1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文IMOKYOURENOTOKDRIVERSATTITUDESTOWARDPOLICEOFFICERSENFORCINGTRAFFICLAWSPOLICEOFFICERSHAVEAMAJORROLEINTHESUCCESSOFTRAFFICLAWENFORCEMENTSHINARANDMCKNIGHT,1986YET,ASRADELETANDCARTER1994ARGUE,“BYFAR,THEBIGGESTCONFLICTBETWEENTHEPOLICEANDTHEPUBLICOCCURSINTHEENFORCEMENTOFTRAFFICLAWS”P207THEP
2、RESENTPAPEREXPLORESTHEATTITUDESOFDRIVERSTOWARDPOLICEOFFICERSENFORCINGTRAFFICLAWSASWELLASTHERELATIONSHIPOFTHESEANDGENERALATTITUDESTOWARDPOLICEAUTHORITYTHEDETERRINGEFFECTOFANENCOUNTERWITHPOLICEOFFICERSENCOUNTERSBETWEENPOLICEOFFICERSANDCITIZENSINTRAFFICSITUATIONSPROVIDEAMAJORSOURCEOFCITIZENSHOSTILITYTO
3、WARDTHEPOLICEWILSON,1964KIRKHAMANDWOLLAN1980ARGUETHATFORMOSTCITIZENS,TRAFFICINCIDENTSREPRESENTTHEIRONLYENCOUNTERWITHTHEPOLICEREGARDLESSOFHOWSKILLEDININTERPERSONALRELATIONSANOFFICERMAYBEWHENAPPREHENDINGADRIVER,THEREAREINHERENTLYNEGATIVEFEATURESINSUCHENCOUNTERSTHEREASONSFORTHEPUBLICSRESENTMENTOFTRAFFI
4、CLAWENFORCEMENTARECOMPLEXKIRKHAMANDWOLLAN1980SUGGESTSEVERALEXPLANATIONSFORTHEUNPLEASANTEMOTIONSDRIVERSEXPERIENCEIFAPPREHENDEDFIRST,THEPOLICEOFFICERISASALIENTSYMBOLOFGOVERNMENTALAUTHORITYTHUS,ANAPPREHENSIONREPRESENTSANINSTANCEOFINTERFERENCEWITHTHEDRIVERSFREEDOMOFACTIONFURTHERMORE,APPREHENSIONIMPARTST
5、OTHEDRIVERTHESTATUSOFACHILDWHOHASBEENCAUGHTINSOMEWRONGDOINGANDISTHEREFOREABOUTTOBEPUNISHEDALTHOUGHDRIVERSADMITTOHAVINGVIOLATEDATRAFFICLAW,THEREISAOFTENAFEELINGOFHAVINGBEENUNJUSTLYSINGLEDOUTFORPUNISHMENTBECAUSEMOTORISTSWITNESSMANYINSTANCESINWHICHVIOLATIONSGOUNDETECTEDKIRKHAMANDWOLLAN,1980RADELETANDCA
6、RTER1994ALSOARGUETHATWHENADRIVERISASKEDTOSTOPANDPULLOVERTOTHESIDEOFTHEROAD,THEDRIVERFEELSSINGLEDOUT,SUSPECTINGTHATTHEONLYREASONFORTHEPOLICEOFFICERSBEHAVIORISTHENEEDTOFILLAQUOTAFURTHERMORE,THEAPPREHENSIONCAUSESFEELINGSOFGUILT,WHICHTHEDRIVERTRANSFERSTOTHEPOLICEOFFICERASADEFENSEMECHANISMOTHEREMOTIONSCA
