1、毕业论文（设计）任务书题目从酒驾和残驾谈机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定一、主要任务与目标（一）主要任务1广泛查阅和搜集机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定的相关理论及实践研究成果，联系实际情况并进行整理、分析，做好文献综述和外文翻译；2按学校要求规范撰写开题报告；3通过多种途径调查了解城市机动车驾驶证申领和使用现状，构思论文写作框架与计划；4按照要求撰写毕业论文。（二）主要目标在老师指导下，对从酒驾和残驾谈机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定这一选题进行研究，培养学生综合运用公共管理学、公共政策中有关交通管理的基础理论与知识，分析并解决问题，针对城市机动车驾驶证申领和使用从酒驾和残驾进行深度分析，并提出解决问题的相关
2、措施。同时，通过毕业论文的撰写，培养学生独立检索中英文资料，了解文献的查阅方法，训练学生独立进行社会调查研究的能力，提高本专业中英文资料的阅读和理解能力，初步具备搜索、整理、筛选信息资料的能力，初步掌握科学研究的基本方法，掌握学位论文的写作技巧与规范要求。二、主要内容与基本要求（一）主要内容论文主要从公共管理学、公共政策、公共行政学等相关理论入手，来分析城市机动车驾驶证申领和使用，并针对目前尚存在的问题，提出进一步完善的对策建议。（二）基本要求毕业论文必须观点明确、结构完整、条理清楚，引用数据准确无误。论文要求紧扣题目，搜集资料充分，能综合运用有关基础理论知识，对具体问题进行全面深入的分析和研
3、究，提出个人见解，有一定的创新之处，所提出的建议或对策具有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。毕业论文须由学生个人独立撰写完成，并能如实反映学生科研能力。毕业论文应包括题目、中英文摘要、中英文关键词、正文、参考资料详细注明出处和版本等，要求论文正文在10000字以上。具体要求见嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）手册。三、计划进度2010103020101122完成毕业论文选题201011222011110完成文献综述、开题报告及外文翻译2011022120110311完成毕业论文初稿，确定实习单位2011031220110503毕业实习2011050420110512毕业论文定稿2011051320110610毕
4、业论文评阅、修改和论文答辩四、推荐参考文献1公安部第111号令公安部关于修改机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定的决定2009年12月7日发2郏红雯对“酒后、醉酒驾驶”的有关思考J辽宁警专学报2010年第2期3严查之下仍有酒后驾车专家建议增设危险驾驶罪J道路交通管理2009年第10期4陈玉和刑法是否需要增加“醉酒驾驶机动车危害公共安全罪J法制与社会旬刊2009年第27期538项交通违法记分项目公布J安全与健康下半月2010年第2期6机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定公安部111号令重点内容解读（一）道路交通管理2010年第2期7机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定公安部111号令重点内容解读（二）道路交通管理2010年第
5、3期8新机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定正式发布道路交通管理2010年第1期9赵兰平十年期盼梦想终实现J中国残疾人2010年第3期10王树杉残疾人与汽车J中国残疾人2002年第6期11李忠东美国交通的人性化管理J交通与运输2007年第2期12陆玮单鸿波孙志宏周申华陈超面向残障人士的汽车辅助驾驶系统J机械设计2009年第9期13卢玫汪晶残疾人驾驶汽车、参与公共交通的调查分析J中外公路2009年第4期14聚焦国外残疾人驾驶汽车情况道路交通管理2010年第1期15陈久梯浅议酒后驾驶交通肇事及其预防J法制与社会旬刊2009年第36期16王毅整治酒后驾车违法行为需要长效机制J综合运输2010年第4期17王生安
