGETS,TOPMANAGEMENTFELTTHATCERTAINACTIONS
35、THATREQUIREDINVESTMENTWOULDHAVETOWAITTHIS,ITWASFELT,COULDBEPERCEIVEDNEGATIVELYBYMIDDLEMANAGERSANDSHOPFLOOROPERATIVESHOWEVER,ITWASFELTTHATCOMMUNICATINGRESOURCESCONSTRAINTSTOALLEMPLOYEESANDINVOLVINGTHEMINTHEPLANNINGPROCESSWOULDCOUNTERACTANYNEGATIVITYFINDINGSTHATDEMONSTRATETHATTHE5SSAREEFFECTIVEINIMPRO
36、VINGENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCERELATEPRIMARILYTOTHEMEASUREDREDUCTIONSINWASTE,ATAPRODUCTIONLEVEL,PARTICULARLYWATER,OILANDENERGYTHE5SSPROMOTENEATNESSINTHESTORAGEOFALLITEMSINCLUDINGOILSANDCHEMICALSTHATMAYPOSESIGNIFICANTRISKTOTHEENVIRONMENT,HENCEPREVENTINGORMINIMIZINGTHERISKOFENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONTHE5SS,B
37、YITSVERYNATURE,ISATOOLTHATMAYBEUSEDTOINTRODUCEGOODENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTPRACTICEEFFECTIVELYANDSUBSEQUENTLYBEUSEDTOIMPROVEENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCECONTINUALLYALONGSIDEHOUSEKEEPINGANDHEALTHANDSAFETYTHISCASESTUDYSHOWS,HOWEVER,THATAFIRMSCULTURE,COMMUNICATIONSANDEMPLOYEEATTITUDESARETHEFACTORSTHATWILLINFL
38、UENCESUCCESSORFAILUREINTHEUSEOFTHE5SSAWARENESSOFTHEPOTENTIALBARRIERSFROMTHEONSETLEADINGTOTOPMANAGEMENTTAKINGAPPROPRIATEACTIONISTHEMOSTPOTENTMEANSOFINTRODUCINGTHISTECHNIQUEQUICKLYANDEFFECTIVELYPOORCOMMUNICATIONSBEINGTHEMOSTCITEDBARRIERTOFULLANDEFFECTIVEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE5SSTHROUGHTHESTUDYATCOOKEBROT
39、HERSSUGGESTSTHATTHEISSUEOFCOMMUNICATIONINTHISCONTEXTCANNOTBEIGNOREDCOMMUNICATIONMETHODSANDTHEIREFFECTIVENESSARERARELYASSESSEDANDEVALUATEDORTHEROUTECAUSESOFCOMMUNICATIONFAILURESADDRESSEDINANINDUSTRIALENVIRONMENTTHEEFFECTSOFPOORCOMMUNICATION,HOWEVER,AREEVIDENTINWASTEDRESOURCES,TIMEANDMONEY,WITHRESULTA
40、NTLOWEREDMORALEAMONGSTEMPLOYEESMANYCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMSINBUSINESSANDINDUSTRYHAVEEVOLVEDOVERTIMEINANUNCONTROLLEDFASHIONTHERESULTINGSYSTEMSMAYBECOMPLEX,CLUTTEREDANDCONFUSINGINTHEAUTHORSOPINIONTHEREISSCOPEFORCOMMUNICATIONSWITHINAFIRMTOBEADDRESSEDINTHESAMEWAYASHOUSEKEEPING,HEALTHANDSAFETYANDENVIRONMENTA
41、LPERFORMANCETHATISTOUNDERGOTHE5SSTREATMENTTHE5SSCOULDBEAPPLIEDTOACOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMASFOLLOWS1ASSESSCURRENTCOMMUNICATIONMECHANISMSWITHINTHEFIRMIDENTIFYCOMMUNICATIONBARRIERSANDDETERMINETHEIRSOURCESCLEAROUTCLUTTERANDREMOVEBARRIERSREASSUREEMPLOYEESATALLLEVELSTHATTHEYAREINNODANGER2CREATESHORTLINESOFCOM
42、MUNICATIONANDPROMOTETRANSPARENCYPROMOTETHEUSEOFSIMPLEANDVISUALCOMMUNICATIONMETHODSWHEREAPPROPRIATEANDELECTRONICMETHODSTOREPLACEPAPERWHEREPOSSIBLEENCOURAGEOPENNESSEVALUATEEFFECTIVENESSOFTRAININGPROGRAMMESANDINITIATECHANGEWHERENECESSARY3GIVEALLEMPLOYEESOPPORTUNITIESTOCREATEANDTESTTHEELEMENTSOFTHENEWCO
