1、在短期中，低通货膨胀通常是以高失业率为代价的，这是由短期内价格粘性造成的。政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用的货币量减少,但商品价格在短期内具有粘性仍居高不下，于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少，消费量不足又会引起企业开工不足，导致失业。失业率高，通胀率低;失业率低，通胀率高。 通货膨胀和失业之间是此消彼长、相互交替的关系。1.描述下列每种情形中当事人面对的权衡： a.某个家庭决定是否购买一辆新车；a tradeoff between the cost of the car and other things they might want to buy. b.国会成员决定对国家公园
2、拨多少款 the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts.（不增加拨款可少征税）c.公司总裁决定是否建个新工厂；the decision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firms profits compared to other alternatives. （upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories） increase profit the mostd.某个教授
3、决定用多少时间备课 between the value of improving the qualityof the lecture compared to other things she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.e.刚毕业的大学生决定是否读研究生 2.你正决定是否去度假。度假的大部分成本（机票、住宿费和放弃的工资）是用货币衡量的，但度假的收益是心理上的。你如何比较度假的收益和成本？ two ways：pare the vacation with what you would do in i
4、ts place。decide if youd rather have the new clubs or the vacation.2. think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation3.你正打算周六去做兼职，但你朋友让你去滑雪。去滑雪的真实成本是什么？现在假设你本来打算周六在图书馆学习。在这种情形下，去滑雪的成本是什么？请解释。its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wage
5、s you are giving up by not working. 4.你在篮球比赛博彩中赢了 100 元。对于这笔钱你有两个选择，你可以现在就花掉或者存入银行，银行利率为 5%，你现在就将这笔钱花掉的机会成本是多大？ you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now.5.你管理的公司已经投资 500 万元开发某个新产品，但研发尚未结束。在最近一次会议上，销售人员向你报告说由于竞争产品上市，该产品的期望销售额下降为 300 万元。如果你还需要再投入 100 万元才能完成该产品的研发，你会继续下去吗？为了完成研发，
6、你最多愿意支付多杀钱？ $5 million is the sunk cost. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin.If you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, youll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so.In fact, youd pay up to $3 million；any more than that, and you won
7、t be increasing profit at the margin.6.社会保障系统为年龄超过 65 岁的老人提供收入。如果接受救济的某个老人决定去工作以争取部分收入，那么他从社会保障得到的钱数通常就会减少。 a. 提供社会保障对人们在工作期间（年轻时）的储蓄激励有何影响？ lowers an individuals incentive to save for retirement.The benefits provide some level of income to the individual when he or she retires. individual is not en
8、tirely dependent on savings to support consumption through the years in retirement.b. 收入较高时保障金会下降，这对 65 岁以上老人的工作激励有何影响？ an incentive not to work (or not work as much) after age 65.Because the more you work, the lower your after-tax Social Security benefits will be.7.某法案于 1996 年实施，它对美国联邦政府反困项目进行了改革，新
9、法案规定某些被救助者只能领取两年的救济金。 a. 这种改革对穷人的工作激励有何影响？ they have greater incentive to find jobsb. 这种改革对平等和效率之间的权衡有何影响（更侧重于效率还是平等）？ the change in the law is one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.someone who cant find a job will get no income at all, so the distribution of income will become less equal
10、. But the economy will be more efficient, since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs.8.你的室友做得饭菜比你好吃，但你打扫卫生的速度比他快。如果你的室友只做饭而你只打扫卫生，这比你们各干各的家务花费更多还是更少时间？再举一个类似的例子说明专业化和贸易如何使两个国家的状况更好。 By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.（家庭杂务）countries can specialize and trad
11、e, making both better off.EX. make clothes and make wine efficiently s produce all the clothes and French workers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes.9.解释下列每一项政府行为的出发点是更关注平等还是更关注效率。如果是更关注效率，分析可能涉及的市场失灵情形。 a.管制有线电视价格； b.为某些穷人提供购买食品时可做钱使用的食品券； c.在公共场所禁止吸烟； d.将标准石油公司（该石油公