6、外治理酒后驾驶的做法人民公安2008年第24期18徐向田“刑罚重典”能否遏制“夺命醉驾”交通与运输2010年第1期19范仕源解读新修订的机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定J安全与健康2010年第6期20范仕源范律师说法安全与健康2010年第2期21NORBERTCCHEUNGDEVELOPMENTOFALOWCOSTMOTIONACTUATORASANARTIFICIALJOINTFORTHEPHYSICALLYHANDICAPPEDPERSON3RDINTERNATIONALPOWERELECTRONICSANDMOTIONCONTROLCONFERENCEIPEMC2000,VOL222TODDJ
7、ACOBSONSECURETRANSPORTHEADREASSIGNEDAFTERDRUNKENDRIVINGARRESTNUCLEARWEAPONSENFORCEMENTTECHNIQUESTHATMAKEUSEOFCONCEALEDOBSERVATIONSMAYLEAVEABADTASTEINTHEPUBLICSMOUTHPOLICEOFFICERSROLEANDTHEPERCEIVEDRISKOFAPPREHENSIONSHINARANDMCKNIGHT1986,ADOPTINGAUTILITYMODELOFHUMANBEHAVIOR,SUGGESTEDTHATTHEEFFECTIVEN
8、ESSOFTRAFFICLAWENFORCEMENTISSTRONGLYRELATEDTOTHEPERCEIVEDRISKOFAPPREHENSION,WHICHDEPENDSONTHESALIENCEOFTHEPOLICEFORCE,ITSPERCEIVEDPREPAREDNESSTOAPPREHEND,ANDTHEDENSITYEITHERACTUALORPERCEIVEDOFPOLICEUNITSPERROADSECTIONTHEAUTHORSARGUE,HOWEVER,THATAMAJORPROBLEMISINHERENTINTHECONTRADICTIONBETWEENTHETWOP
9、URPOSESOFENFORCEMENTAPPREHENDINGTHOSEWHOVIOLATETHELAWANDINCREASINGLONGTERMOBEDIENCEWHEREASALOWVISIBILITYFORPOLICEUNITSISNECESSARYTOACHIEVETHEFIRSTPURPOSE,HIGHVISIBILITYWOULDHEIGHTENTHEPERCEPTIONOFTHERISKOFAPPREHENSIONANDTHEREBYINCREASEOBEDIENCEINTHELONGRUNTHEAUTHORSCONTENDTHATENFORCEMENTUNITSSHOULDB
10、EVISIBLEANDPERCEIVEDASTHREATENINGWHICHMEANSTHATPOLICEOFFICERSSHOULDSPENDMINIMALTIMEINAPPREHENDINGDRIVERS,SINCEDURINGTHISTIMETHEYAREPERCEIVEDASINCAPABLEOFAPPREHENDINGOTHERVIOLATORSITCOULDBEFURTHERARGUEDTHATTHEPERCEIVEDRISKOFAPPREHENSIONAND,CONSEQUENTLY,THEEFFECTIVENESSOFPOLICEENFORCEMENTDEPENDNOTONLY
11、ONTHEOBJECTIVECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEPOLICEBUTALSOONADRIVERSPERCEPTIONOFPOLICEOFFICERSATTRIBUTESTHEPERCEPTIONOFPOLICEOFFICERSASCOMPETENTANDEFFECTIVE,FOREXAMPLE,ISLIKELYTOINCREASETHEPERCEPTIONOFRISKOFAPPREHENSIONFURTHERMORE,THEIMAGEOFTRAFFICPOLICEMAYWELLAFFECTDRIVERSEXPECTATIONSOFTHECONSEQUENCESOFTHEIRA
