1、本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译原文COMMUNITYACTIVISTSPERCEPTIONSOFCITIZENSHIPROLESINANURBANCOMMUNITYACASESTUDYOFATTITUDESTHATAFFECTCOMMUNITYENGAGEMENTRALLENHAYSCIVICENGAGEMENTANDPOLITICALPARTICIPATIONTHERECENTINCREASEINRESEARCHONSOCIALCAPITALANDCIVICENGAGEMENTHASBENEFITEDURBANSCHOLARSHIPBYREFOCUSINGATTENTIONONAPROBLEM
2、WITHWHICHURBANISTSHAVELONGBEENCONCERNEDNAMELY,HOWCITIZENSCANBEENGAGEDANDMOBILIZEDTOEXERTEFFECTIVEINFLUENCEONCOMMUNITYDECISIONSWITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFAFEWWHOHAVEARGUEDTHATTOOMUCHPARTICIPATIONMAYHAVEANEGATIVEIMPACTONURBANPOLICYMAKINGYATES,1980,MOSTURBANSCHOLARSBELIEVETHATINCREASINGCITIZENINVOLVEMENTISDESIR
3、ABLE,INTHATITISLIKELYTOLEADTOAMOREEQUITABLEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEBENEFITSOFURBANLIFEAMONGCITIZENSEVENTHOUGHECONOMICELITESINEVITABLYPLAYAPOWERFULROLEINCOMMUNITYDECISIONS,CITIZENPARTICIPATIONCANPROVIDEACOUNTERBALANCETOTHEIRINFLUENCETHECIVICENGAGEMENTLITERATUREHASALSOBROADENEDOURCONCERNFROMSTRICTLYPOLITICAL
4、PARTICIPATIONDEFINEDHEREASPARTICIPATIONINTENDEDTODIRECTLYINFLUENCEPUBLICPOLICYORELECTORALOUTCOMESTOINCLUDEOTHERFORMSOFCIVICENGAGEMENTDEFINEDASPARTICIPATIONINVOLUNTARY,COMMUNITYBASEDORGANIZATIONSANDASSOCIATIONSTHESESCHOLARSHAVEIDENTIFIED“CIVILSOCIETY”ASAREALMOFINFORMALTIESANDRELATIONSHIPSDISTINCTFROM
5、BOTHTHEMARKETANDTHESTATEINTHEIRVIEW,THEABSENCEOFTHEPROFITIMPERATIVEOFTHEMARKETANDOFTHECOERCIVEELEMENTSOFTHESTATEINTHISCIVICREALMFREQUENTLYENABLESDECISIONMAKINGTHATISBOTHFLEXIBLEANDPUBLICSPIRITEDBELLAH,1985ETZIONI,1998BECAUSEOFITSINFORMALITYANDFLEXIBILITY,CIVILSOCIETYISAPRIMEARENAFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFS
6、OCIALCAPITALHOWEVER,WHILEDEFININGCIVILSOCIETYASDISTINCT,THESESCHOLARSHAVEALSOARGUEDSTRONGLYTHATCITIZENSENGAGEMENTINTHECIVICREALMISSTRONGLYLINKEDTOTHEIRACTIVEANDCONSTRUCTIVEPOLITICALINVOLVEMENTTHEYASSERTTHAT,IFCIVILSOCIETYISUNHEALTHY,THENTHEFUNCTIONINGOFTHEPOLITICALPROCESSWILLBEIMPAIREDHOOGHE2CIVICEN