43、MMUNICATIONSYSTEMTHATAFFECTTHEMANDTHEIRJOBSGETFEEDBACKANDAMENDSYSTEMASARESULT4STANDARDISETHECOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMACROSSTHEFIRMANDENSUREALLEMPLOYEESUSETHESYSTEMCONSISTENTLY5ADHERETOTHENEWIMPROVEDSYSTEMMONITORITSEFFECTIVENESSCONTINUOUSLYTHROUGHAUDITKEEPIMPROVINGTHESTEPSOUTLINEDHAVENOTBEENAPPLIEDORTESTE
44、DTHEREFORE,THEREISSCOPEFORFURTHERINVESTIGATIONINTOTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHE5SSASAMEANSOFIMPROVINGCOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMSINABUSINESSCONTEXTINADDITION,THEINFLUENCEOFFACTORSSUCHASCOMPANYSIZEANDSTRUCTUREONTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFSUCHANAPPLICATIONOFTHE5SSSHOULDPRODUCEINTERESTINGFINDINGSFROMTHEENVIRONMENTALPERSPECTIVE,
45、FURTHERRESEARCHINTHISAREACOULDEXPLORETHEINDIRECTIMPACTSOF5SSTREATEDCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMSONAFIRMSENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEUSINGSPECIFICENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEINDICATORSFORMEASUREMENTPURPOSESITISCLEARTHATTHESCOPEFOR5SSAPPLICATIONISWIDERANGINGANDWHENIMPLEMENTEDEFFECTIVELYTHERESULTINGBUSINESSIMPROVEMENTC
46、ANBEDRAMATICTHEFULLBENEFITSOFTHE5SS,HOWEVER,CANNOTBEEXPERIENCEDINBUSINESSUNTILTHEBARRIERSASSOCIATEDWITHIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHETECHNIQUEARERECOGNIZED,FULLYUNDERSTOODANDADDRESSEDSOURCETHETQMMAGAZINEVOLUME12NUMBER52000321330译文对5SS用于库克兄弟公司环境管理中的企业文化和员工态度影响的研究引言5SS5S活动是根据人的理念、组织、整洁、清洁、标准化和纪律的形式实现在产品或服务上的高质量，
47、是组织营造良好的工作环境的基础HO,1996年HTTP/WWWHKBUEDUHK/SAMHO/TQMEX/5SHTM。5SS表示五个日文单词即整理、整顿、清扫、清洁和素养OSADA,1991。而英语中的5CS即整理、配置、清洁和检查、整合、习惯与实践则更常用于英国企业，且于5SS达到了同样的效果。在此之间，企业将有效应用世界级制造技术（WCM），如应用5SS提高产品、服务和流程的质量，这在学术界是众所周知的（威廉姆斯，1999年）。环境管理与5SS之间的关系无论是商业环境管理还是工业环境管理都基于同一个理念，而这一理念又强烈涉及到5SS。一个有效的环境管理体系，在环境改善上的表现其结果主要依赖
48、于自上而下的管理、全面的培训计划、有效的沟通以及各个层次及职能的员工的全员参与和承诺。在企业经营过程中，有相当多的活动与改善环境和公司绩效相联系，因此，车间、堆放区、仓库等都成为人们关注的焦点。一般来说，将废物废料、未使用的工具或设备清理出现场是必要的，如果该区域已经被清理了，应当注意工具、设备、原材料、油、化学物品及废料废品的存储。为了降低环境中的风险因素，液体容器的存储必须辅以适当的控制和标识，这种措施可以防止泄漏和意外事故的发生，并减少存取和检索的时间。而企业生产经营所需的一些相关技术在制造或生产中也可能构成很高的环境风险。新的或修订过的工作指导文件，可以使工作人员遵循指示操作，从而减少
49、不良习惯引起的风险。另外，为了展示业绩，企业还应当做好工作进程的标识等一些参数的设置，这是为员工提供的一种很好的检测其行为有效的手段，可以鼓励员工保持良好的工作习惯。在环境管理制度中5SS的实施环节是明确的，然而在实践中要成功实施5SS使得环境得到明显改善，并保证内部活动的健康和安全还是取决于企业自身的企业文化。文化与态度一般来说，大部分企业高层管理者和其本身的组织结构决定着一个企业的企业文化。其中人为因素如高层或中层管理者在企业内部的沟通力度，反过来也影响着企业员工的参与程度和其积极性，即使只是一个小企业的环境管理和改善的实施过程，仍是需要一个强有力的领导来以身作则。组织中的改善措施主要是建立在中、高层管理者的参与度上，因此，5SS的成功与否最终还是由公司的管理者建立的企业文化决定的。理论上，5SS为实现全面质量管理，较好地控制生产流程和操作以提供高品质的产品或服务提供了一条简单而明确的途径。然而，在实践过程中，由于人为因素对5SS实施过程有着很大的影响，情况更为复杂，执行过程以及5SS的执行也就不那么清晰。本文探讨了库克兄弟公司通过实施5SS活动，以改善企业环境、绩效、内部活动、健康和安全的一系列过程，并且通过对中高层管理人员和车间操作人员的意见进行统计分析，对企业真正实施5SS活动所产生的问题进行了深入地了解与剖析，这项统计调查表明在充分执行5