12、PPREHENSIONTHATIS,THELIKELIHOODOFPUNISHMENTFORAVIOLATIONANDITSSEVERITYAIMSOFSTUDYTHEPRESENTSTUDYEXAMINESEMPIRICALLYVARIOUSASPECTSOFDRIVERSATTITUDESTOWARDPOLICEOFFICERSENFORCINGTRAFFICLAWSSPECIFICALLY,THESTUDYEXPLORESDRIVERSPERCEPTIONSOFPOLICEOFFICERSATTRIBUTES,DRIVERSEVALUATIONOFTHECONDUCTOFTRAFFICP
13、OLICE,ANDTHEEMOTIONSTHATDRIVERSEXPERIENCEDURINGAPPREHENSIONFORCOMMITTINGANOFFENSEATTITUDESTOWARDPOLICEAREAFFECTEDBYSUCHDEMOGRAPHICVARIABLESASAGE,GENDER,ANDRACEPREISSANDEHRLICH,1966TUOHYANDWRENNAL,1995ZAMBLEANDANNESLEY,1987THISSTUDYEXAMINESDIFFERENCESBETWEENYOUNGERANDOLDERDRIVERS,ASAGEISSTRONGLYRELAT
14、EDTOTHECOMMISSIONOFDRIVINGVIOLATIONSWITHYOUNGERDRIVERSCOMMITTINGMOREVIOLATIONSTHANDOOLDERDRIVERSARNETT,1990LEVY,1990FURTHERMORE,YOUNGERANDOLDERDRIVERSHAVEDIFFERENTMOTIVESFOROBEYINGTRAFFICLAWSWHEREASYOUNGERDRIVERSAREMORESTRONGLYINFLUENCEDBYTHEPERCEIVEDFAIRNESSOFPUNISHMENTFORAVIOLATIONANDASENSEOFOBLIG
15、ATIONTOOBEYTHELAW,OLDERDRIVERSAREMORESTRONGLYMOTIVATEDBYTHEPERCEIVEDDANGERINCONSEQUENCEOFTRAFFICVIOLATIONSYAGIL,1998FORMOSTCITIZENS,POLICEOFFICERSREPRESENTTHEINSTITUTIONOFAUTHORITYSINCETHEENCOUNTERWITHPOLICEOFFICERSWHOENFORCETRAFFICLAWSCONSTITUTETHEONLYCONTACTTHATMOSTCITIZENSHAVEWITHTHEPOLICEKIRKHAM
16、ANDWOLLAN,1980,DRIVERSATTITUDESTOWARD“TRAFFICCOPS”ARELIKELYTOBERELATEDTOAGENERALDISPOSITIONTOWARDTHEPOLICEAUTHORITYTYLER1990SUGGESTSTHATCOMPLIANCEWITHTHELAWMIGHTRESULTFROMTHESUPPORTGIVENTOASPECIFICAUTHORITYGROUP,ANDCONSEQUENTLY,ABELIEFTHATTHELEGALAUTHORITIESHAVEALEGITIMATERIGHTTODICTATEBEHAVIORTHEPR
17、ESENTSTUDY,ACCORDINGLY,EXAMINESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDRIVERSPERCEPTIONSOFPOLICEOFFICERSANDTHEIRATTITUDETOWARDTHETRAFFICLAWENFORCEMENTFUNCTIONOFTHEPOLICEMETHODTHESTUDYWASCARRIEDOUTINTHEISRAELIARMYASAPARTOFACOMPREHENSIVERESEARCHPROGRAMEXAMININGVARIOUSASPECTSOFDRIVINGBEHAVIORATTITUDESTOWARDMILITARYPOLI
18、CEOFFICERSWEREEXAMINEDTHEMILITARYPOLICE,THATOPERATESONLYWITHINTHEARMY,ISCOMPOSEDOFREGULARSOLDIERSASWELLASNONCOMMISSIONEDOFFICERSANDOFFICERSORDINARILY,ITHANDLESDISCIPLINARYOFFENSESSUCHASTRAFFICVIOLATIONSORIMPROPERAPPEARANCEMORESEVEREOFFENSESARETREATEDBYASPECIALUNITAQUESTIONNAIREWASADMINISTEREDTO693MA