12、司一度拥有美国 90%的炼油厂）拆分成几家小公司； e.对高收入人群征收较高的个人所得税； f.颁布法律禁止酒后开车 a. Efficiency: The market failure comes from the monopoly(垄断) by the cable TV firm. b. Equity c. Efficiency: An externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. Efficiency: The market failure occurs because of Standard Oils mo
13、nopoly power. e. Equityf. Efficiency: There is an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.10.从平等和效率角度讨论下面每种说法。 a.“应该保证社会中的每个人得到最好的医疗服务。 ” Efficiency? currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep their incomes high,so efficiency would increase by providing more
14、health care.if the government mandated increased spending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than they would choose to pay for. From the point of view of equity, poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, an improvement. E
15、ach person would have a more even slice of the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less of other goods.b.“工人在被解雇后，应该允许他们在找到新工作前一直领取失业保险金。 ” theres a tradeoff between equity and efficiency.When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemployment benef
16、its system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs. But theres an efficiency problem The economy isnt operating efficiently if people remain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourage unemployment. So greater equity reduces efficiency11.你的生活水平和你父母和祖父母在你这般大时
17、的生活水平，有哪些不同？为何能发生这些变化？ average income has increased over years, have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents.Cause: increased productivity: t an hour of work produces more goods and services than it used toThus incomes have continuousl
18、y risen over time, as has the standard of living.12.假设美国人决定将他们的收入多储蓄一些。如果银行将多出的这部分储蓄借给商人，商人用这些钱建立工厂，这种做法如何加快了生产力的增长？你认为谁从较高的生产力中得到了好处？社会能得到免费的午餐吗？ the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with.the workers, get more payment since theyre producing morethe factory owners get a return
19、 on their investments.There is no such thing as a free lunch, however, because when people save more, they are giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.市场需求降低，生产的商品销售不出去，市场会陷入疲软，企业利润减少，会通过减少产量和裁减工人降低成本，社会经济会减缓甚至停滞。所以高储蓄换来的生产率提高只会使社会暂时获益无法持久。13. 2010 年，美国总统巴拉克.奥巴马
20、和美国国会制定并通过了美国医疗服务改革法案。该法案有两个目的，一是为更多的美国人提供医疗保险（方法是对美国高收入家庭征税然后用于补贴低收入家庭） ，二是降低医疗服务的成本（方法是对医疗服务提供系统进行各种改革） 。 a.这些目的如何与平等和效率相关？ 通过向高收入家庭征税来对低收入家庭的补贴筹资，使更多的低收入人群能享受到医疗保险得到更好的治疗，有助于改善社会的收入分配增进公平；通过对医疗的提供方式进行改革降低医疗成本，更多的产出被用于医疗方面，提高了医疗产业的效率。 b.为何医疗服务改革法案可能增加美国的生产力？.对医疗提供方式进行多种改革，提供多种灵活的医疗方式，更有效地利用了医疗领域的资
21、源，促进更多产出，提高了美国的生产率。 c.为何医疗服务改革法案可能降低美国的生产力？ 医疗改革通过向高收入家庭征税补贴低收入家庭，让更多的美国人获得医疗保险，但因为每个人都能接受较好的医治，人们不会再为争取更好的医疗条件而努力工作，从而会降低社会的生产率the economy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than they would choose to pay for.14. 在美国革命战争期间，美国各个殖民地无法筹集足够的税收资金来支持战争；为了弥补资金缺口，它们决定印刷发行更
22、多的货币，这种做法有时称为“通货膨胀税” 。当货币发行过多时，是向谁“征税”？为什么？持有货币者被“征税”了。因为货币增加造成物价水平上升，货币的实际价值降低，每一单位美元的购买力下降。货币增加使得持有货币者的财富缩水，所能购买的商品和劳务数量减少，就像是向每个持有货币的人征了税，引发了通货膨胀。 16. 通过增加公民的税收来支付新机场的建设费用，短期来说会增加公民负担，减少经济中的支出，导致失业率的上升及物价的下降；长期来看，新机场的建成为公民提供更多的便利和服务，从而可以提供啊社会的效率。15.假设你是个政策制定者，你正在决定是否降低通货膨胀率。为了做出明智的决策，你应该了解有关通货膨胀、
23、失业及二者之间权衡的哪些知识？ Any attempt to reduce inflation will likely lead to higher unemployment in the short run.what causes inflation and unemployment,what determines the tradeoff between them. 通货膨胀和失业各自对经济产生的影响多大以及抑制通货膨胀(reduce inflation )的措施对失业率的影响程度、持续时间等。A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the
