1、本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译原文LOWINCOMEHOUSINGANDCOMMUNITYPARTICIPATIONTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKTHEPREVIOUSDECADESHAVESEENTHEFIELDOFLOWINCOMEHOUSINGTRANSFORMEDFROMPOLICIESTHATSUPPORTEDMASSPROVISIONOFDWELLINGSTOCOMMUNITYORGANIZATIONACTIONSPOLICIESLINKEDWITHTHENOTIONOFSLUMSREPRESENTINGANURBANDISEASETASCHNER,198826CHAN
2、GEDTOTHENOTIONOFWHATVERYPOORPEOPLEARECAPABLEOFDOINGFORTHEIRCOMMUNITIESTURNER,1988NPTHEREISNODOUBTNOWTHATTHEASSUMPTIONOFREPETITIVECONSTRUCTIONOFHIGHDENSITYHOUSESASTHEAFFORDABLESOLUTIONTOTHECHRONICHOUSINGSHORTAGEISWRONGTHECOMMUNITYMOVEMENTHASPROVEDTHATTHEREISANENTIRELYDIFFERENTPRODUCTIONPROCESSOFCHEAP
3、AND,IMPORTANTLY,GOODSTANDARDHOUSINGINDISCUSSINGINITIALLYWHOPARTICIPATESITISNECESSARYTODISCERNTHECOMMUNITYCONCEPTWHICHCONNOTESTHEDIRECTINVOLVEMENTOFORDINARYPEOPLEINLOCALAFFAIRSMIDGLEY198625POINTSOUTTHAT,THEPROPONENTSOFCOMMUNITYPARTICIPATIONARECLEARLYNOTCONCERNEDWITHAFFLUENTAPARTMENTDWELLERSORWEALTHYS
4、UBURBANITESORWITHLANDOWNERSORRICHFARMERSOROTHERRURALELITESHEGOESFURTHER,QUOTINGHOLLNSTEINERSCOMMENTSQUOTEDINMIDGLEY,198625WHOALSOMAINTAINSTHAT,PEOPLESPARTICIPATIONREFERSNOTTOEVERYONEINANIDENTIFIABLECOMMUNITYSINCELOCALELITESALREADYHAVEASTRONGVOICEINDECISIONMAKINGBUTRATHERTOTHEPOORMAJORITYWITHLITTLEAC
5、CESSTORESOURCESANDPOWEROVERTIMETHECONCEPTIONOFPARTICIPATIONHASGRADUALLYEMERGEDASAFUNDAMENTALNECESSITYOFANEWSTRATEGYTOPROVIDEAFFORDABLESHELTERINWHICHTHEROLEOFCOMMUNITYORGANIZATIONSANDINDIVIDUALCAPACITIESAREIMPORTANTLYINVOLVEDFROMSQUATTERSETTLEMENTSINTHIRDWORLDCITIESTOTHEACTIONGROUPSANDVOLUNTARYORGANI
6、ZATIONSTHATAREAFAMILIARFEATUREINBRITAIN,THECOMMUNITIESHAVECHALLENGEDFORTHEIRRIGHTTOGAINACCESSTOLANDANDSOCIALSERVICESINORDERTOFACETHEIRHOUSINGPROBLEMBYTHEMSELVESNASCIMENTO,19902THISARTICLEADDRESSESITSELFTOTHENOTIONOFHOUSINGASAPROCESSTHEPEOPLECOMETOGETHERTOBUILDANDMANAGETHEIROWNHOUSINGTHROUGHAPPROPRIA