19、LERESPONDENTSWHOHADADRIVERSLICENSETHERESPONDENTSARESIMILARTOTHEGENERALMALEPOPULATIONINISRAEL,SINCEALMOSTTHEENTIREPOPULATIONPERFORMSMILITARYSERVICEHOWEVER,ONLYMALERESPONDENTSWEREINCLUDEDINTHESTUDY,SINCETHERATEOFACCIDENTSANDTRAFFICVIOLATIONSAREMUCHHIGHERAMONGMALEDRIVERSTHANAMONGFEMALEDRIVERSEVANS,1991
20、MAYCOCKETAL,1991STORIE,1977OFTHERESPONDENTS,22PERCENTWEREOFFICERS,36PERCENTNONCOMMISSIONEDOFFICERS,AND42PERCENTREGULARSOLDIERS89PERCENTOFTHERESPONDENTSSERVEDINNONCOMBATUNITS,AND11PERCENTINCOMBATUNITSTWENTYTHREEPERCENTHADTHEIRDRIVINGLICENSEFORAYEARORLESS,28PERCENTFORTWOTOFOURYEARS,19PERCENTFORFIVETOT
21、ENYEARS,AND30PERCENTFOR11YEARSORMORETWENTYFOURPERCENTDROVEFEWERTHAN1,000KMPERMONTH,35PERCENTFROM1,0001,500KM,28PERCENTFROM1,5002,000KM,AND13PERCENTMORETHAN2,000KMTHEAGERANGEWAS1845YEARSM2735,SD78THEAGEGROUPOF1824YEARSWASDEFINEDASYOUNGERDRIVERSN336AND2545YEARSASOLDERDRIVERSN29859RESPONDENTSWHODIDNOTR
22、EPORTTHEIRAGEWERENOTINCLUDEDINTHEANALYSESRESULTSTHERESULTSAREPRESENTEDINTHREEPARTSTHEFIRSTPARTREGARDINGDRIVERSPERCEPTIONSOFPOLICEOFFICERSENFORCINGTRAFFICLAWS,WASANALYZEDWITHTWOWAYREPEATEDMEASURESANALYSESOFVARIANCE,WITHAGEBEINGTHEBETWEENSUBJECTSVARIABLETHESECONDPARTEXAMINEDDIFFERENCESBETWEENYOUNGERAN
23、DOLDERDRIVERSINTHEEMOTIONSEXPERIENCEDDURINGAPPREHENSIONTHROUGHADISCRIMINANTANALYSISTHETHIRDPARTEMPLOYEDMULTIVARIATEREGRESSIONANALYSESTOPREDICTTHEPERCEIVEDIMPORTANCEOFPOLICEINENFORCINGTRAFFICLAWSASWELLASTHEPERCEIVEDDETERRINGEFFECTOFTHEPOLICETHEVARIABLESWERECOMPOSEDACCORDINGTOTHEFACTORANALYSESRESULTSL
24、IMITATIONSOFTHESTUDYSEVERALVARIABLESEXAMINEDINTHESTUDYMAYBEAFFECTEDBYSOCIALDESIRABILITYFOREXAMPLE,DRIVERSMIGHTHAVEBEENRELUCTANTTOREPORTEXPERIENCINGSTRESSANDFEARDURINGAPPREHENSIONTHUSTHERESULTSMIGHTBEBIASEDINTHEDIRECTIONOFUNDERREPORTINGTHEAGEDIFFERENCESEXAMINEDINTHESTUDYARENATURALLYACCOMPANIEDBYDIFFE