7、USEDBYAPPREHENSIONAREEMBARRASSMENTANDWORRYABOUTFINANCIALCONSEQUENCESFINALLY,THESENEGATIVEFEELINGSOFTENLEADTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEGATIVEATTITUDESTOWARDTHEPOLICEONTHEOTHERHAND,WHENAPOLICEOFFICERDOESNOTPUNISHADRIVERFORTHECOMMISSIONOFAVIOLATION,THELATTEREXPERIENCESEXTREMEFEELINGSOFGRATITUDEBONIFACIO,1991NE
8、VERTHELESS,THEVERYACTOFBEINGSTOPPEDINPUBLICBYAPOLICEOFFICERISINITSELFANUNPLEASANTEXPERIENCEKIRKHAMANDWOLLAN1980MAINTAINTHAT“THEPOLICECARSROTATINGEMERGENCYLIGHTSSEEMTOTHEDISTRAUGHTMOTORISTTOSERVEASABEACONWHICHDRAWSTHEENTIRECOMMUNITYSATTENTIONTOTHEMISTAKEHEHASMADETHEMINUTESOFSUCHENCOUNTERSSEEMLIKEAGON
9、IZINGHOURSTOTHEHELPLESSDRIVER”DEWAARDANDROOIJERS1994COMPAREDTHEINFLUENCEOFDIRECTPOLICEENFORCEMENTANDENFORCEMENTWITHRADARFOLLOWEDBYFINESSENTTOTHEOFFENDINGDRIVERSBYMAIL“PERSONAL”ENFORCEMENTBYTHEPOLICEWASFOUNDTOBEMOREEFFECTIVEINREDUCINGSPEEDINGTHEAUTHORSCONCLUDEDTHATTHEADVANTAGESOFENFORCEMENTBYTHEPOLIC
10、EARETHEIMMEDIATEFEEDBACKTHATTHEDRIVERRECEIVESANDTHEDETERRINGEFFECTONOTHERDRIVERSWHOWITNESSTHESCENEITISLIKELYTHATTHEUNPLEASANTNESSOFTHESITUATIONITSELF,ESPECIALLYTHENEGATIVEEMOTIONSRELATEDTOANENCOUNTERWITHAPOLICEOFFICER,ALSOSERVESASPUNISHMENTFOREXAMPLE,DEFFENBACHERETAL1994FOUNDTHATTHEPRESENCEOFTHEPOLI
11、CECONSTITUTEDAPOTENTIALLYANGERINGDRIVINGRELATEDSITUATION,PARTICULARLYFORMENDRIVERSPERCEPTIONSOFPOLICEOFFICERSKIRKHAMANDWOLLAN1980STATETHATTHEVARIETYOFEXPLANATIONSTHATDRIVERSOFFERFORBEINGSTOPPEDBYAPOLICEOFFICER,REFERMAINLYTOPOLICEOFFICERSPERSONALMOTIVESANDIMPROPERCONDUCTFOREXAMPLE,DRIVERSASSUMETHATTH
12、EOFFICERISBEHINDINHISDAILY“QUOTA”OFTRAFFICCITATIONS,“HASITIN”FORSPORTCARSORISPREJUDICEDAGAINSTBLACKSORWHITES,YOUNGDRIVERSOROLDONESINDEED,ASURVEYASKINGRESPONDENTSABOUTTHEPURPOSEOFTRAFFICCITATIONSFORMOVINGVIOLATIONSREVEALEDTHATDRIVERSDONOTCONSIDERACCIDENTPREVENTIONTOBEAMAJORMOTIVEBEHINDPOLICEOFFICERSA
13、CTIONS48PERCENTOFTHERESPONDENTSBELIEVEDTHATTHEPURPOSEWASTORAISEREVENUEFORLAWENFORCEMENT,17PERCENTTHOUGHTITWASTORAISEREVENUEFORTHECITY,ANDONLY6PERCENTATTRIBUTEDITTOTHEATTEMPTTOPREVENTACCIDENTSWATERSANDMCGRATH,1974SWEENEY1982MAINTAINSTHATDRIVERSOFTENREGARDTRAFFICLAWENFORCEMENTASAFORMOFSPORTINGCOMPETIT
