1、本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译原文HOUSINGPOLICYTHELINKBETWEENWELFAREANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENT1INTRODUCTIONTHEEXPANSIONOFTHEHOUSINGSTOCKHASBEENONEOFTHEMOSTVISIBLECHANGESINEUROPEANCITIESINRECENTDECADESNEWHOMESANDNEWRESIDENTIALAREASDOMINATEMANYOFTHEURBANLANDSCAPESTHEINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFHOMESREFLECTSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEECON
2、OMYANDTHESTEADILYRISINGLEVELOFAFFLUENCE,ASWELLASTHESOCALLEDSECONDDEMOGRAPHICTRANSITIONTHATHASRESULTEDINANUNPRECEDENTEDGROWTHOFTHENUMBEROFHOUSEHOLDSTHISINCREASEREADILYTRANSLATEDINTODEMANDFORHOUSINGINSOMECOUNTRIESESPECIALLYTHOSEINNORTHWESTERNEUROPETHEDEMOGRAPHICCHANGESCAMEEARLIERTHANELSEWHERETHEREAREA
3、LSOSIGNIFICANTVARIATIONSINTHEPOLICYRESPONSES,DEPENDINGONNATIONALCULTURESANDPOLITICALTRADITIONS,ASWELLASONTHEVAGARIESOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHENATIONALECONOMIESBUTWHEREVERSTATEREGULATIONADOPTEDSOMEVARIANTOFTHEWELFARESTATEMODEL,HOUSINGHASBEENAMAJORPOLICYINGREDIENTOVER60PERCENTOFTHECURRENTHOUSINGSTOCKINNORT
4、HWESTERNEUROPEWASBUILTAFTER1945FEDDESANDDIELEMAN,1996INONEFORMORANOTHER,MUCHOFTHISCONSTRUCTIONHASBEENSUBSIDIZED,ANDTHEHUGEAMOUNTOFMONEYTHISREQUIREDLARGELYACCOUNTSFORTHEFACTTHATHOMEBUILDINGPROGRAMSANDTHEIRDIFFERENTIATIONREMAINEDHIGHONTHEPOLITICALAGENDA2CHANGINGMODESOFREGULATIONINNORTHWESTERNEUROPE,HO
5、USINGHASLONGBEENCONSIDEREDCRUCIALTOTHEWELLBEINGOFNATIONSCONSEQUENTLY,THEPROVISIONOFAFFORDABLEHOUSINGOFGOODQUALITYENJOYEDHIGHPRIORITYTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHATPOLICYAGENDAHASBEENPUTINTOPRACTICEISVISIBLEINTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHEHOUSINGSTOCKANDISTANGIBLEINTHEAVAILABILITYOFHOUSINGSUBSIDIESBECAUSEHOUSINGMARKETREGU
6、LATIONWASMEANTTOENSUREFAIRACCESSATAREASONABLEPRICE,ITHASFAVOREDLOWINCOMEGROUPSTHUS,SOCIALHOUSINGACCOUNTEDFOROVERHALFOFALLNEWCONSTRUCTIONINSWEDENANDTHENETHERLANDSAFTER1950INBOTHCOUNTRIESASELSEWHERERESIDENTIALCONSTRUCTIONCOSTSWERELOWEREDBYSUBSIDIES,WHILEHOUSINGEXPENSESWEREMADEBEARABLEBYHOUSINGALLOWANC
7、ESFORTHOSEWHODONOTQUALIFYFORSUCHDIRECTBENEFITS,THEREARETAXBREAKSTHATREDUCEHOUSINGCOSTSINADDITIONTOFISCALSUBSIDIES,MANYEUROPEANCOUNTRIESSPENDHUGESUMSONDIRECTHOUSINGSUBSIDIESINSWEDENANDINTHENETHERLANDS,THESESUBSIDIESAMOUNTEDTOMORETHANTWOPERCENTOFTHEIRGROSSNATIONALPRODUCTIN1985FEDDESANDDIELEMAN,19963CH