7、GAGEMENTDEVELOPSSKILLSINORGANIZINGANDMOBILIZINGPEOPLETHATARETRANSFERABLETOTHEPOLITICALREALM3CIVICENGAGEMENTDEVELOPSINDIVIDUALFEELINGSOFCONFIDENCEANDEFFICACYTHATMAKEPOLITICALACTIVISMMORELIKELY4CIVICENGAGEMENTDEVELOPSNETWORKSOFRELATIONSHIPSTHEINTERPERSONALASPECTOFSOCIALCAPITALANDFEELINGSOFTRUSTTHEATTI
8、TUDINALASPECTOFSOCIALCAPITALTHATARECRITICALTOEFFECTIVEPOLITICALACTIONRESEARCHDESIGNPROPOSITIONSTHEPRESENTRESEARCHCONSISTSOFANEXPLORATORYCASESTUDY,UTILIZINGEMBEDDEDDATACONSISTINGOFTHEACTIVITIESANDATTITUDESOFAGROUPOFCOMMUNITYACTIVISTSINWATERLOO/CEDARFALLS,IOWA,AMETROPOLITANAREAOF125,000YIN,1994BASEDON
9、THELITERATUREREVIEWJUSTPROVIDED,FIVEPROPOSITIONSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDFORPRELIMINARYEXPLORATIONUTILIZINGWHATYIN1994REFERSTOASTHE“PATTERNMATCHING”RESEARCHDESIGNTHEPURPOSEOFTHISRESEARCHISTOGAINAQUALITATIVEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEDEGREETOWHICHTHOSEINVOLVEDINALOCALCOMMUNITYFRAMEANDUNDERSTANDTHEIRPOLITICALANDCIVICI
10、NVOLVEMENTINTHETERMSSUGGESTEDBYTHESEPROPOSITIONSFULLTESTINGANDCONFIRMATIONOFTHESEPROPOSITIONSWILL,OFCOURSE,REQUIREFURTHERRESEARCHBASEDONLARGER,RANDOMSAMPLESPROPOSITION1ABEHAVIORALBOUNDARYEXISTSBETWEENCIVICANDPOLITICALINVOLVEMENTTHEPATTERNSOFINVOLVEMENTOFCOMMUNITYACTIVISTSWILLREFLECTACLEARBOUNDARYBET
11、WEENCIVICACTIVITIESANDPOLITICALACTIVITIESTOTHEEXTENTTHATADIFFERENTGROUPOFCOMMUNITYACTIVISTSISINVOLVEDINEACHREALMIFPERSONSIDENTIFIEDASACTIVEINTHEPRIVATE,VOLUNTARYREALMAREALSOACTIVEINTHELOCALPOLITICALREALMANDVICEVERSATHISWILLINDICATEABOUNDARYTHATISLESSRIGIDPROPOSITION2ANATTITUDINALBOUNDARYEXISTSBETWEE
12、NCIVICANDPOLITICALENGAGEMENTACLEARBOUNDARYBETWEENCIVICANDPOLITICALACTIVITIESWILLBEREFLECTEDINTHEEXTENTTOWHICHACTIVISTSEXPERIENCEDIFFERENTREWARDSANDFRUSTRATIONSFROMPARTICIPATINGINEACHREALMALSO,ACLEARBOUNDARYWILLBEREFLECTEDINTHEEXTENTTOWHICHPARTICIPANTSINEACHREALMVIEWPARTICIPATIONINTHEOTHERREALMINANEG
13、ATIVELIGHTPROPOSITION3AMOTIVATIONALBOUNDARYEXISTSBETWEENCIVICANDPOLITICALPARTICIPATIONACLEARBOUNDARYBETWEENTHECIVICANDPOLITICALREALMWILLBEREFLECTEDINSOMEWHATDIFFERENTMOTIVATIONSFORACTIVITYINEACHREALMPROPOSITION4THESKILLSANDATTITUDESACQUIREDTHROUGHCIVICPARTICIPATIONWILLBESOMEWHATDIFFERENTTHANTHOSEACQ