25、RENCESINVARIABLESSUCHASEDUCATION,MARITALSTATUSANDDRIVINGEXPERIENCETHUSTHEINTERPRETATIONOFTHESERESULTSISSOMEWHATLIMITEDITWOULDBEDESIRABLETOCOMPAREYOUNGERANDOLDERDRIVERSWHILECONTROLLINGOTHERDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEGROUPSSINCETHEORGANIZATIONALCONTEXTOFTHESTUDY,THEARMY,ISHIGHLYSPECIFIC,ANARGUMENTMIGHTBEMAD
26、EAGAINSTGENERALIZINGTHERESULTSTHERESPONDENTS,HOWEVER,DONOTREPRESENTAUNIQUEPOPULATIONINANYWAY,EXCEPTFORTHEGENDERVARIABLEINISRAEL,ALMOSTTHEENTIREMALEPOPULATIONPERFORMSMILITARYSERVICETHUS,THERESPONDENTSARESIMILARTOTHEGENERALMALEPOPULATIONINTHECOUNTRYSINCE,OFCOURSE,ONLYMALERESPONDENTSWEREINCLUDEDINTHEST
27、UDY,THERESULTSCANNOTBEGENERALIZEDTOFEMALEDRIVERSADDITIONALLY,ASTHEMILITARYORGANIZATIONALSETTINGISLIKELYTOACCENTUATETHEHARSHASPECTSOFTHEIMAGEOFPOLICEOFFICERS,THERESULTSSHOULDBECOMPAREDWITHTHOSEGATHEREDINACIVILIANCONTEXTAUTHORSDANAYAGILSOURCEPOLICINGANINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFPOLICESTRATEGIESTUOHYANDWREN
28、NAL，1995ZAMBLEANDANNESLEY，1987。本文探讨了年轻司机和老龄司机之间的差别。由于年龄与违规有密切关联年轻比车龄大的司机更加会违法ARNETT，1990LEVY，1990。此外年轻和老司机遵守交通法规有不同的动机虽然年轻的司机更加受到执法的公正性以及遵守法规义务的影响。年长司机则把违反交通规则后果做为动机。YAGIL，1998。由于交警是在行法规这件事时唯一与公民有联系的，所以对多数公民来说，交警代表着机构的权威。柯克姆和沃伦，1980，司机对于交通警察的态度很有可能与交警总体部署相关。泰勒1990提出来自某个权威团体的支持是与遵守法律一致的，因此，法律当局拥有合法权决
29、定行为。本文，因此验证了司机对于交警监察和他们关于交警在交通执法中的作用的关系。方法此项研究是作为全面调查驾驶行为不同方面的研究项目的一个部分在以色列军队展开的。对于军警的态度做了探讨。军警，仅仅在军队里开展，由普通士兵构成以及士官和军官。通常情况下它处理诸如交通违章违纪行为或不当的外观，更严重的罪行，有专门的单位来处理。一份向693名拥有驾照的男性展开的问卷调查。受访者与该国男性人口相似，因为几乎整个国家男性都服兵役。然而，研究中仅仅包括男性受访者，因为在违反交通法规中男性所含比例远远大于女性司机。EVANS，1991MAYCOCKETAL。，1991STORIE，1977。在受访者中，22
30、是军官，36是士官，42是普通士兵。89在非作战部队中，11在作战部队中。23的人的驾照是一年或者少于一年，拥有驾照两年或以上的占28，五年到十年以上的占19。十一年以上的占30。24的人开车距离少于10000千米一个月，35的人是10001500千米。28的人是15002000千米，13的人开多余2000千米。年龄范围为1845岁M27。35，SD7。8。在1824岁年龄组被定义为年轻的司机N3362545年为老司机N298另有59名受访者未报告他们年龄的没有包括在分析里。研究结果结果分三部分呈现，第一部分关于司机对交警执法力度的看法，分析了双向重复测量方差分析，即随着年龄介于科目变量。第二
