1、 外文翻译 原文 Countries in the word of development of Agricultural Information Material Source: Harvard University Author: Margrethe H. Olson， Jon A. Turner World Agricultural Information technology generally go through three stages: the first stage is 50-60 during the 20th century, radio, telephone comm
2、unications and science and computer information stage; the second phase is 70-80 during the 20th century, computer data processing and knowledge processing stage; the third stage of the 20th century since the 90s agricultural database development, network and multimedia technologies and agricultural
3、 production, such as automatic control of the new stage of development. At present， the area of information technology in agriculture in the worlds leading countries in the United States, Germany and Japan. The United States is the leader in information technology, agriculture, Japan, Germany, follo
4、wed by France and other developed countries; India and other developing countries, although the late start, but developed rapidly; Vietnam also recognizes the importance of agriculture and information technology, is stepping up its to catch up. United States of America Since 1844, Morse invented the
5、 first telegram, the subsequent image transfer technology with the invention, the U.S. audio and video broadcasts of the radio has been the rapid development and popularization of rural areas has been greatly promoted the United States the process of agricultural information; Apple Macintosh series
6、in 1984 launched the commercialization of computer operation and the promotion of practical use to stimulate the building of the U.S. agricultural database, computer network, such as construction. In 1985, the United States published the worlds 428 agricultural computerized cataloging database。 Thes
7、e databases are one of the most important agricultural information resources. One of the most famous, most widely used is: The United States National Agricultural Library and co-developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture A-GRICOLA, its storage magazine articles, government publications, technic
8、al reports and so on. The United States also has a national crop resources information management system across the country to provide services to the breeding farm; the 20th century, the United States since the 70s of the computer application scope gradually to the farm. By 1985, the United States
9、has 8% of farmers use the computer processing of agricultural production, including some large farms have been computerized. Today, computer applications, to the United States, farm management and production control, research and production of high-quality, efficient and cost-effective. Japan MAFF i
10、nformation in rural areas of the building from the mid-50th century farm broadcasting (cable run) to start the infrastructure. By the late 20th century, 60, Japan Green Utopia the concept of“ response to the news media at that time the trend of information technology for rural development has played
11、 a great role in promoting. By the late 80s, for a variety of rapidly growing popularity of information technology, network development, information-based policy in rural areas continue to expand in rural areas, the degree of information technology into the rapid development stage. The end of 1998,
12、in the prefectures in Japan with the establishment of agricultural information-related institutions such as the network center 67, an average of 1.5 for each County Agricultural Information Center. 90 Japan in the early 20th century established the National Agricultural Technology Information Servic
13、e online networks, that is, Telegraph and Telephone Companys real-time management system (DRESS), its large-scale electronic computer can be the collection, processing, storage and delivery from all over the countrys agricultural technical information. DRESS County is located in each sub-centers, ca