7、TEORGANISATIONSANDAFFORDABLEMETHODSANDTECHNOLOGIESVILASOJORGE,BELOHORIZONTE,ONEOFTHEFAVELASFOUNDINTHEMAJORCITIESOFBRAZIL,WASCHOSENASASTUDYCASEOFEXPERIENCESOFCOMMUNITYPARTICIPATIONTHEURBANDEVELOPMENTINBELOHORIZONTEBELOHORIZONTEWASTHEFIRSTPLANNEDBRAZILIANCITYWHICHWASCREATEDIN1897,ASTHENEWCAPITALOFMINA
8、SGERAISSTATE,INORDERTORECEIVEAPOPULATIONOF200,000PEOPLETHECITY,SITUATEDINAHILLYAREA,GREWONTHEBASISOFAGRIDSCHEMEOFWIDEAVENUESCROSSEDATRIGHTANGLESBYSTREETSALTHOUGHMANYMACROSCALEMODIFICATIONSWEREMADEDURINGTHE1940STHEORIGINALPLANDIDNOTALLOWFORTHERAPIDURBANIZATIONPROCESSTHEPOLITICALDECLINEOFRIO,ASARESULT
9、OFTHEREMOVALOFTHECAPITALFUNCTIONTOBRASLIA,THEIMPROVEMENTOFINTERCITYROADNETWORKSANDTHECREATIONOFANINDUSTRIALANDCOMMERCIALCENTREINBELOHORIZONTE,ASPARTOFTHEMODERNIZATIONPROCESSOFTHEBRAZILIANINTERIOR,HAVEBEENRESPONSIBLEFORITSRAPIDPROGRESSBETWEEN1960AND1970THEPOPULATIONOFBELOHORIZONTEGREWBY78MAKINGITTHES
10、ECONDFASTESTGROWINGCITYOFOVERONEMILLIONINTHEWORLDGARDNER,197281INTHEYEAR2000,BELOHORIZONTEHADAPOPULATIONOF2,232,000PEOPLEIBGE,2001THEREISOBVIOUSLYALINKBETWEENPOPULATIONGROWTHANDAVAILABILITYOFRESOURCESWHERELANDANDURBANSERVICESAREUNDERSTRESSINABSOLUTETERMSORBECAUSEOFPOORMANAGEMENTTHEIMPACTOFADDITIONAL
11、PEOPLECANBEDIRECTLYNEGATIVETHEGROWTHOFBIGCITYPOPULATIONSHASMEANTTHATTHEDEMANDFORMASSHOUSINGHASFAREXCEEDEDSUPPLYHOWEVER,THEGREATERABSOLUTESIZEOFDEMANDANDTHEFAILUREOFPLANNINGOROTHERMEASURESTOCOPEWITHTHISHASRESULTEDINTHEWIDESPREADADOPTIONOFSELFHELPSOLUTIONSTOHOUSINGSHORTAGECUNNINGHAM,198019293INTHECASE
12、OFBELOHORIZONTE,THESETTLEMENTSSPREADFURTHERANDFURTHERUPTHEILLEGALLANDFROMITSHILLSIDESTHECOMMUNITYMOVEMENTINVILASOJORGEVILASOJORGEISLOCATEDINTHESOUTHWESTOFBELOHORIZONTENEARAMIDDLECLASSAREATHESTARTINGPOINTOFVILASOJORGEWASTHELANDINVASIONIN1920SAGROUP,REMOVEDFROMANELITEAREATOBEURBANIZED,BUILTTHEINITIALN
13、UCLEUSINTHEBEGINNINGEVERYBODYPLANTEDTREESMAKINGTHEFAVELATHEIRLITTLEFARM,BUTASMOREPEOPLEARRIVEDWHOWEREALSOUNABLETOPAYTHEHIGHRENTSINTHECITY,THETREESGAVESPACETOLANDINVASIONTHESETTLEMENTSARELOCATEDINANUNDULATINGTOPOGRAPHICALAREAAROUND100,000SQUAREMETRESWHICHHASINSOMESECTORSSLOPESFROM20/30TOMORETHAN47FRO