14、IONBETWEENTHEPURSUERSANDTHEPURSUEDFOREXAMPLE,DRIVERSINVESTLARGESUMSOFMONEYINRADARDETECTORSATTHESAMETIME,THEPUBLICSOMETIMESRESENTSWHATITCONSIDERS“UNFAIR”TACTICSONTHEPARTOFPOLICEENFORCEMENTTECHNIQUESTHATMAKEUSEOFCONCEALEDOBSERVATIONSMAYLEAVEABADTASTEINTHEPUBLICSMOUTHPOLICEOFFICERSROLEANDTHEPERCEIVEDRI
15、SKOFAPPREHENSIONSHINARANDMCKNIGHT1986,ADOPTINGAUTILITYMODELOFHUMANBEHAVIOR,SUGGESTEDTHATTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTRAFFICLAWENFORCEMENTISSTRONGLYRELATEDTOTHEPERCEIVEDRISKOFAPPREHENSION,WHICHDEPENDSONTHESALIENCEOFTHEPOLICEFORCE,ITSPERCEIVEDPREPAREDNESSTOAPPREHEND,ANDTHEDENSITYEITHERACTUALORPERCEIVEDOFPOLICEU
16、NITSPERROADSECTIONTHEAUTHORSARGUE,HOWEVER,THATAMAJORPROBLEMISINHERENTINTHECONTRADICTIONBETWEENTHETWOPURPOSESOFENFORCEMENTAPPREHENDINGTHOSEWHOVIOLATETHELAWANDINCREASINGLONGTERMOBEDIENCEWHEREASALOWVISIBILITYFORPOLICEUNITSISNECESSARYTOACHIEVETHEFIRSTPURPOSE,HIGHVISIBILITYWOULDHEIGHTENTHEPERCEPTIONOFTHE
17、RISKOFAPPREHENSIONANDTHEREBYINCREASEOBEDIENCEINTHELONGRUNTHEAUTHORSCONTENDTHATENFORCEMENTUNITSSHOULDBEVISIBLEANDPERCEIVEDASTHREATENINGWHICHMEANSTHATPOLICEOFFICERSSHOULDSPENDMINIMALTIMEINAPPREHENDINGDRIVERS,SINCEDURINGTHISTIMETHEYAREPERCEIVEDASINCAPABLEOFAPPREHENDINGOTHERVIOLATORSITCOULDBEFURTHERARGU
18、EDTHATTHEPERCEIVEDRISKOFAPPREHENSIONAND,CONSEQUENTLY,THEEFFECTIVENESSOFPOLICEENFORCEMENTDEPENDNOTONLYONTHEOBJECTIVECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEPOLICEBUTALSOONADRIVERSPERCEPTIONOFPOLICEOFFICERSATTRIBUTESTHEPERCEPTIONOFPOLICEOFFICERSASCOMPETENTANDEFFECTIVE,FOREXAMPLE,ISLIKELYTOINCREASETHEPERCEPTIONOFRISKOFAPP
19、REHENSIONFURTHERMORE,THEIMAGEOFTRAFFICPOLICEMAYWELLAFFECTDRIVERSEXPECTATIONSOFTHECONSEQUENCESOFTHEIRAPPREHENSIONTHATIS,THELIKELIHOODOFPUNISHMENTFORAVIOLATIONANDITSSEVERITYAIMSOFSTUDYTHEPRESENTSTUDYEXAMINESEMPIRICALLYVARIOUSASPECTSOFDRIVERSATTITUDESTOWARDPOLICEOFFICERSENFORCINGTRAFFICLAWSSPECIFICALLY
