1、 外文翻译 原文 How to develop rural informatization in china Material Source:IFIP Author: Junjing Yuan,Daoliang Li Global history has shown that science and technology are the main drivers of social and economic development. In the past two decades, information and communication technologies (hereafter ab
2、breviated as ICT) have made rapid progress, which has resulted in science and technology quickly becomingwidespread (Wang, 2006). Currently, traditional agriculture is undergoing a process of modernization, the development and dissemination of rural information and the application of ICT in the agri
3、cultural field can not only improve rural conditions, but also raise the level ofagriculture currently being practiced. From the beginning of the 21st century, ICT have become more common and expanded around the globe. On one hand, computers are more readily available to the ordinary person and the
4、costs (table 1) of computers are declining rapidly (Singh, 2003). On the other hand, the imbalance of the information network development has enlarged the digital divide, which not only exits between developed countries and developing countries, but also between urban and rural areas in developing c
5、ountries (Li, 2006). Currently, many poor families or/and minority families are living on the less fortunate side of the divide. China is now one of the most important developing countries in the world The nations rural informatization has been developing for over 20 years, but there are characteris
6、tics of Chinas rural informatization that must be taken into account, such as late entry, rapid development, unbalanced disemination and so on. From a time perspective, rural informatization of China is currently 10 to 20 years behind that of developed countries, but its progress has been made at a
7、particularly rapid rate. In the 1980s,computer technology was applied in the field of agriculture, and subsequent to the 1990s, agricultural informatization systems were established and rural informatization developed For instance, the “Golden Agriculture Project,” agricultural websites and national
8、 agricultural informatization systems were promoted and established by the Ministry of Agriculture and other agricultural institutes at this time. After the turn of the 21st century, developing rural informatization was listed in the Outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic Wan et a
9、l., 2006). From an income perspective, the proportion of rural population to total population is very high, and the degree of modernization is low. In fig. 4, the decreasing trend of the Engel coefficient for rural households is obvious, while fig. 3 shows a stable reduction in numbers of rural peop
10、le in absolute poverty. However, absolute poverty and low income are still important problems (NBSC, 20012007). For instance, at the end of 2006, the total Chinese population reached 1,314.48 million, of which the rural population constituted 56.1%. The population in absolute poverty in rural areas
11、with annual per capita net income below 693 Yuan numbered 21.48 million, and the low-income population in rural areas with annual per capita net income between 694 and 958 Yuan numbered 35.50 million. This widespread poverty stands in the way of rural informatization. After analyzing the status of d
12、eveloping rural informatization in China, there are some simple recommendations put forward in order to accelerate further rural informatization. In the construction of villages and dissemination of rural informatization, the governments role as leader should be the provision of funds, development o