31、部分通过差异分析法研究了年长司机与年轻司在机逮捕期间情绪的的差异。第三部分采用多元回归分析，预测在在执法中交警观察的重要性以及观察交警威吓的作用，变量都是由事实分析结果构成的研究的局限性在该研究重点变量可能会受到社会意愿的影响。例如司机可能情愿报道在拘捕中的经历的压力与恐惧。因此结果可能会因报告不足而产生偏差。年龄差异在该研究的分歧是自然伴随着诸如教育，婚姻状况及驾驶经验变量的差异。E因此对于结果的解释是有些局限的。比较年轻和老司机，同时控制其他群体之间的差异将是可取由于这项研究，军队，组织方面是非常具体，论点可能会与一般结论相互抵触。对于访者，然而，不要只代表任何一种特殊群体，除了性别变化。
32、在以色列，几乎所有男性都服兵役。因此，受访者差不多就是该国的男性，因此，当然了，在研究中只包括男性受访者。结果不能推广到女性司机上此外，作为军队组织设置可能会对交警的形象产生恶劣的影响，结果应该与这些民用背景相比较。作者达纳亚吉尔出处警务交通策略与管理国际期刊1998年2月发行原文二THESTRESSOFDRIVINGASTUDYPUBLISHEDIN1987FOUNDTHATINTHEEUROPEANCOMMUNITYALONE,OUTOF124MILLIONEMPLOYEDPEOPLE,ABOUTHALFOFTHEMCOMMUTEDTOWORKBYCARSINCETHENTHEIRNUMB
33、ERHASSUBSTANTIALLYINCREASED,ESPECIALLYINTHEUKEQUALLYWIDESPREADISDRIVINGFORWORKPURPOSES,EITHERASTHEMAINOCCUPATIONEGLORRYDRIVERSORASANINTEGRALPARTOFWORKEGSALESPEOPLESURVEYSHAVEINDICATEDTHATLONGTERMDRIVINGWHETHERCOMMUTINGOROCCUPATIONALACTSASASTRESSORBYINTERFERINGWITHTHEQUALITYOFLIFE,THROUGHREDUCTIONOFT
34、IMEAVAILABLEFORTHEFAMILYANDLEISUREACTIVITYWORKOUTPUT,THROUGHINCREASEDABSENTEEISM,HIGHERRATESOFOCCUPATIONALACCIDENTS,ANDREDUCEDPRODUCTIVITYSTATEOFHEALTH,MOSTLYAFFECTINGCARDIOVASCULARANDNEUROENDOCRINEFUNCTIONS,ASWELLASTHEQUALITYOFSLEEPANDSKELETOMUSCULARPROBLEMSPSYCHOLOGICALWELLBEING,THROUGHANINCREASEI
35、NIRRITABILITYANDAGGRESSIVENESSTHEISSUEOFDRIVERSTRESSHAS,THEREFORE,MORETHANANACADEMICINTERESTITHASWIDEIMPLICATIONSFOREMPLOYERSASWELLASFOREMPLOYEESITAFFECTSTHEINTERESTSOFBOTHCATEGORIESSINCEITISUNLIKELYTHATTHETRENDINMOTORTRANSPORTISGOINGTOBEREVERSEDOREVENREDUCED,INDIVIDUALSANDCOMPANIESALIKEAREINTERESTE
36、DINMEANSOFPREVENTINGANDARRESTINGDRIVERSTRESSANUMBEROFQUESTIONSARISEREGARDINGTHEEFFECTSOFLONGTERMDRIVINGONPEOPLESPSYCHOLOGICALWELLBEINGISTHEREATHESHOLD,INTERMSOFDISTANCEORTIMESPENTDRIVING,ABOVEWHICHPEOPLEBECOMEIRRITABLE,AGGRESSIVE,DISCONTENTEDISDRIVINGSTRESSFULMOSTLYBECAUSEOFTIMEPRESSUREANDTRAFFICINC
37、IDENTSWHICHINTERFEREWITHDRIVERSSCHEDULESALTERNATIVELY,ISDRIVINGAPPRAISEDASSTRESSFULBECAUSEOFFACTORSOUTSIDETHEDRIVINGSITUATIONWHICHADVERSELYAFFECTTHEINDIVIDUALATHOMEORATWORKOR,ASITSEEMSMORELIKELY,DOALLTHESEFACTORSCONTRIBUTETODRIVINGSTRESSSOMEOFTHESEISSUESWILLBEADDRESSEDINTHISARTICLECHARACTERISTICFEAT