8、ARACTERISTICSOFTHENEWECONOMYTHEPOPULATIONOFEUROPEANCITIESHASALSOBECOMEINCREASINGLYDIVERSIFIEDDURINGTHEPASTFEWDECADES,LONGEVITY,AFFLUENCE,WOMENSEMANCIPATION,ANDOTHERSOCIOCULTURALDEVELOPMENTSHAVELEDTOANINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFTHEELDERLY,ARISEINDIVORCERATES,ADROPINBIRTHRATES,ARELATIVEDECLINEINTHENUMBEROFF
9、AMILIESWITHCHILDREN,ANDACONCOMITANTINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFSINGLEPERSONSANDTWOPERSONHOUSEHOLDSDEMOGRAPHICCHANGEALTERSTHESOCIODEMOGRAPHICPROFILEOFTHESITTINGPOPULATIONANDITAFFECTSTHEPATTERNSOFPOPULATIONDISTRIBUTIONANDMIGRATIONCHAMPION,1994CONSEQUENTLY,URBANPOPULATIONSEVERYWHEREEXHIBITAGROWINGVARIATIONINH
10、OUSEHOLDSIZE,HOUSEHOLDCOMPOSITION,ANDLIFESTYLETHEYINCLUDEURBANVILLAGERSASWELLASCOSMOPOLITANSINNORTHERNEUROPE,HIGHINCOMEHOUSEHOLDSTENDEDTOPREFERSUBURBANLIFESTYLESBUTTHESECAREERISTSANDCONSUMERSBELL,1968WEREBACKONTHEURBANHOUSINGMARKETINTHE1980SAND1990SSINGLEWORKINGPERSONSANDDUALCAREERHOUSEHOLDSPREFERTO
11、LIVECLOSETOTHEIRPLACEOFWORKINTHECITIESTOTAKEADVANTAGEOFTHEWIDEVARIETYOFFACILITIESANDSERVICESNEARBYBUTEVENAMONGTHESEGROUPS,THEREAREGROWINGNUMBERSWITHAPREFERENCEFORSINGLEFAMILYHOMESINSUBURBANAREASVANKEMPENETAL,1994ALLTHESEDIVERSETRENDSTURNTHECITIESINTOINTRICATEANDEVERSHIFTINGSOCIALKALEIDOSCOPES4HOUSIN
12、GASACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEINTHENEWECONOMYECONOMICGEOGRAPHYTREATSLOCATIONSASPRODUCTIONENVIRONMENTS,COMPRISINGALLTHEEXTERNALCONDITIONSTHATAFFECTTHEFUNCTIONINGOFAFIRMSOMEOFTHESEARECLOSELYTIEDTOTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSITSELF,OFFERINGTHEINPUTSTHATDETERMINEPROFITABILITYINTHENEWGLOBALSERVICEECONOMY,SUCHINPUTSARE
13、WIDELYAVAILABLEHUMANCAPITALCANBECREATEDLOCALLY,WHILEOTHERINPUTSCANBEMOVEDCHEAPLYTOANYSITESEVERALCRUCIALLOCATIONFACTORSAPPEARTOBELARGELYBEYONDTHEREACHOFPOLICY,WHICHMEANSTHATTHESUCCESSOFINTERVENTIONMUSTBERELATEDTOSECONDARYFACTORSBECAUSEMOSTPLACESNOWMEETTHEBASICREQUIREMENTSOFFIRMS,OTHERCHARACTERISTICSW
14、ILLTILTTHESCALESTHOUGHTHESEFACTORSMAYBEUNRELATEDTOTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSITSELF,THEYSTILLCOUNT,ALBEITINLESSTANGIBLEWAYSTHECITIESTHATWERESUCCESSFULLYRESTRUCTUREDOFFEREDTHEPRIVATESECTORSECONDARYYETSIGNIFICANTASSETS,SUCHASTHEONESMENTIONEDINTHEVIGNETTEATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHISPAPERGOODHOUSINGAN
15、DATTRACTIVERESIDENTIALENVIRONMENTSARENOTTHELEASTOFTHESEASSETSPARKINSONETAL,19925HOUSINGANDTHEECONOMYMOSTCITIESOFFERAWIDERANGEOFHOUSINGWITHRESPECTTOSIZE,PRICE,TYPE,ANDAMENITIESHOUSINGISMORETHANSHELTERITALSOPROVIDESTHEOCCUPANTSWITHANOPPORTUNITYTOCULTIVATEADESIREDLIFESTYLEITSLOCATIONDETERMINESOPPORTUNI
