1、1 外文翻译 原文 Supply chain management for agricultural products Resource: MBA (IT), IIIT Allahabad Pulastya Roy Agriculture is a significant sector of most of the economy of world. Agriculture derives its importance from the fact that it provides any a country self reliance in terms of food for their pe
2、ople, providing huge direct and indirect employment and more over huge revenue by export of surplus food grain. Agriculture is backbone of the economy and infrastructure for many countries like India, Brazil and others. Due to technical advancement, improved irrigation system and several other reaso
3、ns production in agriculture has increased several folds. To meet this increased production and business in agriculture sector an equally reliable supply chain support is imperative. Supply chain is basically-“a set of processes functioning synergistically to satisfy a customers demand”. Any supply
4、chain trades off between two main attributes of supply chain, “Efficiency and Responsiveness”. Any supply chain is adopted or designed keeping only this two attributes in mind because it defines about which kind of customer the supply chain wants to cater and what is the scale of “return on investme
5、nt” is being planned for. Agricultural industry uses both kind of supply chain as per the need. Designing supply chain for agricultural products: Most of the produce in agriculture can not be sold directly; as per their mode of consumption they can be categorized as follows.There are some products w
6、hich are not highly perishable like cereals but needed to be processed like- rice is polished, and wheat has to be husked.Some products are highly perishable so they must be sent to market very fast or otherwise needed to be processed and packaged well. For designing a supply chain for any Agricultu
7、re product, its important to know which kind of agriculture products is that, and accordingly a responsive or efficient supply chain is designed. Supply chain for non perishable items: Most all the cereals like Wheat, Rice, Maize etc. and some vegetables like 2 Potato and Onion are highly inelastic
8、in demand, moreover they are not highly perishables so the supply chain for such products should focus more on efficiency and cost effectiveness than responsiveness. These products have vital supply and demand links with the market. Cereals needs some kind of processing and polishing after they are
9、harvested from field and from here onwards supply chain comes into play. The food grain is then packed in jute bags and then stored in cold storages till they get order from market. These type of agricultural products are highly in elastic in demand and the demand more or less remains constant so th
10、eir demand can easily be forecasted and hence while designing supply chain for such products efficiency should be more preferred. Supply chain for perishable items: Fruits, green vegetables and flower come under perishable items and they need all together a more responsive, fast and accountable supp
11、ly chain as a means of propagation from farms to the market. These products are elastic and erratic in demand hence their demand forecasting is also difficult. They need more costly type cold storage and refrigeration, special transportation mechanism and on time delivery, all these requirements mak
12、e this supply chain very costly, but at the same time the price of these products are consummately adjusted to ensure higher margin and profit. While designing supply chain for such items main focus should be given on the responsiveness. Supply chain management for fruits: To handle supply chain for