38、URESOFDRIVERSTRESSTOANSWERTHESEQUESTIONS,ITISNECESSARYTODETERMINETHEPSYCHOLOGICALFEATURESWHICHDEFINEDRIVERSTRESSANDTHEFACTORSWHICHCONTRIBUTETOITSEMERGENCEANDMAINTENANCETHISWASTHEOBJECTIVEOFARECENTSTUDYCARRIEDOUTATASTONUNIVERSITYGULIANETAL,1989BTOTHISENDAQUESTIONNAIRETHEDRIVINGBEHAVIOURINVENTORYDBIWA
39、SDEVELOPEDANDADMINISTEREDTOOVER300EMPLOYEESWHOCOMMUTEDDAILYTOWORKAND/ORFORWHOMDRIVINGWASPARTOFTHEIRJOBTHEDBICONSISTSOFQUESTIONSCOVERINGTHEFOLLOWINGAREASDEMOGRAPHICDRIVINGEXPERIENCESTATEOFHEALTHANDITSPERCEIVEDCONSEQUENCESONDRIVINGPERSONALANDOCCUPATIONALPROBLEMSTHEBULKOFTHEDBICONSISTSOFQUESTIONSRELATI
40、NGTOMOOD,EMOTIONALREACTIONSANDATTITUDESTOWARDSDRIVING,VARIOUSTRAFFICEVENTSANDOTHERROADUSERSTHEDBIISBASEDONTHETRANSACTIONALMODELWHICHEMPHASIZESCOGNITIVEAPPRAISALOFEVENTSASDETERMININGTHELEVELOFSTRESSTHERESULTSOFTHEFACTORANALYSISOFANSWERSTOALLQUESTIONSINDICATEDTHATDRIVERSTRESSISDEFINEDBYTHEFOLLOWINGFIV
41、EFEATURES1DRIVINGAGGRESSION2DISLIKEOFDRIVING3IRRITATIONWHENOVERTAKEN4OVERTAKINGTENSION5DRIVINGALERTNESSTHEFACTORANALYSISALSOYIELDEDAGENERALDRIVERSTRESSSCALEWHOSEITEMSPRESENTANOVERALLDESCRIPTIONOFDRIVERSTRESSCHARACTERISTICSNEGATIVEFEELINGS,COGNITIONSANDBEHAVIOURSTHUS,DRIVERSTRESSAPPEARSTOBEAMIXTUREOF
42、HEIGHTENEDAGGRESSION,EXPRESSEDINACTIONSLIKETAILGATING,ABUSIVELANGUAGEANDOFFENSIVETHOUGHTSDISLIKEOFDRIVING,SOMETIMESAPPROACHINGANXIETY,MANIFESTINGITSELFTHROUGHALACKOFCONFIDENCEINTHEABILITYTOAVOIDACCIDENTS,ORCONSIDERINGTHATTOOMUCHDRIVINGISAWASTEOFTIME,ETCINCREASEDALERTNESSWHENDRIVINGCONDITIONSAREEVALU
43、ATEDASDANGEROUSORTHWARTINGONESTARGETEGDELAYSINTRAFFICJAMSANDLASTBUTNOTLEAST,FRUSTRATIONANDIRRITATIONPROVOKEDBYTHEINTERACTIONWITHOTHERDRIVERS,INPARTICULARINRELATIONTOOVERTAKINGTHELEVELOFDRIVERSTRESSDEPENDSONTHECOMBINATIONOFALLTHESEFACTORSANDIS,THEREFORE,THERESULTOFDRIVERSAPPRAISALOFTRAFFICSITUATIONSA