14、MTHEHORIZONTALTHEFAVELAOCCUPIES85OFPUBLICAREAAND15OFPRIVATEAREA,WITHAPOPULATIONOF4,015PEOPLEAND917DWELLINGSCASADOMOVIMENTOPOPULAR,2001NPTHEHOUSINGCONDITIONSWEREQUITEPOORPREDOMINANCEOFHUTSANDBARRACKSWITHTYPICALRUSTICAPPEARANCE,USUALLYMADEOFPLANKSANDGALVANISEDSHEETSORSIMILARMATERIALTOACCEPTTHISPROCESS
15、THATTHEFORELADIESHAVEOFPROVIDINGTHEMSELVESWITHTHEIRHOUSES,ISTOUNDERSTANDTHATTHEYAREUNABLEINTHEFIRSTINSTANCETOCONFORMTOANYRECOGNISEDBUILDINGSTANDARDSTHERESULTSINDICATENOTONLYAHIGHDEGREEOFPROSPERITYANDSELFRESPECT,BUTALSOTHATTHEYHAVETHEIROWNSTANDARDSBORNOFNECESSITYANDEXPERIENCETHEFORELADIESINVILASOJORG
16、EWERENOTINCLUDEDINTHEGENERALNETWORKOFSEWERAGE,RUNNINGWATER,LIGHTINGANDTELEPHONES,LACKINGPROPERDIVISIONINTOSTREETS,NUMBERING,FEEINGORRATINGSYSTEMTHELIGHTWASONLYPOSSIBLETHROUGHKEROSENETHEWATERWASPROVIDEDBYANEARSTREAMCHILDRENANDWOMENUSEDTOWAKEUPAT400AMINORDERTOQUEUEFORDRINKINGWATERTHEREWASNOPUBLICTRANS
17、PORTATIONTHEMAJORITYOFTHEVILASOJORGESFAVELADOSDONOTMENTIONANYSPECIFICURBANISATIONPROGRAMMEONCETHEYAREASKEDABOUTITSURBANANDSOCIALDEVELOPMENTTHECOMMUNITYMOVEMENTISINDICATEDASTHEMOSTRESPONSIBLEFORFIGHTINGFORTHEIRRIGHTSANDACHIEVINGEFFECTIVERESULTSTHEFAVELADOSEVENRECOGNIZEANDREINFORCETHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEIR
18、ASSOCIATIONSANDREPRESENTATIVESWITHOUTTHEIRPRESSUREONTHELOCALGOVERNMENTWEWOULDNOTBEBENEFITEDBYANYURBANISATIONPROGRAMMECASADOMOVIMENTOPOPULAR,2001NPTODAY,MAINLYBECAUSEOFSUCHNOTABLEPRESSUREFROMTHECOMMUNITYMOVEMENT,THEVILASOJORGE,WHICHHAS52OFITSOCCUPIERSWITHLEGALTENUREOFTHELAND,ISWELLSERVEDBYTHEINFRASTR
19、UCTURESYSTEMS73RESERVOIRS79PIPEDWATERANDHYDROMETERS85INTERNALBATHROOMSINTHEBEGINNINGOFFAVELAS,MOSTOFTHEBATHROOMSAREBUILTAPARTOFTHEMAINBODYOFTHEHOUSE88LEGALELECTRICITY81OFFICIALDRAINAGESYSTEM83SEWAGEDISPOSALSYSTEM100PUBLICTRANSPORTATIONSOURCECASADOMOVIMENTOPOPULAR,2001NPALTHOUGHTHEDWELLINGSARENOWDENS
20、ELYPACKED,THEHILLYSITESPERMITAVERTICALSEPARATIONOFBUILDINGS,GIVINGAMEASUREOFLIGHTANDAIRTOALMOSTEVERYHOUSETHEBUILDINGMATERIALSHAVEBEENCOLLECTEDBYTHEFAVELADOSSLOWLYOVERTIMECERAMICANDFIBROCEMENTTILESFORTHEROOF,WATTLEAND/ORBRICKANDCONCRETEBLOCKWALLS,OLDDOORSANDWINDOWS,ANDCEMENTFLOORSAROUND95OFTHEHOUSESA