20、,THESTUDYEXPLORESDRIVERSPERCEPTIONSOFPOLICEOFFICERSATTRIBUTES,DRIVERSEVALUATIONOFTHECONDUCTOFTRAFFICPOLICE,ANDTHEEMOTIONSTHATDRIVERSEXPERIENCEDURINGAPPREHENSIONFORCOMMITTINGANOFFENSEATTITUDESTOWARDPOLICEAREAFFECTEDBYSUCHDEMOGRAPHICVARIABLESASAGE,GENDER,ANDRACEPREISSANDEHRLICH,1966TUOHYANDWRENNAL,199
21、5ZAMBLEANDANNESLEY,1987THISSTUDYEXAMINESDIFFERENCESBETWEENYOUNGERANDOLDERDRIVERS,ASAGEISSTRONGLYRELATEDTOTHECOMMISSIONOFDRIVINGVIOLATIONSWITHYOUNGERDRIVERSCOMMITTINGMOREVIOLATIONSTHANDOOLDERDRIVERSARNETT,1990LEVY,1990FURTHERMORE,YOUNGERANDOLDERDRIVERSHAVEDIFFERENTMOTIVESFOROBEYINGTRAFFICLAWSWHEREASY
22、OUNGERDRIVERSAREMORESTRONGLYINFLUENCEDBYTHEPERCEIVEDFAIRNESSOFPUNISHMENTFORAVIOLATIONANDASENSEOFOBLIGATIONTOOBEYTHELAW,OLDERDRIVERSAREMORESTRONGLYMOTIVATEDBYTHEPERCEIVEDDANGERINCONSEQUENCEOFTRAFFICVIOLATIONSYAGIL,1998FORMOSTCITIZENS,POLICEOFFICERSREPRESENTTHEINSTITUTIONOFAUTHORITYSINCETHEENCOUNTERWI
23、THPOLICEOFFICERSWHOENFORCETRAFFICLAWSCONSTITUTETHEONLYCONTACTTHATMOSTCITIZENSHAVEWITHTHEPOLICEKIRKHAMANDWOLLAN,1980,DRIVERSATTITUDESTOWARD“TRAFFICCOPS”ARELIKELYTOBERELATEDTOAGENERALDISPOSITIONTOWARDTHEPOLICEAUTHORITYTYLER1990SUGGESTSTHATCOMPLIANCEWITHTHELAWMIGHTRESULTFROMTHESUPPORTGIVENTOASPECIFICAU
24、THORITYGROUP,ANDCONSEQUENTLY,ABELIEFTHATTHELEGALAUTHORITIESHAVEALEGITIMATERIGHTTODICTATEBEHAVIORTHEPRESENTSTUDY,ACCORDINGLY,EXAMINESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDRIVERSPERCEPTIONSOFPOLICEOFFICERSANDTHEIRATTITUDETOWARDTHETRAFFICLAWENFORCEMENTFUNCTIONOFTHEPOLICEMETHODTHESTUDYWASCARRIEDOUTINTHEISRAELIARMYASAP
25、ARTOFACOMPREHENSIVERESEARCHPROGRAMEXAMININGVARIOUSASPECTSOFDRIVINGBEHAVIORATTITUDESTOWARDMILITARYPOLICEOFFICERSWEREEXAMINEDTHEMILITARYPOLICE,THATOPERATESONLYWITHINTHEARMY,ISCOMPOSEDOFREGULARSOLDIERSASWELLASNONCOMMISSIONEDOFFICERSANDOFFICERSORDINARILY,ITHANDLESDISCIPLINARYOFFENSESSUCHASTRAFFICVIOLATI
26、ONSORIMPROPERAPPEARANCEMORESEVEREOFFENSESARETREATEDBYASPECIALUNITAQUESTIONNAIREWASADMINISTEREDTO693MALERESPONDENTSWHOHADADRIVERSLICENSETHERESPONDENTSARESIMILARTOTHEGENERALMALEPOPULATIONINISRAEL,SINCEALMOSTTHEENTIREPOPULATIONPERFORMSMILITARYSERVICEHOWEVER,ONLYMALERESPONDENTSWEREINCLUDEDINTHESTUDY,SIN