44、NDTHEIRABILITYADEQUATELYTODEALWITHTHEMITISIMPORTANT,THOUGH,TODRAWATTENTIONTOTHEFACTTHATAGEANDDRIVINGEXPERIENCEINFLUENCETHELEVELOFDRIVERSTRESSCOMPAREDWITHOLDERDRIVERS,YOUNGERANDLESSEXPERIENCEDDRIVERSREPORTHIGHERSTRESSLEVELS,ANDHAVEMOREINAPPROPRIATEBEHAVIOURSANDEMOTIONALREACTIONSTHUSINTRAFFICJAMSTHEYA
45、REMOREANNOYEDANDIRRITATEDTHANOLDERDRIVERSANDFREQUENTLYUSEINEFFICIENT,AGGRESSIVECOPINGSTRATEGIESSOURCESOFDRIVERSTRESSWHATARETHEMAINSOURCESOFDRIVERSTRESSISDRIVERSTRESSJUSTATRANSIENTRESPONSETODIFFICULTTRAFFICCONDITIONSORARETHEREOTHERFACTORSCONTRIBUTING,TOOTOANSWERTHESEQUESTIONS,DRIVERSWEREASKEDTOCOMPLE
46、TEADIARYTWICEADAY,INTHEMORNINGBEFORELEAVINGHOMEANDINTHEEVENINGBEFORELEAVINGWORK,FORAPERIODOFSEVENDAYSINTHISWAY,ITWASEXPECTEDTHATPOSSIBLECHANGESINTHEIRREACTIONSOVERALONGERINTERVALOFTIMEBEASCERTAINEDGULIANETAL,1990THEDIARYCONSISTEDOFASECTIONREQUIRINGFACTUALINFORMATIONABOUTTHEDAILYJOURNEY,CURRENTPROBLE
47、MSATHOMEORATWORK,STATEOFHEALTHANDQUALITYOFSLEEPASECONDSECTIONCONSISTEDOFQUESTIONSREGARDINGTHERESPONDENTSEMOTIONALREACTIONSWHILEDRIVING,ANDBEFORELEAVINGHOMEORWORKAMONGFACTORSINTRINSICTODRIVINGWHICHELICITSTRESSONLYABOUT25PERCENTMENTIONDISTANCEANDTIMESPENTONTHEROAD,ANDABOUTTHESAMENUMBERNOTEBADWEATHERAN
48、DDIFFICULTTRAFFICCONDITIONSANOVERWHELMING65PERCENTOFRESPONDENTSREPORTASTHEIRMAINSOURCEOFSTRESSOTHERDRIVERSBEHAVIOUR,ANDQUALIFYITASDANGEROUS,RECKLESSANDTHOUGHTLESSOVER50PERCENTOFRESPONDENTSAREIRRITATEDANDFEDUPWITHTRAFFICJAMS,ANDABOUT20PERCENTADMITTOAGGRESSIVEBEHAVIOURSANDTHOUGHTSBEINGINAHURRYANDHAVIN
49、GTOKEEPTOASTRICTTIMESCHEDULEEXACERBATESTHEFEELINGSOFSTRESSTHEREAREIMPORTANTDIURNALCHANGESINDRIVERSTRESSAMONGFACTORSEXTRINSICTODRIVINGWHICHCONSISTENTLYAPPEARTOBEASSOCIATEDWITHDRIVERSTRESSAREWORRIESATWORKORATHOME,HEALTHCOMPLAINTSANDPOORSLEEPTHEREAREIMPORTANTDIURNALCHANGESINDRIVERSTRESSDRIVERSEXPERIENCEHIGHERLEVELSOFSTRESSINTHEEVENINGTHANINTHEMORNING,ANDFATIGUEISONLYONEOFTHECONTRIBUTORYELEMENTSTHISPOINTSTOACUMULATIVENEGATIVEEFFECTOFDAILYEVENTS,BOTHINTRINSICANDEXTRINSICTODRIVING,ONTHELEVELOFDRIVERSTRESSACUMULATIVEEFFECTISALSONOTICEABLEINCHANGESINDRIVERSTRESSL