21、REMADEOFBRICKWALLSINORDERTOASSISTWITHJOBS,SCHOOLINGANDSOCIALWELFARE,THEREARELOCALORGANISATIONSSUCHASCLUBS,ASSOCIATIONS,SPIRITUALCENTRESANDTEMPLESHOWEVER,MANYDIFFICULTIESDOUBTLESSREMAINSUCHASPOVERTYANDVIOLENCETHEURBANISATIONPROGRAMMESFORMALACCESSTOTHEBASICNEEDS,SUCHASWATERSUPPLY,SEWAGEDISPOSALANDELEC
22、TRICITYWEREQUITEIMPOSSIBLEINFAVELASINTHELAST40YEARSONLYBYTHE1980S,ASTHEFAVELADOSREPRESENTED13OFPOPULATIONINBELOHORIZONTEPLAMBEL,19838WERETHEFAVELASBEGINNINGTOBECONSIDEREDASANIMPORTANTANDPOSITIVEREFLECTIONOFTHEURBANSTRUCTUREOFBELOHORIZONTESINCETHEN,THENATUREOFFAVELASHASCHANGEDTOINCLUDESOMEOTHERURBANI
23、SATIONPROGRAMMERSDEVELOPEDBYEACHLOCALGOVERNMENTINPOWER,BUTMAINLYITISBECAUSEOFTHEINCREASINGPARTICIPATION,PRESSUREANDBETTERORGANISATIONOFTHECOMMUNITIESTHEMSELVESINDEMANDINGTHEIMPROVEMENTOFTHEIROWNENVIRONMENTNEVERTHELESS,THEPROFAVELAPROGRAMME1985WASSETUPBYTHELOCALGOVERNMENTWORKINGATTHISTIMETHEPROFAVELA
24、PROGRAMMEISAMAJORTURNAROUNDTOBRINGEFFICACIOUSANSWERSTOMEETTHEQUESTIONSPOSEDBYTHEPOORPOPULATIONITISIMPORTANTTOEMPHASIZETHATSUCHPROCEDURESANDPROGRAMMERSREPRESENTTHEVERYFIRSTEFFORTBYLOCALGOVERNMENTTOGETHERWITHMEMBERSOFTHECOMMUNITY,TOPROMOTECOOPERATIONANDPARTICIPATIONBETWEENANDWITHINTHETWOMAINGROUPSOFAC
25、TORSINVOLVEDTHEPROGRAMMERWASINTENDEDTOREGULATETHEHOUSINGCONDITIONSINFAVELAS,ALLOWINGTHEMTOBEUPGRADEDWITHINTHEIREXISTINGENVIRONMENT,ANDTOOFFERGUARANTEESTOTHEFAVELADOSATHEOFFICIALRECORDINGOFALLPLOTSANDTHERIGHTOFTHEOCCUPIERTOLEGALTENUREOFTHELAND,ANDBTHEPROMOTION,IMPLEMENTATIONANDCOORDINATIONOFPOLICIESI
26、NORDERTOGIVETHEMACCESSTOBETTERLIVINGCONDITIONSURBANISATIONPROGRAMMESSINCE1995,THELABOURPARTYHASBEENINPOWERASTHELOCALGOVERNMENTOFBELOHORIZONTETHROUGHITSHOUSINGDEPARTMENT,ITHASBEENWORKINGONITSPLANOGLOBALESPECFICOPGETHEPRINCIPLEOFTHEPGEISTOPROMOTEINCREASINGANDCONTINUOUSCOMMUNITYINVOLVEMENTALLOWINGTHELO