14、UIREDTHROUGHPOLITICALPARTICIPATIONPROPOSITION5ANATTITUDINALBOUNDARYEXISTSBETWEENACTIVEPOLITICALANDCIVICPARTICIPANTSANDTHOSEWHODONOTPARTICIPATEINCOMMUNITYAFFAIRSMETHODSINDEPTH,INPERSONINTERVIEWSUTILIZINGOPENENDEDQUESTIONSWERECONDUCTEDWITH40INDIVIDUALSWHOAREACTIVEINVARIOUSASPECTSOFCOMMUNITYLIFEINTHEME
15、TROAREATHEINTERVIEWERSMADEANEFFORTTOELICITTHEMOSTDETAILEDANDCOMPLETEANSWERSPOSSIBLEFROMEACHSUBJECTINTERVIEWSRANGEDINLENGTHFROM45TO90MINUTES,DEPENDINGONTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHESUBJECTSCHOSETOELABORATEWHILETHEINTERVIEWSWERESTRUCTUREDTOEXPLORETHEPROPOSITIONSLISTEDABOVE,THEQUESTIONSALLOWEDTHESUBJECTMAXIMUMFR
16、EEDOMTOARTICULATEHERORHISOWNUNDERSTANDINGOFTHECIVICANDPOLITICALREALMSALSO,THEINTERVIEWSWEREDESIGNEDTOPROVIDEMULTIPLEOPPORTUNITIESFORSUBJECTSTOREFLECTONTHEIRINVOLVEMENTFROMDIFFERENTANGLESINTHECASEOFCIVICPARTICIPATION,SUBJECTSWEREASKEDBOTHABOUTTHEIRMOSTIMPORTANTORGANIZATIONALINVOLVEMENTSANDABOUTTHEIRI
17、NVOLVEMENTINSPECIFICPROJECTSFORTHEORGANIZATIONSINWHICHTHEYAREACTIVEINTHECASEOFPOLITICALPARTICIPATION,SUBJECTSWEREASKEDABOUTBOTHISSUEORIENTEDANDELECTORALLYORIENTEDPOLITICALINVOLVEMENTSAMPLEINTHISSTUDY,ACOMMUNITYACTIVISTISDEFINEDASAPERSONWHOHASDISPLAYEDACTIVEINVOLVEMENTORLEADERSHIPINATLEASTONEPRIVATE,
18、VOLUNTARYORGANIZATIONORINATLEASTONEPOLITICALORGANIZATIONDURINGTHELASTFIVEYEARSMOSTRESPONDENTSHAVEBEENACTIVEINNUMEROUSORGANIZATIONSBECAUSEOFTHESMALLSIZEOFTHEMETROAREA,AREASONABLEASSESSMENTOFCOMMUNITYACTIVISTSWITHASAMPLEOFTHISSIZEISPOSSIBLETHESAMPLECONTAINSINDIVIDUALSWHOSEACTIVITIESSPANAFULLRANGEOFCOM
19、MUNITYENDEAVORSSOMEHAVEBEENACTIVEINNEIGHBORHOODASSOCIATIONS,OTHERSINCIVICGROUPS,OTHERSINARTSGROUPS,OTHERSINORGANIZATIONSADDRESSINGPOVERTY,ANDSTILLOTHERSHAVEBEENPRIMARILYACTIVEINTHEPOLITICALARENAAFEWAREWEALTHYBUSINESSLEADERSWHOHAVECONNECTIONSANDINFLUENCEWITHINCOMMUNITYWIDEGROUPS,WHILEOTHERRESPONDENTS
20、AREWORKINGCLASSFOLKWHOSEPRIMARYARENAOFACTIONHASBEENTHEIRNEIGHBORHOODSRESULTSCOMMUNITYSERVICERESPONDENTSWEREASKEDTOLISTUPTOFOURVOLUNTARYCOMMUNITYSERVICEACTIVITIESINWHICHTHEYHADENGAGEDINTHEPAST3YEARSMANYOFTHESEINDIVIDUALSAREALSOEMPLOYEDINCOMMUNITYSERVICEAGENCIES,BUTTHEFOCUSOFTHISQUESTIONWASONVOLUNTEER