16、TIESFORWORKANDACCESSTOSERVICESANDFACILITIESMANYPEOPLEARESENSITIVETOTHEPHYSICALANDSOCIALCHARACTERISTICSOFARESIDENTIALENVIRONMENTWHENTHEYCHOOSEAPLACETOLIVETHEROCKETINGUPOFCOMMERCIALHOUSINGSTANDARDSFURTHERDEPRIVESLOWINCOMEHOUSEHOLDSOFACCESSTOHOUSINGVIATHEMARKETTHISLEADSTOTHEREDEFINITIONOFTHESTATESROLEI
17、NHOUSINGPROVISION,WITHANINCREASINGFOCUSONHELPINGLOWINCOMEGROUPSINSOCIETYTHENEIGHBORHOODINFLUENCESTHEQUALITYOFLIFEANDTHESOCIALSTATUSOFTHERESIDENTSNEIGHBORHOODSAREALSOIMPORTANTASFRAMEWORKSFORSOCIALINTERACTIONSOMEPEOPLETHEREFOREPREFERTHELIVELINESSOFMIXEDNEIGHBORHOODS,OTHERSTHEPROTECTIONOFLIVINGAMONGTHE
18、IROWNKINDASURBANPOPULATIONSBECOMEINCREASINGLYDIVERSIFIED,MOREPEOPLESEEKTOPROTECTTHEMSELVESFROMCONFLICTUALSITUATIONSBYWITHDRAWINGINTOTHEPRIVACYOFCLOSEKNITCOMMUNITIES,WITHORWITHOUTGATESTOLOCKTHERESTOFSOCIETYOUTTHEDEGREEOFRESIDENTIALSEGREGATIONSAYSAGREATDEALABOUTTHECHARACTEROFASOCIETYTHEPRELIMINARYOUTC
19、OMESOFTHERESEARCHSUPPORTTHEASSUMPTIONTHATHOUSINGANDPROPERTYINGENERALCANINFLUENCETHECOMPETITIVENESSOFCITIESTHROUGHDIRECTANDINDIRECTEFFECTSFORINSTANCE,MIGRATIONDECISIONSOFINDIVIDUALSBASEDONTHESTRENGTHOFTHEIRPOSITIONINTHEHOUSINGMARKETAFFECTTHEAVAILABILITYOFSKILLSINCITIES,WHICHINTURNAFFECTPRODUCTIVITYAN
20、DUNITLABORCOSTSTHESEEFFECTSAREREINFORCEDBYTHEIMPACTOFHOUSINGONCOMMUTINGPATTERNSTHEAUTHORSOFTHEREPORTUNDERLINETHEFACTTHATCUMULATIVECAUSATIONCANLEADTOFURTHERDIVERGENCEBETWEENPARTSOFURBANAREASBUTTHEYALSOBELIEVETHATTHETRENDSCANBEREVERSEDTHEREMEDIATIONOFTHEURBANENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONSTHATHAVELEDTOPOPULAT
21、IONANDJOBLOSSESCANHAVEASTRONGCUMULATIVEEFFECTOVERTIME6HOUSINGANDSOCIALEQUITYHOWANDWHYHIGHDENSITYLIVINGHASSTARTEDOUTASTHEPROVISIONOFBASICHOUSINGNEEDSANDHAS,OVERTIME,EVOLVEDINTOASOPHISTICATEDPOLITICALANDSOCIALENGINEERINGPROCESSASSOCIATEDWITHAMODELOFSUSTAINABLEHOUSINGMERITSFURTHERINVESTIGATIONECONOMICD
22、EVELOPMENTCREATESPOLICYDILEMMASAPARTICULARLYCOMPELLINGONEFORTODAYSCITIESRESULTSFROMTHEIRONGOINGPUSHFORECONOMICTRANSFORMATIONLOCALGOVERNMENTSREACTTOTHECHANGINGREALITYOFTHENEWECONOMYBYPROMOTINGECONOMICRESTRUCTURINGTHEIRPOLICIESAREINTENDEDTOYIELDBENEFITSFORTHELOCALPOPULATIONBUTTHEHARDERTHECITIESPUSHTOT