27、CALGOVERNMENTTOMAKERELIABLEASSESSMENTSTODOSO,NEEDEDACTIONSANDCORRECTPROCEDURESWHICHSTILLNEEDTOBESETUPTOATTENDTOTHEOBJECTIVESSTATEDBYTHEPROFAVELAPROGRAMMES,BUTWITHADIFFERENTAPPROACHCONCLUSIONSTHEIDEAOFMOBILISATIONANDPARTICIPATIONOFTHEPOORFORSOCIALDEVELOPMENTATTHELOCALLEVELHASBEENFORMALISEDDURINGTHELA
28、STTHIRTYYEARSTHISHASBEENLARGELYPOPULARISEDTHROUGHTHEEFFORTSOFJOHNFCTURNERBORNIN1927,HEHASBEENINVOLVEDFOR40YEARSINDEVELOPINGTHETHEORY,PRACTICEANDTOOLSFORSELFMANAGEDHOMEANDNEIGHBOURHOODBUILDINGINPERU,THEUNITEDSTATESANDTHEUNITEDKINGDOMHEHASALSOWORKEDONTHEPROMOTIONANDDESIGNOFCOMMUNITYACTIONANDSELFHELPPR
29、OGRAMMESINVILLAGESANDURBANSQUATTERSETTLEMENTSITISATTHISPOINTTHATTHECONCEPTOFCOMMUNITYPARTICIPATIONASTHEANSWERTOLOWINCOMEHOUSINGPRODUCTIONBECOMESRELEVANTANDVALIDACCORDINGTOTHEBRAZILIANGOVERNMENT,WELACK6656526DWELLINGSACROSSTHECOUNTRYSEDU,2002BUT,INONEWAYORANOTHERTHEPEOPLEARELIVINGSOMEWHEREANDSOMEHOWO
30、NTHESEGROUNDSSOMEIMPORTANTASPECTSOFTHEHOUSINGPRODUCTIONPROCESSMUSTBECOMMENTEDONMOSTGOVERNMENTSHASFAILEDTOSUPPORTHOUSINGPOLICIESTOPROVIDETHE“RIGHT”TYPEOFHOUSINGDELIVERYSYSTEMTHISHASALLOWEDTHECOMMUNITYMOVEMENTTOGROWANDFLOURISHREPRESENTINGAGOODDEVELOPMENTTHEHOUSINGINITIATIVESBYCOMMUNITYACTIVISTSTOCREAT
31、EALTERNATIVEMEANSOFPRODUCINGSHELTERSHOULDCONTINUETODEVELOPALLOVERTHEWORLDTHEWORLDWIDECOMMUNITYMOVEMENTMUSTBESUPPORTEDINITSSTRUGGLETOGAINACCESSTOHOUSINGRESOURCESTHEPARTNERSHIPCONCEPTINCREASESTHERIGHTOFBOTHTHESTATEANDCOMMUNITYTOCONTROLANDINFLUENCETHEENVIRONMENTTHECONCEPTREQUIRESTHESTATEANDAPROFESSIONA
32、LTOSUPPORTCOMMUNITYWORKANDENABLESTHECOMMUNITYTOTAKEANACTIVEROLEINHOUSINGPROGRAMMESWHATEVERTHETYPEOREXTENTOFCOMMUNITYPARTICIPATION,ITSPRODUCTIVITYDEPENDSONAGREEDCHANNELSOFCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHESTATEANDTHEPARTICIPANTSITISALSONECESSARYTOREVIEWTHEEXISTINGCODESANDREGULATIONSTHATGOVERNTHEPROVISIONOFLAND,
33、FINANCE,ANDSERVICES,INORDERTOREFLECTTHENEEDSANDMEANSOFLOCALCOMMUNITIESTHEREISANEEDFORSTRUCTURALCHANGETHISMEANSTHEDECENTRALISATIONOFAUTHORITYANDWITHITACCESSTORESOURCESATLOCALLEVELSTHROUGHLOCALPOLICIESANDPROGRAMMESCOMMUNITYGROUPSMUSTASSUMERESPONSIBILITYFORHOUSINGPRODUCTIONONTHISBASISTRAININGLOCALCOMMU