21、INVOLVEMENTTHEINITIALQUESTIONABOUTINVOLVEMENTWASOPENENDED,ALLOWINGRESPONDENTSTODEFINEWHATTHEYCONSIDEREDTOBE“COMMUNITYSERVICE”THEREFORE,THEYCOULDSPONTANEOUSLYMENTIONANYOFTHETYPESOFCOMMUNITYACTIVITIESSPECIFIED,INCLUDINGPURELYSOCIALGROUPSANDPOLITICALACTIVITIESASFORMSOFCOMMUNITYSERVICETHESAMPLEINCLUDEDS
22、OMEINDIVIDUALSWHOAREPRIMARILYIDENTIFIEDASPOLITICALACTIVISTSANDSOMETHATAREMAINLYKNOWNFORTHEIRCIVICINVOLVEMENT,SOTHATTHELEVELOFCROSSOVERBETWEENCIVICANDPOLITICALACTIVITIESCOULDBEDETERMINEDASARESULT,ONECOULDEXPECTTHATASIGNIFICANTNUMBEROFPOLITICALACTIVITIESWOULDBEMENTIONEDINTHESEINITIALRESPONSESREPORTEDA
23、CTIVITIESWERECLASSIFIEDINTOTHREECATEGORIESPOLITICAL,CIVIC,ANDSOCIALATOTALOF24600OFTHERESPONDENTSINCLUDEDNOPOLITICALACTIVITIESAMONGTHEFOURVOLUNTARYSERVICEACTIVITIESTHEYWEREASKEDTOLISTOFTHESE,18450OFTHETOTALLISTEDONLYCIVICACTIVITIES,WHILETHEREST150LISTEDVARIOUSCOMBINATIONSOFCIVICANDSOCIALACTIVITIESTHI
24、SBREAKDOWNSUGGESTSTHATMOSTRESPONDENTS,WHETHERKNOWNASPOLITICALLEADERSORNOT,CHOSETOREPORTALLORMOSTOFTHEIRACTIVITIESINTHECIVICREALMWHENASKEDABOUTVOLUNTARYSERVICE,WITHRELATIVELYFEWPOLITICALACTIVITIESMENTIONED,ANDEVENFEWERINTHESOCIALREALMTHEYCLEARLYIDENTIFYTHECIVICREALMWITHVOLUNTARYSERVICEHOWEVER,THESEDA
25、TADONOTREVEALADISTINCTGROUPOFSOLELYPOLITICALACTIVISTSWHODONOTENGAGEINCIVICVOLUNTEERISMTHOSEWHOPUTALOTOFENERGYINTOPOLITICSALSOREPORTOTHERFORMSOFVOLUNTARYSERVICEFOREXAMPLE,ONERESPONDENT,ANAFRICANAMERICANMALE,LISTEDHISSERVICEASANELECTEDOFFICIALASONEOFHISCIVICACTIVITIES,BUTHISOTHERACTIVITIESINCLUDEDSERV
26、ICEONTHENONPROFITBOARDSOFALOCALHOSPITALANDALOCALPRIVATECOLLEGECOLLECTIVELY,THESE40INDIVIDUALSLISTED149VOLUNTARYACTIVITIESINTHEIRRESPONSESTOTHEFIRSTOPENENDEDQUESTIONABOUTTHEIRINVOLVEMENTALTHOUGHAFEWLISTEDLESSTHANFOUR,MOSTCOULDHAVEEASILYLISTEDMOREOFTHEACTIVITIESLISTEDASCOMMUNITYINVOLVEMENT,19128COULDB