27、CETHERATEOFACCIDENTSANDTRAFFICVIOLATIONSAREMUCHHIGHERAMONGMALEDRIVERSTHANAMONGFEMALEDRIVERSEVANS,1991MAYCOCKETAL,1991STORIE,1977OFTHERESPONDENTS,22PERCENTWEREOFFICERS,36PERCENTNONCOMMISSIONEDOFFICERS,AND42PERCENTREGULARSOLDIERS89PERCENTOFTHERESPONDENTSSERVEDINNONCOMBATUNITS,AND11PERCENTINCOMBATUNITS
28、TWENTYTHREEPERCENTHADTHEIRDRIVINGLICENSEFORAYEARORLESS,28PERCENTFORTWOTOFOURYEARS,19PERCENTFORFIVETOTENYEARS,AND30PERCENTFOR11YEARSORMORETWENTYFOURPERCENTDROVEFEWERTHAN1,000KMPERMONTH,35PERCENTFROM1,0001,500KM,28PERCENTFROM1,5002,000KM,AND13PERCENTMORETHAN2,000KMTHEAGERANGEWAS1845YEARSM2735,SD78THEA
29、GEGROUPOF1824YEARSWASDEFINEDASYOUNGERDRIVERSN336AND2545YEARSASOLDERDRIVERSN29859RESPONDENTSWHODIDNOTREPORTTHEIRAGEWERENOTINCLUDEDINTHEANALYSESRESULTSTHERESULTSAREPRESENTEDINTHREEPARTSTHEFIRSTPARTREGARDINGDRIVERSPERCEPTIONSOFPOLICEOFFICERSENFORCINGTRAFFICLAWS,WASANALYZEDWITHTWOWAYREPEATEDMEASURESANAL
30、YSESOFVARIANCE,WITHAGEBEINGTHEBETWEENSUBJECTSVARIABLETHESECONDPARTEXAMINEDDIFFERENCESBETWEENYOUNGERANDOLDERDRIVERSINTHEEMOTIONSEXPERIENCEDDURINGAPPREHENSIONTHROUGHADISCRIMINANTANALYSISTHETHIRDPARTEMPLOYEDMULTIVARIATEREGRESSIONANALYSESTOPREDICTTHEPERCEIVEDIMPORTANCEOFPOLICEINENFORCINGTRAFFICLAWSASWEL
31、LASTHEPERCEIVEDDETERRINGEFFECTOFTHEPOLICETHEVARIABLESWERECOMPOSEDACCORDINGTOTHEFACTORANALYSESRESULTSLIMITATIONSOFTHESTUDYSEVERALVARIABLESEXAMINEDINTHESTUDYMAYBEAFFECTEDBYSOCIALDESIRABILITYFOREXAMPLE,DRIVERSMIGHTHAVEBEENRELUCTANTTOREPORTEXPERIENCINGSTRESSANDFEARDURINGAPPREHENSIONTHUSTHERESULTSMIGHTBE
32、BIASEDINTHEDIRECTIONOFUNDERREPORTINGTHEAGEDIFFERENCESEXAMINEDINTHESTUDYARENATURALLYACCOMPANIEDBYDIFFERENCESINVARIABLESSUCHASEDUCATION,MARITALSTATUSANDDRIVINGEXPERIENCETHUSTHEINTERPRETATIONOFTHESERESULTSISSOMEWHATLIMITEDITWOULDBEDESIRABLETOCOMPAREYOUNGERANDOLDERDRIVERSWHILECONTROLLINGOTHERDIFFERENCES