34、NITIESREPRESENTSANADDITIONALSTEPINWHICHMANAGEMENTANDTECHNICALSKILLSCANOFTENBEACCESSEDASWELLARCHITECTSMUSTALSOASSUMERESPONSIBILITYFORTHENEEDSOFTHEPOORASTHEYAREINAPOSITIONTOTRANSFORMTHEORIESINTOREALITYHE/SHEISRESPONSIBLEFORTHEDETAILEDDESIGNSOFTHEHOUSES,ANDFORMAKINGSURETHATTHEACTUALDESIGNISINTHEHANDSOF
35、THEFAMILIESTHESYSTEMOFCONSTRUCTIONISALSOUNDERHIS/HERCONTROLANDITWILLBECONTINUOUSLYCHANGEDANDIMPROVEDBYHIM/HERINADDITION,THEPROCESSOFCONSTRUCTIONITSELFISTHERESPONSIBILITYOFTHEARCHITECTFINALLY,ITMUSTBESAIDTHATHOUSINGISJUSTANASPECTANDAVEHICLETOINTEGRATETHEPEOPLEINTOAMOREMEANINGFULDEVELOPMENTPROCESSSOUR
36、CENASCIMENTO,DENISEMORADOLOWINCOMEHOUSINGANDCOMMUNITYPARTICIPATIONADVANCESINART,URBANFUTURES,2003,3,P4348译文低收入家庭的住房供给和社区参与概念框架几十年前看到关于低收入住房领域的政策,从支持“提供群众住房”到“社区组织行动”的转变。与政策相关的理念是从“贫民窟是一种城市疾病”转变到“非常贫穷的人有能力做(他们的)社区”(特纳,1988NP方案)。毫无疑问,现在的高密度重复建设的经济适用住房可以解决长期短缺的假设是错误的。社区运动证明了有一种完全不同的生产过程,虽然廉价但同样高水平的住房已诞
37、生。谁来参加最初的讨论,这是个必要的辨别社区的概念,它蕴含了普通民众在地方事务的直接参与性。米奇利(198625)指出,社区参与的支持者显然不关心富裕的公寓或富裕的郊区居民或地主或富农或其他农村精英。他更进一步引述豪恩斯坦的意见(在米奇利报价,198625),他也认为,“大家的参与指的不是每个人都在可确定的社区因为地方精英已经有一个强有力的声音在决策而是为了很少有机会获得资源和权力的大多数穷人。”随着时间推移,参与的概念已逐渐成为一个新战略的根本需要,提供负担得起的住房,其中涉及到社区组织和个人能力方面的作用。大家对在英国开展的第三世界城市棚户区行动小组和自愿组织很熟悉了,了解到社区也有挑战的
38、权利,并获得土地和社会服务,以面对自己的住房问题。(纳西门托,19902)。本文论述了住宅概念的一个进程招聚百姓通过适当的组织和负担得起的方法和技术来建立和管理自己的住房。乔治维拉,贝洛奥里藏特,在巴西各大城市的贫民区发现之一,被选为社区参与经验的研究案例。贝洛奥里藏特城市的发展贝洛奥里藏特是巴西第一个计划城市,创建于1897年,有20万人口。这个城市,坐落在丘陵地带,处在“网格”形状的宽阔大道上。虽然许多宏观尺度的修改,在40年代原计划中没有允许快速的城市化进程。里约的政治衰退,作为首都功能,巴西利亚城际公路网的改造和在贝洛奥里藏特创建的工业和商业中心搬迁的结果,作为巴西的现代化进程的一部分
39、,已取得迅速进展。1960年至1970年,贝洛奥里藏特的人口增长了78,使其成为世界上发展第二快的城市(加德纳,197281)。在2000年,贝洛奥里藏特已有2,232,000的人口巴西地理统计局,2001。显然有人口增长和有效资源之间的关系为在土地和市政处于压力之下或因管理不善大量多余的人造成直接的负面影响。大城市人口的增长意味着大规模住房需求已经远远超过了供应。然而,面对大规模的需要和计划的失败,以其他措施应对导致了自助解决住房短缺问题的出现(坎宁安,198019293)。在贝洛奥里藏特的情况下,定居点进一步蔓延,甚至是使用了非法的土地。乔治维拉的社区运动乔治维拉位于贝洛奥里藏特西南部的中