24、benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.16.某个政策制定者正在决定如何为新机场的建设项目筹资。他可以使用向市民征税的方法或者使用发行更多货币的方法。说说每种方法的可能的短期结果和长期结果。Raising taxes will lead to reducing spending in the economy. This will cause a short-run increase in unemployment and a drop in prices.However, printing
25、more money will cause a long-run rise inflation because the value of money will be lowered.Unit21.画出一个循环流向图。指出与下列每种活动相伴的产品和服务流向以及货币流向。 a.赛琳娜（Selena）向小卖部主人支付 1 元钱购买了一夸脱牛奶。 b.司徒雷登（Stuart）在快餐店工作，每小时挣 4.50 元。 c.珊娜（Shanna）花了 30 元钱理发。 d.珊莉（Sally）因拥有阿克姆企业 10%的产权而赚取了 10,000 元。 2.某个社会生产军用品与民用消费品，我们分将它们称为“枪炮”
26、和“黄油” 。 a.画出枪炮和黄油的生产可能性边界。使用机会成本的概念解释为什么这一曲线是向外弓起的。 Figure 6 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and butter. It is bowed out because the opportunity cost of butter depends on how much butter and how many guns the economy is producing. When the economy is producing a lot of butter,
27、 workers and machines best suited to making guns are being used to make butter, so each unit of guns given up yields a small increase in the production of butter. Thus, the frontier is steep and the opportunity cost of producing butter is high. When the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers an
28、d machines best suited to making butter are being used to make guns, so each unit of guns given up yields a large increase in the production of butter. Thus, the frontier is very flat and the opportunity cost of producing butter is low. c. 在图中找到该经济无法实现的一点。再找到一个可行但无效率的点。 c.假设该社会有两个政党，分称为鹰党（他们想要强大的军事）
29、和鸽党（他们想要较小的军事） 。在你的生产可能性边界上找到鹰党可能选择的一个点和鸽党可能选择的一个点。 d.假设具有侵略性的领国降低了自己的军事规模。结果，鹰党和鸽党都减少了原本想生产的枪炮数量，假设两党的枪炮减少量相同。用黄油的产量增加量衡量，哪一个政党得到了更大的“和平红利（peace dividend） ”？请解释。 3.第 1 章讨论的第一个经济学原理是人们面对权衡。使用生产可能性边界说明社会在下列两种“商品”上的权衡：一是清洁的环境，二是企业产品产量。你认为是什么因素决定了这一边界的形状和位置？如果工程师发明了一种新的发电方法，这种方法产生的污染较少，那么生产可能性边界将会发生什么变
30、化？ The shape and position of the frontier depend on how costly it is to maintain a clean environmentthe productivity of the environmental industry.4.某个经济由三个人组成：拉里（Larry） 、摩尔（Moe）和克莉（Curly） 。每人每工作10 小时，他们生产两种服务：割草和洗车。在一小时内：拉里可以割 1 块草坪或洗 1 辆车；摩尔可以割 1 块草坪或洗 2 辆车；克莉可以割 2 块草坪或洗 1 辆车。a.计算下列每种情形下生产的每种服务数量，
31、我们将这四种情形分记为 A、B、C 、D。 所有三个人将所有时间用于割草。 （A ） 所有三个人将所有时间用于洗车。 （B） 所有三个人将一半的时间用于割草、一半时间用于洗车。 （C） 拉里的一半时间用于割草、一半时间用于洗车；而摩尔只洗车，克莉只割草。(D) b.画出这个经济的生产可能性边界。使用你在（a）部分的答案，在图中标记出 A、B、C 和 D 点。 c.解释该经济的生产可能性边界为何具有你画出的那种形状？ d. 你在（a ）部分计算的四个配置中，哪个（些）为无效率的配置？请解释。 5.将下列主题分归入微观经济学或宏观经济学。 a.家庭制定把多少收入用于储蓄的决策 b.政府对汽车排放污
32、染管制的效应 c.国民的高储蓄对经济增长的影响 d.企业制定雇佣多少工人的决策 e.通货膨胀率和货币量变动之间的关系 6.将下列每个陈述分归入实证性陈述或规范性陈述。请解释原因。 a.社会面对通货膨胀和失业的短期权衡 a positive statement It deals with how the economy i，not how it should be.there is a short-run negative relationship between inflation and unemployment, the statement is a fact, thus it is a
33、positive statement.b.降低货币增长率将导致通货膨胀率下降 The statement tells how the world is, and so it is a positive statement.c.美国联邦储备银行应该降低货币增长率 d.社会应该要求领取救济金的人去找工作 It states an opinion about something that should be done, not how the world is.e.降低税率可以鼓励人们多工作多储蓄 s a positive statement. the relationship between ta
34、x rates and work, as well as the relationship between tax rates and saving is negative in both cases. So the statement reflects how the world is, and is thus a positive statement.7.如果你是总统，你对你的经济顾问提出的实证性观点还是规范性观点更感兴趣？为什么？ be interested in both, but probably be most interested in their positive views.