33、BETWEENTHEGROUPSSINCETHEORGANIZATIONALCONTEXTOFTHESTUDY,THEARMY,ISHIGHLYSPECIFIC,ANARGUMENTMIGHTBEMADEAGAINSTGENERALIZINGTHERESULTSTHERESPONDENTS,HOWEVER,DONOTREPRESENTAUNIQUEPOPULATIONINANYWAY,EXCEPTFORTHEGENDERVARIABLEINISRAEL,ALMOSTTHEENTIREMALEPOPULATIONPERFORMSMILITARYSERVICETHUS,THERESPONDENTS
34、ARESIMILARTOTHEGENERALMALEPOPULATIONINTHECOUNTRYSINCE,OFCOURSE,ONLYMALERESPONDENTSWEREINCLUDEDINTHESTUDY,THERESULTSCANNOTBEGENERALIZEDTOFEMALEDRIVERSADDITIONALLY,ASTHEMILITARYORGANIZATIONALSETTINGISLIKELYTOACCENTUATETHEHARSHASPECTSOFTHEIMAGEOFPOLICEOFFICERS,THERESULTSSHOULDBECOMPAREDWITHTHOSEGATHERE
35、DINACIVILIANCONTEXTAUTHORSDANAYAGILSOURCEPOLICINGANINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFPOLICESTRATEGIESTUOHYANDWRENNAL，1995ZAMBLEANDANNESLEY，1987。本文探讨了年轻司机和老龄司机之间的差别。由于年龄与违规有密切关联年轻比车龄大的司机更加会违法ARNETT，1990LEVY，1990。此外年轻和老司机遵守交通法规有不同的动机虽然年轻的司机更加受到执法的公正性以及遵守法规义务的影响。年长司机则把违反交通规则后果做为动机。YAGIL，1998。由于交警是在行法规这件事时唯一与公民有联系的
36、，所以对多数公民来说，交警代表着机构的权威。柯克姆和沃伦，1980，司机对于交通警察的态度很有可能与交警总体部署相关。泰勒1990提出来自某个权威团体的支持是与遵守法律一致的，因此，法律当局拥有合法权决定行为。本文，因此验证了司机对于交警监察和他们关于交警在交通执法中的作用的关系。方法此项研究是作为全面调查驾驶行为不同方面的研究项目的一个部分在以色列军队展开的。对于军警的态度做了探讨。军警，仅仅在军队里开展，由普通士兵构成以及士官和军官。通常情况下它处理诸如交通违章违纪行为或不当的外观，更严重的罪行，有专门的单位来处理。一份向693名拥有驾照的男性展开的问卷调查。受访者与该国男性人口相似，因为
37、几乎整个国家男性都服兵役。然而，研究中仅仅包括男性受访者，因为在违反交通法规中男性所含比例远远大于女性司机。EVANS，1991MAYCOCKETAL。，1991STORIE，1977。在受访者中，22是军官，36是士官，42是普通士兵。89在非作战部队中，11在作战部队中。23的人的驾照是一年或者少于一年，拥有驾照两年或以上的占28，五年到十年以上的占19。十一年以上的占30。24的人开车距离少于10000千米一个月，35的人是10001500千米。28的人是15002000千米，13的人开多余2000千米。年龄范围为1845岁M27。35，SD7。8。在1824岁年龄组被定义为年轻的司机N
38、3362545年为老司机N298另有59名受访者未报告他们年龄的没有包括在分析里。研究结果结果分三部分呈现，第一部分关于司机对交警执法力度的看法，分析了双向重复测量方差分析，即随着年龄介于科目变量。第二部分通过差异分析法研究了年长司机与年轻司在机逮捕期间情绪的的差异。第三部分采用多元回归分析，预测在在执法中交警观察的重要性以及观察交警威吓的作用，变量都是由事实分析结果构成的研究的局限性在该研究重点变量可能会受到社会意愿的影响。例如司机可能情愿报道在拘捕中的经历的压力与恐惧。因此结果可能会因报告不足而产生偏差。年龄差异在该研究的分歧是自然伴随着诸如教育，婚姻状况及驾驶经验变量的差异。E因此对于结果的解释是有些局限的。比较年轻和老司机，同时控制其他群体之间的差异将是可取由于这项研究，军队，组织方面是非常具体，论点可能会与一般结论相互抵触。对于访者，然而，不要只代表任何一种特殊群体，除了性别变化。在以色列，几乎所有男性都服兵役。因此，受访者差不多就是该国的男性，因此，当然了，在研究中只包括男性受访者。结果不能推广到女性司机上此外，作为军队组织设置可能会对交警的形象产生恶劣的影响，结果应该与这些民用背景相比较。作者达纳亚吉尔出处警务交通策略与管理国际期刊1998年2月发行