27、ECLASSIFIEDAS“POLITICALORGOVERNING,”MAKINGTHISTHELARGESTSINGLECATEGORYOFRESPONSESNEVERTHELESS,THEVASTMAJORITYOFACTIVITIESLISTEDBYRESPONDENTSFALLINTOTHECATEGORYOFCIVICINVOLVEMENT,RATHERTHANPOLITICALINVOLVEMENTVOLUNTEERACTIVITIESDIRECTEDATGENERALCOMMUNITYIMPROVEMENT,RATHERTHANATASPECIFICGROUPSUCHASTHE
28、POOR,ARETHEMOSTFREQUENTLYCITEDORGANIZATIONSDEVOTEDTOTHEARTSANDCULTUREWERETHENEXTMOSTFREQUENTLYCITEDINADDITIONTOTHESEGENERALCOMMUNITYSERVICEORGANIZATIONS,INVOLVEMENTINGROUPSSERVINGTHEPOORISFREQUENTLYMENTIONED,CONSTITUTING101OFALLACTIVITIESVARIOUSHUMANRIGHTSANDSOCIALJUSTICEORGANIZATIONSALSORECEIVESEVE
29、RALMENTIONS,SUCHAS,FOREXAMPLE,AMNESTYINTERNATIONALANDTHENATIONALASSOCIATIONFORTHEADVANCEMENTOFCOLOREDPEOPLENAACPPOLITICALENGAGEMENTAFTERDESCRIBINGTHEIRVOLUNTEERINVOLVEMENT,RESPONDENTSWEREASKEDDIRECTLYABOUTTHEIRPOLITICALINVOLVEMENTMOSTREPORTEDDISCUSSINGBOTHNATIONALANDLOCALISSUESFREQUENTLYWITHFAMILYAN
30、DFRIENDSHOWEVER,MOSTSAIDTHATTHEYTRYTOAVOIDSTRONGDISAGREEMENTSOVERPOLITICALISSUESBYBACKINGOFFWHENOPPOSINGVIEWSAREEXPRESSEDORBYTALKINGMOSTLYTOPEOPLETHEYAGREEWITHTHEINTERVIEWDIVIDEDPOLITICALACTIVITIESBEYONDVOTINGINTOTWOTYPESSEEKINGTOINFLUENCEPARTICULARPOLICYDECISIONSANDINVOLVEMENTINELECTIONCAMPAIGNSALL
31、BUTTWOOFTHE40RESPONDENTSSAIDTHEYHADBEENINVOLVEDINTRYINGTOINFLUENCEAPUBLICPOLICYDECISION,WHILE35OUTOF40SAIDTHEYHADBEENACTIVELYINVOLVEDINTRYINGTOELECTAPARTICULARCANDIDATETOOFFICETHEYWEREMOREACTIVEINLOCALELECTIONSTHANINNATIONALELECTIONS,ANDTHEIRNATIONALELECTIONACTIVITIESWEREFOCUSEDONLOCALORGANIZINGOFTH
32、OSEWHOHADNOTPARTICIPATEDINCAMPAIGNS,TWOCITEDAPROFESSIONALNEEDTOREMAINPOLITICALLYNEUTRALINPUBLIC,WHILETHEOTHERTWOCITEDADISLIKEOFTHEPOLITICALPROCESSAFIFTHRESPONDENTDIDNOTANSWERTHISQUESTIONANAFRICANAMERICANWOMANSAIDOFHERNONINVOLVEMENT,“IMJUSTNOTAPOLITICSGIRL”FORMOSTOFTHESECOMMUNITYACTIVISTS,HOWEVER,POL
33、ITICALACTIVITYAPPEARSTOBEANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHEIRCOMMUNITYINVOLVEMENT,ALONGWITHPARTICIPATIONINPRIVATE,VOLUNTARYORGANIZATIONSTHISADDITIONALEVIDENCEFURTHERUNDERMINESPROPOSITION1,INTHATRESPONDENTSAPPEARTOMOVECOMFORTABLYACROSSTHEBOUNDARYBETWEENCIVICANDPOLITICALENGAGEMENTPARTICIPATIONASALEARNINGPROCESSTHEC
