1、1.3 考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called _ features. (北二外 2006 研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the _study of language. (北二外 2003 研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of_ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in
2、new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed_ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of_. 6. Modern linguistic is_ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules fo
3、r people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called _. (北二外 2003 研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called_. (北二外 2004 研)
4、 10. _mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外 2005 研 ) 11. Semantics and _investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外 2007 研)12. In linguistics, _ refers to the study of the rules governing t
5、he way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学 2008 研)13. _can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 14. The branch of gramm
6、ar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _. (北二外 2008 研)15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the memb
7、ers of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大 2006 研)16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussures langue and Chomskys_. 18. One of the im
8、portant distinctions in linguistics is _ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, which is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable an
9、d may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大 2006 研)20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between _ and performances. (北二外 2007 研) II. Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature?
10、 (大连外国语学院 2008 研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大 2008 研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as_. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4.
11、 Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness:5. The st
12、udy of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with_. (大连外国语学院2008 研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobsons framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to i
13、ndulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and information. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion with others. 7.Which of the following is a main branch of linguistics? (大连外国语学院
14、2008 研)A. Macrolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics C. Sociolinguistics 8. _ refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and words which speakers of a language have ashared knowledge of. (西安外国语学院 2006 研) A. Langue B. Competence C. Communicative competence D. Linguistic potential9
15、.The study of language at one point in time is a _ study. (北二外 2010 研) A. historical B. synchronic C. descriptive D. diachronic 10. “An refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. ” This shows that language has the design feature of _. A. arbitrariness B. creativity C. duality D. dis
16、placement 11. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade” is . A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 12.Saussure is closely connected with_. (大连外国语学院 2008 研) A. Langue B. Competence C. Etic III. True or False 1. Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary
17、 nature of language. (清华 2000 研) 2. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations. 3. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the dea
18、f-mute is not language4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is mere important for us. 5. The features that define our human languages can be calle
19、d DESIGN FEATURES. (大连外国语学院 2008 研) 6. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. 7. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints. 8. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary. 9. In language c
20、lassrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners communicative skills. 10. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of
21、that culture, to communicate or interact. 11. Saussures exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical linguistics. 12. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. 13. Wherever humans exist, language exists. (对外经贸
22、 2006 研)14. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study. 15. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: thesystem of sounds and the system of meanings. 16. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than
23、 descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language. IV. Explain the following terms. 1.Duality (北二外 2010 研；南开大学 2010 研) 2.Design features 3.Competence 4.Displacement (南开大学 2010 研；清华 2001 研) 5.Diachronic linguistics 6. Descriptive linguistics 7.Arbitrariness(四川大学 2006 研) V
24、. Short answer questions1. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two. (北外 2002 研) 参考答案及解析I. Fill in the blanks. 1.Design (人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。 ) 2.scientific (语言学通常被定义为研究科学的语言，或对语言的科学研究。)3.verbal (语言是一种口头交流的手
25、段。) 4.productivity (用有限表现无限就是能产性。) 5.language (语言学是对语言的科学研究。) 6.descriptive (发现语言的规律而不是规定就是描述性。)7.speech (语言学研究是以口头为基础而不是书面。)8.Phonology (音系学研究支配语音分布和排列的规则以及音节的形式。)9.Morphology (形态学研究词语的内部结构组织。 ) 10.Phonetics (语音学研究语音，以及语音的描写和分类。) 11.pragmatics (语义学研究词作为词的意义，语用学是在语境中研究意义。) 12.Syntax (句法学研究形成正确句子的规则。
26、) 13.Pragmatics (语用学是在语境中研究意义。 ) 14.Syntax (句法学研究语言中组合成句子的支配规则，或简单地说，研究句子的构造。)15.langue；parole (语言指一个语言集团的所有成员共享的抽象语言系统，言语是指语言在实际使用中的实现。) 16.Diachronic linguistic (历时语言学集中研究几十年或几百年的时 期内两个或比两个更多的语言状况的差异。) 17.Competence (索绪尔的语言与乔姆斯基的语言能力相似，因为二者都指抽象的语言知识，不是实际使用中的语言。) 18.langue (索绪尔用语言和言语来区分说话者的语言能力和言语上
27、(表达的)的实际表现或语料。)19.Competence (语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。)20.Competence (乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言应用的根本区别。)II. Multiple Choice 1.B (语言的区别性特征主要是指任意性，双重性，创造性和移位性。) 2.A (crash 是一个缩略语，typewriter 是复合词，bang 是拟声词，所以只有 tree 的形成比较任意。) 3.C (语言学家认为语言和语言使用中的变化是自然的。) 4.C (移位性指的是语言可以描述不是此时此地的事。) 5.B (声
28、学语音学研究语音的物质特征。) 6.D (所指功能是指用语言来传达信息，情感功能是表达一种态度，感受；意动功能是通过命令和恳求说服影响他人。)7.A (语言学主要分为宏观语言学和微观语言学，宏观语言学又包括社会语言学，心理语言学和人类语言学。) 8.A (语言指一个言语社团所有成员共享的抽象语言系统。) 9.B (在某一时间点上对语言的描写是一种共时研究。) 10.D (移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。 ) 11.C (语言的信息功能是指语言用来陈述某件事情，提供信息或用作推理。) 12.A (索绪尔提出了言语与语言，乔姆斯基提出了语言
29、能力与语言应用。)III. True or False. 1.F (拟声词表明语言并不是完全任意的，一些拟声词的发音与其意义还是有一定联系的。) 2.T (语言能力与语言应用的概念。) 3.F (聋哑人所用的也是语言。) 4.T (任意性使得语言具有创新性。) 5.T (能定义人类语言的特点就是语言的基本特征。) 6.T (历时研究是指研究语言的变化和发展。) 7.T (言语是相对稳定和系统的，而语言是主观和受环境所限的。) 8.F (语言的改变并不是任意的，而是遵循社会规律的。)9.T (在现代语言教学中，教授给学生的语法是描述性的，且更加注重学生的交流技能的培养。) 10.F (应该是口头而不是书面。) 11.F (应该是描述性语言学。) 12.T (应用语言学是把语言学原则和理论运用到语言教学中) 13.F (语言是在人类出现相当一段时间之后才出现的。) 14.F (历史语言学相当于历时研究。) 15.T (二重性是人类语言的一个基本特征，因为语言有两层结构：声音系统和意义系统。) 16.F (描写式和规定式的语言学是分析语言的两种不同的方法，不能简单的说谁好谁坏之说。)