13、f legislation, regulation of inter-departmental relations, and construction of infrastructure and so on. Bridging the digital divide and solving “the last mile” requires the leadership of government (Guo et al., 2006). Although developing quickly in the past twenty years, the internet is still very
14、young. The internet is becoming increasingly more established and individuals around the world are learning to use the webs many functions. For people on the wrong side of the technology tracks, the government and non-profit organizations should provide residents of rural and remote areas with more
15、training opportunities. It is important for them to relinquish doubts and fears and take part in training programs with confidence and optimism. The internet is accessible to everyone, irrespective of age, gender, religion, income, nationality and level of literacy. Training is a key process to assi
16、st disadvantaged farmers. After training, farmers should be able to master sufficient expression skills to be able to describe problems clearly and obtain detailed explanations from experts. Without relevant training, farmers are unsure how to put forward a problem, or problems are outlined in termi
17、nology that is too general and ambiguous for experts to understand and resolve. A typical example (Singh, 2003) shows the necessity of training. Before training, experts received this question from a 32-year old resident of a village: “I observed flowers dropping in my castor field, please advice me
18、.” The advice of experts to this situation was “We need adequate information to understand the problem.” After training, the same question was repeated as follows: “In the 3-month-old castor crop on my 4 acres of land, I have observed two kinds of flowers, red and green; only the red ones turned int
19、o fruit while the green flowers fell from the plants. Please advise me.” To this more detailed question, the advice of experts was: “Green flowers are male flowers. After fertilization, male flowers fall off and the red female flowers turn into fruit. This is natural and there is no need for taking
20、any measure.” (Dileep et al., 2006). China is a large country with a vast territory, comprising 56 ethnic groups with their own language or dialect. Localization is a serious issue in the spreading of agricultural informatization, because local names vary from one location to another even within a p
21、rovince. Experts often use scientific names in their discussions (Guntuku et al., 2006). How can this problem be solved? There are two effective measures. One is to popularize agricultural knowledge in all rural areas, which is a long-term task, and the other is to train local personnel at an inform
22、ation station and broadcast information downloaded from the internet to the rural population in the local language, which will quickly solve some problems to a certain extent. According to American researchers, the consumer will disseminate his/her dissatisfaction at an astonishing speed when he/she
23、 is not content with the goods or services provided by enterprises, government or organizations (Chen, 2004). Fig. 5 describes the process of dissemination. For every consumer who expresses his/her discontentment to the providers of the goods or services, there are 26 dissatisfied consumers who rema