34、IVICENGAGEMENTLITERATUREVIEWSCITIZENINVOLVEMENTASAPROCESSBYWHICHCITIZENSACQUIRENEWSKILLS,DEVELOPSELFCONFIDENCE,LEARNTOMANAGECONFLICT,ANDBROADENTHEIRPERSPECTIVESONTHEWORLDINCONTRAST,ELIASOPHOBSERVEDTHATPARTICIPANTSWERELEARNINGNEGATIVEATTITUDESTHATCONSTRAINEDTHENATUREANDBREADTHOFTHEIRINVOLVEMENTTOASSE
35、SSTHEDEVELOPMENTALASPECTOFPARTICIPATIONFORTHESEACTIVISTS,THEYWEREASKEDWHATTHEYHADLEARNEDFROMTHEIRCIVICENGAGEMENTEXPERIENCESTHEMOSTFREQUENTTHEMEWASTHATOFPERSONALEMPOWERMENTRESPONDENTSCONVEYEDTHESENSETHATPARTICIPATIONTEACHESPERSONALEFFICACYANDCONFIDENCETHENEXTFREQUENTLYMENTIONEDCATEGORIESOFLEARNINGINV
36、OLVEDENHANCEMENTOFINTERPERSONALSKILLSPATIENCEANDTOLERANCEWERETHEMOSTFREQUENTLYMENTIONEDSKILLS,BUTAVARIETYOFOTHERINTERPERSONALSKILLSWEREALSOHIGHLIGHTEDSOURCEJOURNALOFURBANAFFAIRS,VOLUME29,NUMBER4,PAGES401424译文城市社区中社区活动者对于公民角色的感知影响社区参与的态度的个案研究作者艾伦海斯公民参与和政治参与近期对社会资本与公民参与的研究,更多的集中于城市规划专家长期以来一直关心的问题;即公民如
37、何对社区决策施加有效影响。除少数人认为过多的参与可能对城市决策有负面的影响外,大多数城市的学者提出,增加市民的参与是可取的,因为它有可能使公民之间的城市生活利益分配更加公平。在社区的决策中,尽管经济精英不可避免地发挥强大的作用,但是公民参与可以提供一个与之抗衡的影响力。公民参与的著作,也扩大了我们从严格的政治参与(这里定义为旨在直接影响公共政策或选举的结果的参与)到包括公民参与的其他形式(如自愿的,以社区为基础的组织和协会。)学者们认为“民间社会”作为一种非正式的联系和关系,与市场和国家不同。在他们看来,这个领域中市场利益和国家强制因素的缺乏,经常使公民进行决策,这是既灵活又具有公益精神的(贝
38、拉,1985;奥尼,1998)。由于其非正式性和灵活性,民间社会是社会资本发展的首要舞台。不过,虽然定义民间社会是独特的,但是这些学者也强烈主张,公民领域中的公民参与是与积极和建设性的政治参与密切相关的。他们断言,如果民间社会是不健康的,那么政治过程的运作会受到损害(德胡赫,斯托尔,2003)。公民的政治参与活动是基于他或她在社会和公民领域中的经验。公民参与与政治参与联系,至少在四个方面(1)公民参与要求公民减少个人关注,并加强社区需要和分享的强烈意识;(2)公民参与发展组织和动员人民的技能,可转移到政治领域;(3)公民参与培养了个人自信的感觉和功效,使政治活动的可能性更大;(4)公民参与发展
39、关系网络(社会资本的人际方面)和信任感(社会资本的态度方面)是至关重要的有效的政治行动。研究设计命题本研究由探索性的个案研究组成,利用一群在滑铁卢/锡达福尔斯,爱荷华州,125,000的城市区域的社区活动者的活动和态度组成的嵌入式数据(尹,1994)。在刚才所提供的文献资料的基础上,为初步研究“模式匹配”的研究设计制定了五个命题。这项研究的目的是获得参与程度的定性的理解,了解当地社区框架和理解他们政治和公民参与。全面测试和确认这些命题,需要在更大的,随机样本基础上进一步研究。命题1一种行为边界存在于公民和政治参与之间。参与社区活动的模式将在某种程度上,不同社区活动者的团体在涉及各个领域中反映公
40、民活动和政治活动之间的清晰的界限。如果活跃在私人的、志愿领域的人同时也活跃在政治领域,那么表明这个界限的界定是不严格的。命题2一种态度边界存在于公民和政治参与之间。公民和政治活动之间的明确界线反映在通过参与各自领域,经历不同的成功和挫折的程度上。同时,一个清晰的界限也反映在参与者在自己的领域中用负面的观点看待别的领域的程度上。命题3一个动机边界存在于公民和政治参与之间。公民和政治领域之间的边界将清楚地反映在每个领域中的活动有不同的动机。命题4通过公民参与获得的技能不同于通过政治参与获得的。命题5存在于活跃的政治、公民参与者和不参与社区事务者之间的态度界限。方法通过利用开放式的问题对40个活跃在