35、 Economists know many facts about the economy and the interaction of different sectors. So you would be most likely to call on them about questions of factpositive analysis. president has to make the normative statements as to what should be done, with an eye to the political consequences. The norma
36、tive statements made by economists represent their own views, not necessarily your views or the electorates views.Unit31.玛利亚（Maria）在 1 小时内可以学习 20 页经济学教科书。她在 1 小时内也能学习 50 页的社会学教科书。她每天学习时间为 5 个小时。 a.画出玛利亚学习经济学和社会学的生产可能性边界。 b.玛利亚学习 100 页社会学的机会成本是什么？ 40 pages of economics.2.每个美国人或日本人每年都可以生产 4 辆汽车。每个美国人每
37、年可以生产 10 吨谷物，而每个日本人每年可以生产 5 吨谷物。为简单起见，假设每个国家都有 1 亿人。 100 milliona.仿照教材图 1 中的表，画出表述上述情形的表。 b.分画出美国经济和日本经济的生产可能性边界。 c.美国生产 1 辆汽车和 1 吨谷物的机会成本分为多少？日本呢？仿照教材图 1 中的表，画表总结这些信息。 d.哪个国家在汽车的生产上具有绝对优势？neither 哪个国家在谷物的生产上具有绝对优势？ the United Statese.哪个国家在汽车的生产上具有比较优势？哪个国家在谷物的生产上具有比较优势？ Japan has a comparative adva
38、ntage in producing cars, since it has a lower opportunity cost in terms of grain given up.(两个国家之间的比较) The United States has a comparative advantage in producing grain, since it has a lower opportunity cost in terms of cars given up.f.如果不进行交易，假设两个国家都用一半人口生产汽车、一半人口生产谷物。分求出每个国家的汽车和谷物的产量。 g.在交易前的生产可能性边界
39、上任找一点，说明交易会使每个国家的状况变得更好。 suppose the United States changed 1 worker from producing cars to producing grain. Japan changes 1 worker from producing grain to producing cars. That worker would produce 4 more cars and 5 fewer tons of grain.suppose the United States offers to trade 7 tons of grain to Japa
40、n for 4 cars. The United States will do this because it values 4 cars at 10 tons of grain, so it will be better off if the trade goes through. Japan will take the trade because it values 4cars at 5 tons of grain, so it will be better off. With the trade and the change of 1 worker in both the United
41、States and Japan, each country gets the same amount of cars as before and both get additional tons of grain (3 for the United States and 2 for Japan). Thus by trading and changing their production, both countries are better off.3.帕特(Pat) 和克丽丝(Kris)是室友。她们大部分时间用在学习上，小部分时间用于她们喜爱的活动上：做比萨饼和麦根汽水（root beer
42、） 。帕特制造一单位汽水需要 4 小时、制造一单位比萨需要 2 小时。克丽丝制造一单位汽水需要 6 小时、制造一单位比萨需要 4 小时。 a.求每人制造一单位比萨饼的机会成本。谁在比萨生产上具有绝对优势？Pat 谁在比萨生产上具有比较优势？Pat b.如果她们进行交易，谁会用比萨饼换取对方的汽水？ Pat, since she has a comparative advantage in making pizza c.比萨的价格可用汽水的数量衡量。求能使两个人状况都变好的比萨最高交易价格和最低交易价格。请解释。 The highest price of pizza is 2/3 of a ga