14、n quickly obtain information and exchange of information at any time. Germany In the mid-20th century, 50 to 70 of Germanys agricultural radio, telephone, television and other communication technologies, and universal in rural areas. 70 In the mid-20th century to the mid-80s, a German computer data
15、processing, data storage, such as the establishment of agricultural information technology from the initial stage to mature stage. The mid-80s, the German government commissioned the study in Germany has established a full model of the agricultural economy of the region, later additions and amendmen
16、ts continue to be a very mature to deal with the agricultural information system to provide services for the decision-making. 80 In the mid-20th century to the early 90s, in this period, Germany in agricultural research and development of database technology has made a lot of work to the building. S
17、ince the mid-90s, the emergence of Internet dissemination of agricultural information to make a fundamental change occurred in the past, large and inefficient data storage facilities, high-performance computer systems have been replaced. At present, Germany through a variety of network connectivity,
18、 can find information on a variety of professional research, science and technology, management information and economic information. France Before 1997, the French information technology also is lagging behind. Since 1997, the French government will be the development of the Information Society a p
19、riority before, the former Prime Minister Lionel Jopin was launched on “Information Society Project Action (PAGSI)“. Through unremitting efforts, France has been in information technology has made gratifying achievements. France with the family computer in 1997 and 2000 almost doubled. At the end of
20、 2000, the family personal computer equipped with the rate of between 26% -33%, and the growth rate achieved during the period is basically the European average, which also contributed to Frances development of agricultural information. India India in the 20th century, the beginning of the 60s the u
21、se of agricultural research in the computer. 20th century since the 90s, the Indian government decided to implement the Agricultural Research Information System (ARIS) project, with information technology for national agricultural research systems, funds from the National Agricultural Research Proje
22、ct Fund. The establishment of agricultural research information system is the main purpose of: agriculture and agricultural research managers to quickly and easily access to information; use of national agricultural research systems to collect the infrastructure, processing, storage, retrieval and u
23、se of information; at the national agricultural research system the full realization of the sharing of information resources; improve research project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation capacity. South Korea 20th century 80s, South Korea to speed up the process of economic globaliza
24、tion, with the intensification level of agricultural modernization and the improvement of crop yield is also significantly improved, to some extent alleviated the negative effects of reduced arable land. South Korea in the process of modernization of agriculture, agricultural information up on the a
25、genda 。 Of agricultural information at this stage is characterized mainly in the construction of infrastructure to work. South Korea launched in 1994 “plan to revitalize agricultural and fishery and agricultural policy reform program“ to strengthen the science and technology including information te
26、chnology, investment in agriculture. In the process of the revitalization of agriculture, agricultural information technology comes into play. This stage of the characteristics of agricultural information is to strengthen the Governments role in the process of informatization. South Korea agricultur