41、大城市社区生活各个方面的人进行了深入的亲身采访。访问员努力征求各学科的最详细和完整的答案。采访从45到90分钟的不等,依据不同程度上的精心选择的科目而定。虽然通过结构化采访,探讨了上述主张,但是这些问题都受到了最大限度的他们对公民和政治领域的理解。此外,访谈的目的是为受试者提供多种机会,以反映他们不同角度的参与。在公民参与的情况下,受访者谈到了自己最重要的组织的参与和他们在各组织中积极参与的具体项目。在政治参与的情况下,受访者都被问到了有关选举制度的导向问题和政治参与。样本在这项研究中,社区积极分子被定义为在过去的五年中至少在私人的,自愿组织或至少在政治组织中显现积极参与或领导的人。大部分受访
42、者都积极地在众多的组织中。由于都会区的小规模,这种规模的样本评估是合理的。该示例包含的个人活动跨越了全方位的社区经营。有些人一直活跃在社区协会,艺术团体,解决贫困的组织,还有一些参加政治舞台上的主要活动。一些是富有的商界领袖,他们链接和影响社区性的组织,而其他受访者则是工人阶级,其主要活动领域是他们的街区。结果社区服务受访者被要求列出四个在过去3年中参与的志愿社区服务。这些人许多人还受聘于社区服务机构,但这一问题的重点是志愿者的参与。关于参与的最初问题是开放式的,让受访者界定他们认为的“社区服务”。因此,他们会自发地提到社区活动,其中包括纯粹的社会团体和政治活动作为社区服务的主要形式。样本包括
43、一些主要被认定为政治活动者的人和一些主要因公民参与而被熟知的人,以便使公民和政治活动之间的交叉水平确定下来。因此,人们可以预期,一些重要的政治活动将在这些初步的回答中提到。人们还期待着某些公民活动将针对而一些社区的广泛用途将是社会性质或娱乐。据报道的活动分为三大类政治,公民和社会。一共有24个受访者(600)在四个志愿服务活动之中没有任何政治活动,他们要求被列出。其中,18(450)只列出了公民活动,而其余(150)列出了公民和社会活动的各种组合。这表明,大多数受访者,无论是否是政治领导人,当被问及志愿服务时选择说公民领域的全部或大部分活动,相对较少提及政治活动,在社会领域甚至更少。他们清楚地
44、确定志愿服务的公民领域。然而,这些数据没有揭示不从事志愿服务的政治活动家的独特群体公民。那些把很大精力投入到政治中的人还报告了志愿服务的其他形式。例如,一位受访者,一个非洲裔男性,选举官员作为公民活动之一,但他的其他活动包括对当地医院和本地私立学院的非盈利机构服务。总的来说,这40个人对于第一个开放式的关于参与的问题列出149个志愿活动。只有少数人列出不到四个,大多数可以很容易地列出更多。作为社区参与所列的活动,19(128)可划分为“政治的或控制的”,使之成为回答的最大单一类型。然而,受访者列出的活动绝大多数属于公民参与,而不是政治参与。志愿者活动针对一般社区的改善,而不是特定群体,如穷人,
45、这是经常被引用的。投身艺术及文化组织是一个最经常提到的。除了这些一般性的社区服务组织,服务于贫困群体经常被提及,占所有活动的101。各种人权和社会正义的组织也被少数人提到,例如,国际特赦组织和全国有色人种协进会。政治参与在描述他们的志愿参与之后,受访者直接被询问他们的政治参与。大多数人与家人和朋友频繁地讨论国家和地方问题。但是大多数人表示,他们在政治问题上通过对反对意见的退避或者通过与他们赞同的人讨论来避免强烈的分歧。访谈把政治活动分为两种类型试图影响方针决策和参与竞选活动。除了两个受访者说他们曾试图参与公共政策的决定,而35至40个人说他们一直积极努力地参与政府候选人的选举工作。他们在地方选
46、举中比在全国选举中更活跃,并且他们对于国家选举的重点集中于当地组织。那些不参与竞选的人,两个引用专业需要保持政治中立,而其他两个引用对政治进程的反感。(五分之一的受访者没有回答这个问题。)一个非洲裔女子说,她不介入,“我真的不是一个政治的女孩。”但是,对于大多数社区活跃分子,政治活动以及参与私人的、志愿的组织似乎是他们社区参与的重要组成部分。这种额外的证据,进一步破坏命题1,受访者似乎随意地跨越公民和政治参与之间的边界。参与作为一个学习过程公民参与的著作认为公民的参与作为一个进程,通过公民掌握新技能,发展自我信心,学习管理冲突,并扩大对世界的看法。与此相反,艾秋兴注意到,参与者学习的消极态度制约了他们参与的性质和广度。为了评估这些活动者参与的发展方面,他们被问及从公民参与的经历中获得了什么。最常见的主题是,个人的能力。受访者表示参与意识教导个人效能和信心。下一个经常被提到的学习类别涉及人际交往能力的提高。忍耐和宽容是最经常被提到的技能,但另外还强调了人际交往能力。(完)来源城市事务,29卷,第4号,第401424页。