23、RANSFORMTHEIRECONOMY,THEMORESOCIALINEQUALITYISLIKELYTORESULTTHEN,THECITIESHAVETODEALWITHSOCIALGROUPSTHATAREOFTENINDIRECTCOMPETITIONFORSPACEINTHECITYTHATCONFLICTWILLBEINTHEWAYOFREACHINGBROADAGREEMENTONTHEMOSTLIKELYCOURSEFORACTIONTHEPOLICYDILEMMAFACINGTHECITIESISTHATTHEYWANTTOGROW,BUTWITHOUTGROWINGPAI
24、NS7CONCLUSIONSINANYSOCIETY,HOUSINGITSPOPULATIONISACOMPLEXANDMULTIFACETEDISSUEINTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFHOUSINGPOLICIES,SUFFICIENTLANDANDFUNDINGALONECANNOTGUARANTEESUCCESSINSINGAPORE,CAREFULMATCHINGOFADMINISTRATIVEANDTECHNICALCAPACITYTOTHESCALEOFTHEPROGRAMME,SETTINGANDIMPLEMENTINGSOCIALANDENVIRONMENTALOBJ
25、ECTIVESANDMEASURESASWELLASLINKINGTHEMWITHVIABLEECONOMICOPERATIONSARENEEDEDTOACHIEVESUSTAINABLEHOUSINGDEVELOPMENTINTHREEDIMENSIONSSOCIAL,ECONOMICANDENVIRONMENTALWITHTHELEGISLATIVEPROVISIONS,APUBLICLANDBANKHASBEENBUILTUPFORCOMPREHENSIVEANDCOHESIVEDEVELOPMENTTHISHASBEENSUPPORTEDBYANOTHERMECHANISMTHECEN
26、TRALPROVIDENTFUND,WHICHHASPROVEDINSTRUMENTALINREALISINGOVER85PERCENTOFHOMEOWNERSHIPTHECOMPREHENSIVEANDINTEGRATEDNEWTOWNPLANNINGANDDEVELOPMENTPROCESSHASPROVIDEDATOTALENVIRONMENTFORHOME,WORK,ANDPLAYINTANDEMWITHTHESUSTAINEDECONOMICGROWTHOVERTHELASTFOURDECADESTHOUGHSUSTAINABLEPUBLICHOUSINGHASNEVERBEENPU
27、BLICLYCLAIMED,THEWAYSINWHICHSTRONGANDCONTINUOUSGOVERNMENTALCOMMITMENTSHAVEBEENACTEDUPON,ANDINWHICHPUBLICHOUSINGHASEVOLVEDTOMEETRISINGASPIRATIONSAREAMANIFESTATIONOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTWHEREHOUSINGCOMPETESWITHOTHERPOLICYFIELDSFORLIMITEDRESOURCES,HOUSINGOFFICIALSAREOFTENCALLEDUPONTODEMONSTRATETHEBENE
28、FITSOFINVESTMENTINHOUSINGATPRESENT,LOCALAUTHORITIESSEEMTOBEPREOCCUPIEDWITHTHETASKOFREVITALIZINGANDRESTRUCTURINGTHELOCALECONOMYTHEYHAVELESSINTERESTINTHEPROVISIONOFPUBLICGOODSANDINVESTMENTSTHATSERVECONSUMPTIONINSTEAD,THEYFEELTHATENSURINGMUNICIPALREVENUESHASTOTAKEPRECEDENCEOVERSPENDINGYET,BYEXTENSIONOF
29、THEARGUMENTPRESENTEDABOVETHATTHEPROMOTIONOFEQUITYSTIMULATESTHELOCALECONOMYITSEEMSTHATMONEYSPENTONHOUSINGINVESTMENT,EVENSOCIALHOUSING,WOULDGENERATEECONOMICBENEFITSTHEOLDURBANREGIONSTHATHAVEADAPTEDTHEMSELVESSUCCESSFULLYTONEWECONOMICREALITIESSEEMTOCONSISTOFTWOWORLDSTHEYARETHEWORKPLACESANDTHEPLAYGROUNDS
30、OFTHENEWLYAFFLUENT,WITHTHEIRLIFESTYLESOFCONSPICUOUSCONSUMPTIONATTHESAMETIME,THESEPLACESARECHARACTERIZEDBYDECAYINGNEIGHBORHOODS,CONCENTRATIONSOFDISADVANTAGEDETHNICGROUPS,ANDHOMELESSPEOPLEONTHESTREETSINTERMSOFTHEIDEOLOGYOFTHEWELFARESTATETHATSPAWNEDTHELARGESOCIALHOUSINGPROGRAMSOFTHEPAST,SUCHCONTRASTSCR