43、llon of root beer.The lowest price of pizza is 1/2 of a gallon of root beer.4.假设加拿大有 1000 万工人，每个工人每年可以生产 2 单位的汽车或 30 单位的麦子。 a.加拿大生产 1 单位汽车和 1 单位麦子的机会成本分是什么？解释这两种产品机会成本之间的关系。 15 bushels of wheat. 1/15 of a carb.画出加拿大的生产可能边界。如果加拿大选择消费 1000 万单位汽车(先生产)且不进行交易，它能生产多少小麦？在生产可能性边界上标注出该点。 Since the tradeoff b
44、etween cars and wheat is always the same, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.d. 现在假设美国愿意从加拿大购买 1000 万单位汽车，每辆车的购买价为 20 单位小麦。如果加拿大仍然消费 1000 万单位汽车，这个买卖能让加拿大消费多少小麦？在你画出的生产可能性边界上标出这一点。加拿大应该接受这个买卖吗？（美国不给钱的情况）If the United States buys 10 million cars from Canada and Canada continues t
45、o consume 10 million cars, then Canada will need to produce a total of 20 million cars. So Canada will be producing at the vertical intercept（纵截距）of the production possibilities frontier. But if Canada gets 20 bushels of wheat per car, it will be able to consume 200 million bushels of wheat, along w
46、ith the 10 million cars. This is shown as point B in the figure. Canada should accept the deal because it gets the same number of cars and 50 million more bushes of wheat.（所有加拿大人都去生产汽车）5.英格兰和苏格兰都生产烤饼和毛衣。假设每个英格兰工人每小时可以生产 50 个烤饼或 1 件毛衣。每个苏格兰工人每小时可以生产 40 个烤饼或 2 件毛衣。 a.在每种产品的生产上，哪个国家具有绝对优势？哪个国家具有比较优势？ A
47、bsolute advantage: Scones English workers sweater Scottish workersComparative advantage: Scones English workers sweater Scottish workersComparative advantage runs the same way.c. 如果英格兰和苏格兰决定进行交易，苏格兰将用自己生产的哪种产品交换英格兰的哪种产品？请解释。 Scotland will produce sweaters and trade them for scones produced in Englan
48、d.A trade with a price between 20 and 50 scones per sweater will benefit both countries, as theyll be getting the traded good at a lower price than their opportunity cost of producing the good in their own countryd. 如果每个苏格兰工人每小时只能生产 1 件毛衣，苏格兰仍能从贸易中得到好处吗？请解释。Scotland would still have a comparative ad
49、vantage in producing sweaters. t there are still gains from trade since England has a higher opportunity cost 7.假设每个美国人每年可以生产 100 件衬衫或 20 台计算机，而每个中国人每年可以生产 100 件衬衫和 10 台计算机。 a.分画出两个国家的生产可能性边界。假设不存在交易时，每个国家在两种产品的生产上各花费一半的时间。在生产可能性边界上画出这样的点。 b.如果这两个国家进行贸易，哪个国家将出口衬衫？用数字举例说明并在你的图上画出。哪个国家会从交易中获益？请解释。 c.找出可行的计算机交易价格区间并解释（计算机价格用衬衫数量衡量） 。 d.假设中国的生产力赶上了美国，所以每个中国人每年可以生产 100 件衬衫或 20 台计算机。请你预测一下可能的交易模式。中国这一生产力的提高如何影响两个国家居民的状况？假设中国生产率赶上了美国，由于两国的生产效率完全相同，所以贸易产生的基础不论是比较优势还是绝对优势就不复存在，这时中美之间的贸易就会消失9.判断下列说法正误并进行解释。 a.“即使一国在所有产品的生产上都具