27、al information as a late start of the country, of agricultural information to take the “catch up“ mode。 “Catch up“ the State may use the successful experience of developed countries, vis- -vis the process of industrialization in advance for access to the information age, and in turn the use of infor
28、mation technology to promote and transform the traditional agriculture, and even the formation of “industrialization“ and “information-based “The new model combining. This stage the main features of information technology is more focused on the effectiveness of the application of information technol
29、ogy. Vietnam Vietnams agricultural information of a late start, a wave of information technology in the world under the impetus of the 20th century, late 90s to establish the Internet in 2000, E-ASEAN agreement formally joined. At present, the Vietnamese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
30、 in the realization of e-management process, the Government has learned from the experience of many countries, plans to carry out four steps: the first step in the establishment of websites, to provide basic information for farmers; the second step to establish and expand the agricultural and rural
31、the development of trade information systems; the third step the establishment of agriculture and rural development for the software industry, to replace imported software and the progressive realization of export their own software; fourth step is to adapt to the needs of technology development, st
32、rengthening of agricultural information technology experts training. 译文 世界各国农业信息化发展概况 资料来源 :哈佛大学 作者：玛格丽特 .H.奥尔森，乔恩 .A.特纳 世界农业信息技术的发展大致经 过三个阶段：第一个阶段是 20世纪 50-60年代的广播、电话通讯信息化及科学计算机阶段；第二个阶段是 20世纪 70-80年代的计算机数据处理和知识处理阶段；第三个阶段是 20世纪 90年代以来农业数据库开发、网络和多媒体技术应用和农业生产自动化控制等的新发展阶段。目前，在农业信息技术方面处于世界领先地位的国家有美国、德国、
33、日本等。美国是农业信息技术的领头羊，日本、德国、法国等发达国家紧随其后；印度等发展中国家虽然起步较晚，但发展较快；越南也认识到农业信息化的重要性，正在加紧追赶 美国 自从 1844年莫尔斯发明第一 封电报起，此后随着图像传递技术的发明，美国的无线电声像广播得到了迅猛发展，并在农村地区得到了普及，极大地推动了美国的农业信息化进程； 1984年 Apple Macintosh系列的推出，电子计算机的商业化经营和实用化推广，带动了美国农业数据库建设、计 算机网络等方面的建设。 1985年，美国对世界上已发表的 428个计算机化的农业数据库进行了编目。这些数据库是当代最重要的农业信息资源。其中最著名、
34、应用最广的是：美国国家农业图书馆和美国农业部共同开发的 A-GRICOLA，它存储杂志论文、政府出版物、技术报告等。美国还建有全国作物品种资源信息管理系统，可在全国范围内向育种农家提供服务； 20世纪 70年代以来美国的计算机应用逐步推到农场范围。到 1985年，美国已有 8%的农场主使用计算机处理农业生产，其中一些大农场则已计算机化。如今，计算机的应用，给美国的农场管理与生 产控制、研究和生产带来了高质量、高效率和高效益。 日本 日本农林水产省对农村地区的信息化建设从本世纪 50年代中期的农事广播（有线放送）的基础建设开始。到了 20世纪 60年代后期，日本提出 “Green Utopia构
35、想 ” ，顺应了当时新闻传媒的潮流，对农村信息化的发展起到了巨大的推动作用。到了 80年代末，由于各种信息技术的迅速普及网络化的发展，农村信息化政策也不断地进行扩充，农村地区的信息化程度也进入快速发展阶段。到 1998年底，在日本各都道府县建立的与农业信息化相关的网络中心等机构有67个，平均每个县有 1.5个 农业信息中心。日本 20世纪 90年代初建立了农业技术信息服务全国联机网络，即电信电话公司的实时管理系统 (DRESS)，其大型电子计算机可收集、处理、储存和传递来自全国各地的农业技术信息。每个县都设DRESS分中心，可迅速得到有关信息，并随时交换信息。 德国 20世纪 50年代中期至
36、70年代德国农业广播、电话、电视等通信技术发展，并在农村地区普及。 20世纪 70年代中期至 80年代中期，是德国计算机数据处理、建立数据存储等农业信息化技术从初级阶段走向成熟的阶段。 80年代中期，德国政府委托有关研究部门建立了全德国的地区 农业经济模型，后来经过不断地补充和修正成为很成熟的农业信息处理系统，为有关决策提供服务。 20世纪 80年代中期至 90年代初，在此时期，德国在农业的数据库技术研究开发建设方面作了很多工作。 90年代中期以来，国际互联网络的出现使农业信息的传播发生了根本性的变化，以前大型而低效的数据存储设施被高效的计算机系统所取代。目前，德国通过各种网络的连接，可查找到
37、各种专业研究信息、科技管理信息和经济等方面的信息。 法国 在 1997年前，法国信息化还相对滞后。从 1997年开始，法国政府将信息社会的发展摆在了优先位置，前总理奥内 尔 若斯潘于当年启动了 “ 信息社会项目行动 (PAGSI)” 。经过不懈努力，法国已经在信息化方面取得了可喜成就。法国家庭电脑配备在 1997年到 2000年几乎翻了一番。在 2000年末，个人电脑家庭配备率介于 26%-33%之间，增长幅度基本上达到了该时期欧洲平均水平，由此也促进了法国农业信息化的发展。 印度 印度在 20世纪 60年代开始在农业研究中使用计算机。 20世纪 90年代以来，印度政府决定实施农业研究信息系统
38、 (ARIS)项目，以信息技术促进国家农业科研系统的发展，资金来源于国家农业研究项目基金。建立农业研究信息系 统的主要目的是：使农业管理人员和农业研究人员快速而方便地获取信息；利用国家农业研究系统的基础设施搜集、加工、储存、检索和利用信息；在国家农业研究系统内部全面实现信息资源共享；提高研究项目规划、执行、监督和评价的能力。 韩国 进入 20世纪 80年代，韩国加快经济全球化进程，随着农业现代化和集约化水平的提高，农作物的单产也大幅提高，一定程度上缓解了耕地锐减的负面影响。 韩国在农业现代化的过程中，把农业信息化提到议事日程上来。这一阶段农业信息化的特点是主要在基础设施建设上下工夫。 1994
39、年韩国推出农渔业振兴计划 和农业政策改革计划，加强科技其中包括信息技术对农业的投入。在振兴农业的过程中，农业信息技术开始发挥作用。这一阶段农业信息化的特点是强化了政府在信息化过程的作用。 韩国作为农业信息化起步较晚的国家，采取农业信息化的 “ 追赶型 ” 模式。“ 追赶型 ” 国家有可能借助发达国家的成功经验，相对于工业化进程来说提前进入信息化时代，并利用信息化技术反过来推动和改造传统的农业，甚至于形成 “ 工业化 ” 与 “ 信息化 ” 相结合的新模式。这一阶段信息化的主要特点是更注重于信息技术应用的实效。 越南 越南的农业信息化起步较晚，在世界信息化浪潮的 推动下， 20世纪 90年代末期开始建立互联网络， 2000年正式加入东盟电子协议。 目前，越南农业和农村发展部在实现电子化管理过程，政府吸取了许多国家的经验，计划分 4个步骤进行：第一步建立网站，为农民提供基础信息；第二步建立并扩大农业和农村发展的贸易信息系统；第三步建立用于农业和农村发展的软件工业，尽力替代进口软件，并逐步实现出口自己的软件；第四步是为了适应技术开发的需要，加强对农业信息技术专家的培训。