13、 these items is a very demanding task. Such products need facilities like refrigerated vans, more efficient cold storage faster transportation. This is the sector where India needs more improvement. India is the second largest producer for both fruits and vegetables, next only to China. Major vegeta
14、bles include potato, eggplants, tomatoes, cassava, cabbage, dry onions, cauliflower, pumpkin, okra and green peas, while fruits include mangoes, oranges, apples, grapes, pineapples and papaya. So we severely need better support system to handle this massive produce. For example refrigerated vans, th
15、e need for refrigerated vans is driven by economics. Every year, India wastes over 30 per cent of the fruits and vegetables owing to shortage of proper cold chain infrastructure. As of today, most of the fruits and vegetables and meat get spoilt by the time they are transported from the farmlands to
16、 the retail chains in the cities. The export potential of fresh fruits, 3 vegetables and dairy sector in India has not been fully tapped considering the size and diversity of these sectors. A poor supply chain is a chief reason behind this. However, India has a negligible share in imports of fruits
17、and vegetables by countries like Australia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Lebanon, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Syria and Thailand. Considering the level of imports in Asian countries, the study noted that India has a high potential in many
18、 Asian markets. Potential fruits identified by the study for increasing the exports include apples, oranges, bananas, watermelon, mandarin, pineapple, mangoes and guavas. Potential vegetables identified by the study include garlic, cauliflower, tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, peas, mushrooms, onions
19、and eggplants. Major problems for fresh fruit and vegetable exports from India include low productivity (cost competitiveness) as compared to global standards, prevalence of a low level of pre-harvest and post-harvest technologies, international quality standards and existence of distortion in marke
20、t channels and poor supply chain system. Developing region specific export facilitation centers and emphasizing the role of Agri-Export Zones (AEZs) further in tandem with the market requirements, especially to provide a specific thrust to the quality and supply chain requirements of the target mark
21、ets. A case introduction about the main application technology in Japan Fresh Logistics: In order to maintain the freshness of agricultural products, need to form different products and flow characteristics of the harvest, transport, storage, logistics links the integrated use of various types of te
22、chnology. (A) the cold chain system is the core of logistics technology, preservation of agricultural products, mainly involving pre-cooling, freezing refrigerated transportation and warehousing sectors insulation. 1. Precooling means immediately after the harvest of agricultural products for rapid
23、cooling of their processing, treatment can be controlled by pre-cooling products, respiration and evaporation to prevent the organic acids, Victoria C, etc. to reduce nutrients, inhibit bacterial growth in order to achieve the maintenance of product color, anti-corrosion and to prevent overripe frui
24、t and other fresh-keeping effect. The pre-cooling is more popular in Japan that the main mode are as follows: (1) forced ventilation pre-cooling: to pre-cooling bank chilling by cold air for cooling. Construction costs low, can be applied to wider variety of agricultural industries, but the cooling