40、产阶级地区附近。在二十世纪二十年代,乔治维拉被都市化后,土地被占有,建立了最初的核心。一开始大家种植树木来维持贫民区的小农场,但随着更多的人来到,谁也无法再支付城市的高租金,因此树木的空间被土地占领。这些定居点坐落在起伏的地形周围10万平方米地区。在贫民区占85的公共区域和15的私人领域,其中有4,015人口及917间住宅。住房条件较差具有典型的乡村小屋和军营外观优势,通常由木板和镀锌板或类似的材料制成。他们不会轻易接受被提供的房子,因为他们不确定房子是否符合建造标准。结果表明,不仅是繁荣与自我尊重程度高,而且他们有自己的标准和经验。在乔治维拉,没有列入一般网络的污水处理、自来水、照明和电话,
41、缺少正确的街道划分,编号,没有评级制度。使用煤油灯。水是由附近的小溪提供,儿童和妇女常常下午4点醒来就为了等待饮用水。没有公共交通。大多数乔治维拉的棚户区居民在被问及对市区和社会发展的要求时,都不会提出任何具体的城市化程序。社区运动是为争取自己的权利最切当的方式,并实现有效结果的方式。该棚户区居民承认并加强他们的组织和代表的重要性“没有他们对当地政府的压力,我们就无法受益于任何城市化计划”。今天,主要是因为这些从社区运动中来的强大力量,所以乔治维拉中有52的住户,很好地利用土地的法律所有权来服务于基础设施系统73水库;79自来水;85的内部浴室(从棚户区开始,浴室外的大部分是建房子的主体);8
42、8的法定电;81官方排水系统;83污水处理系统;100公共交通。虽然现在的住宅密密麻麻,但是由于丘陵地区的地形允许一定程度的光线和空气进入到几乎所有的房子。随着时间的推移,棚户区居民已慢慢的收集了实用的建材陶瓷和石棉水泥的屋顶,砖和混凝土砌块墙,旧门窗,水泥地面。约95的房屋是由砖墙砌成。目的是要协助工作,教育和社会福利,还有诸如俱乐部,协会,精神中心和寺庙等地方组织。然而,许多困难无疑仍然存在着,诸如贫困和暴力。城市化方案一些基本需要,如供水,污水处理,电力,在过去的40年是不可能在棚户区被提供的。只有到了80年代,有13人口为棚户区居民的城市贝洛奥里藏特代表贫民区开始被作为有特殊城市结构并
43、具有重要和积极的思考价值的城市。从那时起,棚户区的性质已经改变,包括其他一些城市化进程中由政府制定每个地方程序员的权力,主要是因为越来越多地参与,压力以及社区组织提出对自身环境改善的要求。然而,政府在这个时候创建了“棚户区计划”(1985)。“棚户区计划”,是一个重大的转折,能带来问题的有效答案,以解决贫困人口的温饱问题。要强调的是,这样的程序和程序员代表着当地政府和社会成员的第一次共同努力,促进两个主要群体及有关行动参与者之间的内部合作。程序员是为了规范棚户区的住房条件,使他们现有的环境能够升级,并向棚户区居民提供担保A官方记录所有细节和土地的合法使用权;B推广、实施和协调政策,以获得更好的
44、生活条件城市化计划。自1995年以来,工党一直作为地方政府在贝洛奥里藏特掌权。通过其房屋署,它一直致力于PGE。该做法是为了不断促进社区参与,让地方政府做出可靠的评估。为此,需要采取的行动和程序仍然需要通过另一种方式建立并声明“棚户区计划”规定的目标。结论在过去的三十年,对于穷人参与对社会发展的思想已经正式开展。这很大程度上是通过约翰特纳的努力。他出生于1927年,在秘鲁,美国和英国参与了40多年关于理论的制定,实践和家庭的自我管理和邻里建设工具。他还促进和设计了社区行为和自助计划在乡村和城市殖民地的发展。正是在这一点上,社区参与的概念作为对低收入住房生产的答复变得相关和有效。根据巴西政府的统
45、计,我们在全国缺乏6656526套(SEDU,2002年)住房。但是,在这样或那样的地方,人总能以某种方式生活着。据此必须发表一些对住房生产过程的看法大多数国家的政府未能支持住房政策,提供适合的房屋交付系统。这使得社区运动蓬勃发展并壮大,代表着良好的发展。社区积极分子的房屋倡议,以创建其他手段生产住房应继续发展到世界各地。全球性的社区运动都应支持,以获得住房资源。“伙伴关系”的概念增加了国家和社会对环境的控制及影响的“权利”。这个概念要求国家和专业人士支持社区工作,使社区在住房计划中扮演积极的角色。不管是什么类型或社区参与的程度如何,其生产力取决于国家和参与者之间的沟通和商定途径。也有必要检讨
46、现行的法规和土地条例、金融和服务,以反映当地社区的需求。有一个结构变化的需要,这意味着权力的下放和要通过当地政策和计划来获取它的地方资源。社会团体必须负责住房生产。在此基础上,培训当地社区代表一个额外的而又常被使用的步骤,即管理和技术技能。建筑师也必须承担穷人的需要,因为他们有能力把理论变成现实。他或她负责对房子的详细设计并保证实际设计是尊重家庭想法的。结构系统也是由他/她控制,它会不断改变和完善。此外,施工过程中也有建筑师的责任。最后,必须指出,住房只是一个方面,人要真正融入社区才是一个更有意义的发展进程。出处那西门托,丹尼斯莫拉多低收入家庭的住房供给和社区参与先进艺术,未来都市,2003,3,P43