24、in silent. However, each of the 26 dissatisfied consumers will transmit his/her discontentment to 10 other people, and one-third of each of those 10 will transmit the information to a further 20 people. In reality, only one consumer is dissatisfied with the good or service but, in fact, many more pe
25、ople become potential consumers affected by negative information. The aim of developing rural informatization is to improve agricultural yields and improve rural conditions. There are many differences between different areas; it is impossible and unnecessary to purchase a computer for every resident
26、 of rural and remote areas. Which model and which technology should be adapted? Although a “one-size-fits-all” solution does not exist: different circumstances may dictate different choices, the following measures are important to develop agricultural and rural informatization: strengthening governm
27、ent promotion and constructing infrastructure, increasing the optimism and confidence of farmers, providing training and facilitating discussion and providing satisfactory goods and services to farmers. 译文 如何在中国发展农业信息化 资料来源 :国际信息处理联合会 作者： Junjing Yuan,Daoliang Li 世界历史表明，科学技术的主要推动力是社会和经济的发展。在过去的二十年，信
28、息及通讯技术 (ICT)已经有了很大的进步，从而导致了科学和技术的飞速发展。目前，中国正经历着一个传统农业现代化的转变过程，发展农业信息化和农业信息化的传播与通信技术及应用情况，对农业领域有着非常大的帮助。这不仅能够提高农村生活条件，也能提高生活水平。 从一开始到现在的 21 世纪，信息与通信技术从有其一定的限 制性到现在扩大到了全球。一方面，计算机更容易提供给平凡的人，这也是由于电脑价格的迅速下降。另一方面，不平衡的信息网络的发展已经扩大到了数字鸿沟，不仅存在发达国家和发展中国家的区别，也有发展中国家的城市与农村的区别。目前，许多贫困家庭和少数家庭生活在那些不幸的人在这一方面有很大的分歧。
29、中国现在是世界上最重要的一个发展中国家，国家的农村信息化已经发展了超过 20 年，但在中国农村信息化的过程中，必须要考虑到信息化，还有信息化的发展快速 ,但个别地方发展不平衡等问题。 从时间上来看，农村信息化在中国已经发展了 10 到 20 年，但这段时间在发达国家已经能够取得一个明显进展的。在 80 年代，计算机技术开始运用到农业领域中。 20 世纪 90 年代以后，中国建立了农业信息化系统和农村信息化发展方案。例如金农业项目，农业网站和国家农业信息化系统 ,建立了为农业部和其他农业院所。在接下来的 21 世纪 , 国民经济和社会发展，发展农村信息化的轮廓被列入 “十五 “计划和“十一五”计
30、划中。 从地理来看，大多数的农业网站和信息服务站大多设在北京和一些沿海地区，只有少数位于中国西部省份。在全国各地总比例的农业网站 ,在五个地方 (包括北京、山东、浙江、江苏、广东 )超过总数的 50%。而在云南、甘肃和其他西方的省份，农业网站和图书馆是相当少。 从收入角度来看，农村人口的比例很高，总人口的现代化程度较低。农村家庭的减少趋势恩格尔系数是显而易见的，但是在稳定的减少农村人口中也存在着绝对贫困。所以，绝对贫困和低收入仍是很重要的相关问题。例如， 2006年年底，整个中国人口达到 1314.48 万人。在农村地区的绝对贫困人口 , 年人均纯收入数在 958 元左右。这种广泛的贫穷阻碍了
31、农村信息化的发展。 中国实施“村覆盖工程”，大量的电话在农村地区高速增长。 2005 年底 ,共有 11 个省市的每个 基本村就能和全国 97.1%的村庄通电话。截至 2006 年底，这一比例增加到 98.9%， 24 个省、市、自治区和城市的每个基本村可以互相通电话。据中国统计报告显示，每 100 中国人民的电话体积和农村固定线路电话的数量迅速增加。从 2000 年国家广电总局统计的电影和电视信息表明，“村庄的推广计划”报导比例所覆盖的城镇和村庄的广播和电视观众分别为 96.43%和99.16%。 尽管在过去的 20 年中迅速发展，但因特网的发展还很年轻。互联网的建立和 世界各地越来越多的人
32、在学习使用因特网的许多功能。政府和非盈利组织应提供农村、偏远地区的居民有更多的培训机会。它的重要是为它们放弃对公司的怀疑和恐惧，同时参加培训计划，提高他们的自信和乐观精神。因特网是每个人都可以的，不分年龄、性别、宗教、收入、国籍和读写能力的水平。训练是帮助弱势的农民的一个关键过程。经过一番训练，农民应该能掌握充分的表达技巧 ,能把问题的详细情况解释清楚。没有相关的培训，农民们都不知该如何提出一个问题，或提出了问题，但总是对其只有含糊不清的理解。 一个典型的例子可以显示训练的必要性。培训前， 专家们收到的一个问题。一位 32 岁的居民在一个村庄说 :“我看到在我花落蓖麻领域，请告诉我。”专家对于
33、这种情况的建议是：“我们需要足够的信息来理解这个问题。”在训练，同样的问题重复进行了如下 :“将 3 个月大的蓖麻种植在四个英亩土地，我观察两种花，红色和绿色，只有红色的变成果实，绿色花落在植物上。请给我出点主意。”专家的建议是 :“绿色鲜花是男性的花。受精后，雄花脱落，红雌花变成水果。这自然而不需要采取措施。” 中国是一个幅员辽阔的国家拥有 56 个民族，他们可能分别有自己的语言和方言。本地化是一个严重的问题对农业信息化 的传播来说，因为不同的地方有不同的名字，甚至在同一个省内。专家们常常在讨论中用专业的名字。如何解决这个问题 ?有两种有效的措施。一个是推广农村农业知识，这是一项长期的任务，
34、另一种是在信息广播电台和信息从互联网下载到农村人口的当地语言中，它将迅速解决某些问题。 据美国研究人员发现，消费者会传播他的不满并且以惊人的速度把他的不满返还给提供商品的服务企业、政府或组织。并且在传播过程中进行了描述。每个消费者对他的不满都有不同的表现，对于提供者的商品或服务，如果有 26个不满意的消费者不保持沉默。那么， 26 个消费者中每个 不满意的消费者将传送他的不满给其他 10个人，三分之一的人的每 10次传达信息到其他的 20 个人。事实上，只有一个消费者不满于商品或服务，但事实上，更多的人会被其他消费者负面信息的影响。 发展农村信息化的目的是提高农业增产、提高农村条件。不同地区有很多的不同之处。在农村或者偏远地区也没必要购买一台电脑。同一种模型和应该采用哪种技术？虽然千篇一律。但是还是有很多不同的方法。不同的情况可能代表了不同的选择。以下的措施最能够发展农业和农村信息化 :加强政府的推动力，建设基础设施，提高农民的乐观与自信精神，提供培训，便于农 民讨论和提供农民满意的产品和服务。