25、process more time-consuming, non-uniform cooling. 4 (2) differential pressure ventilation pre-cooling: In the manufacture of pressure difference on both sides of the container, to instill air-conditioning inside the container. Construction costs in the forced ventilation between the pre-cooling and
26、vacuum pre-cooling. Forced ventilation cooling rate faster than the pre-cooling, and the cooling effect of uniform, but some agricultural products so that method has been applied will be sent fade. When loading takes some time. (3) Vacuum precooling: The agricultural products into the decompression
27、chamber, promoting the internal water evaporation, thus cooling. The cooling speed, the effect is even, but not frozen bulky, surface area of small fruit. Higher construction costs, more was necessary to build cold storage. (4) cold-water pre-cooling: to pour cold water on agricultural products, or
28、to soak them in refrigeration. Cool faster, but not suitable for soaking the product can not be more need for a separate cold storage building. 2. Frozen refrigerated transport is an important component of cold chain system, mainly involving insulation trucks, containers and incubator technology. Ja
29、pan is now the majority of perishable agricultural products have been the vast majority of the use of heat insulation container transport trucks and some high-end agricultural products by air to shorten the circulation time. Such as the early morning ha rvest fish, high-grade fruits, the day will be
30、 able to appear in Tokyo department stores on the counter. (B) preservation, and packaging According to different product characteristics and circulation patterns, use of appropriate preservation, and packaging technologies. Of potatoes, onions and other non-perishable vegetables, etc. can take a si
31、mple packaging, through the air circulation inside the container can control the mildew and rot. And to maximize the size of the transport and improve transport efficiency, bringing the cost advantages of scale. Order online or mail order and other small-scale circulation of agricultural products, t
32、he use of foam packaging plus refrigerated cooling agent. Pairs of high-valued agricultural products can be taken to special packaging. Such as Japan in the cherry, peach, strawberry and other fruit on the packaging of easily bruised widespread use of buffering materials, and the use of special pres
33、ervation tank to absorb the ethylene composition distribution of fruit and control fruit had cooked. In addition, with refrigerated transport, and sometimes need to use foam packaging, the package straight refrigerants. Used for multiple recycling of the transport containers can effectively improve
34、5 the transportation efficiency, reduce transportation costs. Japan, the transport of agricultural products widely used standard-size folding transport case, a transportation overlay when placed after the discharge of folding up the transport do not take up space, and can be recycled many times. (C)
35、 fresh storage Frozen fresh storage warehouse is the foundation, in addition to a number of recent Refrigeration technology began with the promotion, the more popular two methods are as follows: Controlled atmosphere storage (controlled atmosphere, referred to as CA storage): the use of nitrogen or
36、carbon dioxide to inhibit respiration in order to achieve fresh results. Dried Preserved: The natural drying or artificial drying, raw materials for food or food dehydration, so water does not result in reduced to the extent of food spoilage, so as to achieve the purpose of preservation. Conclusion:
37、 Agriculture is the main stay of the Indian and several other economies of world, it constitutes the backbone of rural livelihood security system and accounts for a handsome percent of GDP of the whole world and if given due support to this industry in terms of better supply chain management system
38、it can certainly provide India or in that manner any agricultural based economy a substantial growth. 译文 农产品 供应链管理 来源 :工商管理硕士（ 信息技术 ） ， 印度国际信息学院 ， 阿拉哈巴德 .罗伊 农业是世界经济中 一个 最重要的部门。农业收入 的重要性 来自一个事实，即它提供了任何一个国家在粮食方面 使 本国人民 有了 自力更生的 能力， 提供了由粮食出口盈余巨大的收益 和更多 的直接和间接的就业机会。农业 即 是 一个国家经济的顶梁柱也是一个国家经济的基础 ，如印度，巴西和其
39、他许多国家。由于技术进步， 灌溉系统 的改善 和其他一些原因，农业生产增加了数倍。为了满足这种 生产和 业务的增加， 农业部门 依靠 供应链 的 支持是必不可少的。 供应链基本上是 ， “ 一个协同运作， 并 以满足客户的需求 的 过程 ” 。任何供应链之间的两个行业的供应链， 都体现了“高 效率和反应性 ” 的主要属性 。 任6 何供应链 只需 采用或设计 并且 牢记这两个属性，因为它定义了哪些类型的客户的供应链 需要满足需求 ， 哪种 规模 的“ 投资回报 ” 正在 被 计划。农业产业 按 需要 使用哪 种。 （ 1） 为农产品设计供应链 大多数的农产品不能被直接出售，按照他们消费模式的不
40、同，他们可被分为以下几类： 有一些产品不属于 容易腐坏的谷类，但需要被处理，抛光大米，小麦，必须 被去壳。有一些 产品 容易变坏， 因此 它们必须被送到市场非常快，或者以其他方式处 理和包装好。 为了设计一个能够适应任何农产品使用的供应链， 重要的是要知道 农产品相对应的那两种属性高效和灵敏有否被设计进供应链中。 （ 2） 非易腐农产品供应链项： 几乎所有的洋葱 ， 谷物如小麦，水稻，玉 米等，和一些蔬菜如马铃薯，葱等是被高度的，无差别的需求，而且 它们不易变坏， 所以对这类 农 产品 供应链相比响应性更 应注重效率和成本效益。 这些农产品的供应与市场 需求联系起来就显得尤为重要。谷物在它们从
41、地里收获后需要一些加工 和抛光的过程，供应链就从这里开始发挥作用。这些粮食谷物，接着被装入麻袋，然后存放在冷库储存，直到它们从 市场获得订单。 这类型 农产品需求或多或少的保持不变，所以 它 们可以很容易地 被 预测，因此在设计此类 农 产品的供应链 时 效率应更优先 考虑 。 （ 3） 易腐农产品供应链项： 水果，绿色蔬菜和鲜花都属 于易腐农产品。它们在流通的过程中都需要更加的灵活，快速 的供应链 作为一种从农场到市场 的传播 手段 。 这些 农 产品是有弹性 需求不稳定 的特点 ，因此 它们 的需求预测也很困难。 它 们需要更昂贵的冷藏 室和 冷冻 库 ，特种运输 工具 和交货准时机制，所
42、有这些要求使这个供应链的成本很高 ，但在同一时间内，使这些农产品的价格很高 ，以确保较高利润率和利润。 这 在设计供应链等项目 时 应给予重点 考虑 反应 性 。 （ 4） 水果供应链管理： 处理这些项目的供应链是一个非常艰巨的任务。像这样的农产品需要冷藏车设施，更快更有效的冷藏运输。这 就是印度农产品行业需要 改进的地方。 印度是世界第二大水果和蔬菜生产国，仅次于中国。主要蔬菜包括土豆，茄子，西红柿，木薯，白菜，干洋葱，花椰菜，南瓜，秋葵，绿豌豆，而水果包括芒果，柑桔，苹果，葡萄，菠萝和木瓜。因此，我们需要更好的支持系统来处理这些庞大的农产品。例如冷藏车，冷藏车的需求带动经济的发展。 每年
43、，印度超过百分之三十的水果和蔬菜浪费掉是因为没有适当的冷链基础设施。 截至今天，大部分的肉，蔬菜和水果在它们从农地运送到城市的零食连锁店时变质、7 损坏。新鲜水果，蔬菜和奶制品行业在印度的出口潜力尚还没有得到充分的挖掘并且还未考虑到行业的规模和多样性。落后的供应链是其背后的主要原因。然而，印度在水果和蔬菜进出口方面和澳大利，亚香港，印度尼西亚，伊朗，日本，约旦，韩国，黎巴嫩，蒙古，新西兰，巴基斯坦，菲律宾，新加坡，叙利亚和泰国等国家比起来只占了微不足道的份额。考虑到亚洲国家的进口水平，研究指出，印度在许多亚洲市 场有着巨大的潜力。这项研究确定了增加出口潜力的水果包括苹果，桔子，香蕉，西瓜，柑橘
44、，菠萝，芒果，番石榴。这项研究发现了存在潜力的蔬菜包括大蒜，菜花，西红柿，土豆，黄瓜，豌豆，蘑菇，洋葱和茄子。 印度出口新鲜水果和蔬菜的主要问题包括 ： 与全球标准相比的低生产力（成本竞争力），收获前和收获后的技术水平应用率低，于国际市场质量标准不兼容，市场渠道不畅通，供应链系统落后。 下面是 一个 关于在 日本保 鲜物流的主要应用技术案例介绍： （ A） 为了保持农产品的新鲜度，需要在运输、仓储等物流环节综合运用物流技术来保持流动特性。 冷 链系统是物流技术 ， 农产品保鲜 的 核心 ， 主要涉及预冷，冷冻冷藏保温运输和仓储业。 1.预冷 指 立即 将 农产品及其加工产品的快速冷却 的过程。
45、这种处理方法 可以通过预冷产品，呼吸作用和蒸发，防止有机酸，维 C 等营养物质减少，以抑制细菌增长实现产品颜色维护，防腐蚀，防止过熟水果等 的 保鲜效果。预冷在日本 很 受欢迎， 其 主要方式如下： （ 1）强制通风预冷：预冷却 储库通过 吹冷风冷却。 实施 成本低，可应用于多 种 农业品种，但 在 冷却过程 中 ，非均匀冷却。 （ 2）差压通风预冷：在压力容器 的两侧制造压力差 ， 将制冷的空气 注入到容器内。 工程 主要费用在 于 预冷与真空预冷之间的机械通风 设备 。 机械 通风降温比 之前 预冷 冷却 的 速度快，冷却均匀效果 好 ，但这样的方法 使 有些农产品褪色。 装货 也 需要一
46、些时间 。 （ 3）真空预冷：进入减压舱的农产品，促进了内部水分的蒸发，从而冷却。冷却速度快，效果均匀， 但冻结体积不大 。但是 建造成本 高 ，更多的是要建立冷库。 （ 4）冷水预冷： 将 冷水 倒 在 农产品 上 ，或 将其 浸泡在制冷 柜中 。 冷却 得 会更快，但 不适合 浸泡一个单独的冷库 楼 里 的 产品。 2.冷冻冷藏运输是冷链系统 的重要组成部分，主要涉及保温车，集装箱和孵化器的技术。日本现在 大多数 易腐农产品 已经使用 隔热集 装箱运输卡车 运输和一些农产品 空气控制器 ，尽量缩短流通时间。像清晨 捕得 鱼，高档水果， 一8 天 内 将能够 出现 在东京百货公司 的 柜台上
47、。 （ B）保鲜包装 根据不同的产品特性和流通模式，采用适当的保鲜和包装技术。土豆，洋葱等不易腐烂的蔬菜等，可以采取简单的包装，通过容器内可以控制霉菌和腐烂的空气流通。并尽量扩大运输规模，提高运输效率， 扩大 规模经济的成本优势。网上订购或邮购和其他小规模的农产品流通， 都 可 使用泡沫包装加冷藏制冷剂。对高价值农产品可以采取特殊的包装。如日本在樱桃，桃，草莓 和其他水果上广泛使用 易受伤的缓冲包装材料 ， 以及特殊保护 槽的 使用 来 吸收 具有乙烯成分的 水果和控制 成熟的水果 。此外，冷藏运输，有时需要使用泡沫塑料包装 。 使用多种 运输集装箱循环利用，可有效地提高 运输效率， 降低运输
48、成本。日本，农产品运输广泛使用的标准尺寸 的 折叠运输 集装箱，当运输多层时，放置 卸下的折叠运输集装箱不会占用空间 ， 可循环使用多次。 （ C）新鲜存储 速冻保鲜储存仓库是基础，此外还有 一些最新 的 冷藏 制冷技术 开始被 推广 ，比较流行的两种方法如下： 气调贮藏（ 大气 可控 ，简称 CA贮藏）： 使用 氮或二氧化碳来抑制 呼吸作用，以达到 新鲜 的 目的 。 干燥保存： 自然干 燥或人工干燥，脱水食品或食品原料， 水 份的减少 不会导致 食品变质程度 的增加 ，从而达到保鲜的目的。 结论 ： 农业，作为印度和世界其他一些经济体的主体 ，构成了农村生活保障制度的中枢，在全世界国内生产总值中占可观的比例，如果在完善供应链系统这方面能给农业以适当的支持，那么这一产业将为印度以及任何以农业为基础的经济体带来明显的 经济 增长。9