31、YOUTFORSHARINGTHEBENEFITSOFTHEECONOMICTRANSFORMATIONBUTTHEIDEALOFTHEREDISTRIBUTIVEWELFARESTATEHASLOSTOUTTOTHELIBERALNOTIONOFBETTINGONTHESTRONGITISUPTOPOLICYMAKERSTOSHOWTHATTHEREARESTILLRATIONALGROUNDSFOREQUITYPOLICIES,PARTICULARLYINHOUSINGTHENEWHANDSOFFPOLICYMAYUNDERMINETHEECONOMICTRANSFORMATIONITSE
32、LFBECAUSEITWOULD,DEFACTO,CONDONETHEEXISTINGSOCIALCONTRASTSINURBANAREASTHEFLOWOFNEWINVESTMENTMAYFALTERWHERETHEINEQUITIESINCREASEBETWEENDIFFERENTPOPULATIONSEGMENTS,BETWEENNEIGHBORHOODSINTHECITY,BETWEENTHECITYANDITSSUBURBSINEQUITYMAKESITDIFFICULTTODEFINECOMMONINTERESTSANDMAYPREVENTTHECREATIONOFCOALITIO
33、NSSPANNINGGOVERNMENT,THEPRIVATESECTOR,ANDTHEPOPULATIONATLARGEANDSUCHCOALITIONSARENEEDEDTOCARRYOUTTHESTRATEGIESFORGROWTHANDRENEWALONWHICHSUSTAINABLECITIESAREBUILTASLONGASHOUSINGPROGRAMSCONTRIBUTETOTHEREDISTRIBUTIONOFWEALTH,THEYCONTRIBUTETOTHELONGTERMECONOMICSUCCESSOFREDEVELOPMENTYET,THEREISNOPARTICUL
34、ARNEEDTOREINSTATETHESOCIALHOUSINGPROGRAMSOFTHEPASTOTHER,LESSAMBITIOUSSOLUTIONSCANDIMINISHSOCIALINEQUALITYINANAREABUTTHESEMUSTBEDESIGNEDTOFUELTHEFLOWOFINVESTMENTGOODHOUSINGINATTRACTIVENEIGHBORHOODSCANPROMPTINVESTMENTBYTHEPRIVATESECTORPOORHOUSINGCONDITIONS,INCONTRAST,AREASTRONGINDICATOROFSOCIALEXCLUSI
35、ONANDOFCONFLICTTHEYMUSTBEAVOIDED,ASTHEYTRANSMITONECLEARMESSAGETHESEARENOTTHEPLACESWHERENEWINVESTMENTWILLBESECUREWHENFIGURINGOUTAFORMULAFORACITYSSUCCESS,HOUSINGSHOULDNOTBETHEMISSINGLINKBETWEENWELFAREANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSOURCEJANVANWEESEP,JOURNALOFHOUSINGANDTHEBUILTENVIRONMENTHOUSINGPOLICYTHELINKBET
36、WEENWELFAREANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,15165181,2000译文房屋政策福利与经济发展之间的联系1简介房屋存量的扩大是欧洲城市近数十年来最引人注目的变化之一,新的家园和新住宅区占据了众多城市景观。房屋数量的增加反映了经济的发展和富裕水平稳步上升,以及所谓的第二次人口过渡,一个家庭的数量空前增长的结果很容易转化为住房的需求。在一些国家,特别是在西北欧的人口结构的变化比其他地方来得早,也有显着的变化的政策反应,这取决于国家的文化和政治传统,以及对国家经济变幻莫测发展的预测。但无论国家采取了怎么样的调控国家福利的模式,住房是一个重大政策的组成部分。在西北欧,目前的住
37、房存量超过六成是在1945年后建成(菲德斯和德尔曼,1996)。在这种形式下,依然摆在政治议程下的是建筑多已补贴维修,以及需要巨额资金来完善住宅建设方案。2监管模式的转变在西北欧,住房历来被认为是各国的至关重要的福利。因此,优质的经济适用住房的规定享有高度的重视。在住房结构中可见,提供住房补贴的程度在政策议程已付诸实施。因为住房市场的调控,是为了确保低收入群体以合理公平的价格获得。因此,在瑞典和荷兰社会住房占一半以上是1950年以后的新建筑。这两个国家与其他地方一样在住宅建设的补贴上降低了成本,而住房支出由房屋津贴承受。对于那些没有资格获得这样的直接利益的也有税收减免,降低住房成本。除了财政补
38、贴,许多欧洲国家花费巨资对住房进行直接的补贴,1985年在瑞典和荷兰,这些补贴达国民生产总值的百分之二多(菲德斯和德尔曼,1996)。3新经济的特征欧洲城市的人口也日趋多样化。在过去的几十年里,长寿、富裕、妇女的解放和其他社会文化发展导致了老人的数量增加,离婚率的上升,出生率的下降,在有子女的家庭数目(相对)下降,并在单身人士和二人家庭数量随之增加。人口统计的变化改变了社会人口的特征,并影响人口分布和迁移(查尔宾,1994年)的模式。因此,城市人口处处表现出了家庭规模,家庭结构和生活方式的改变,它们包括“城镇居民”以及“世界主义者”。在北欧国家,高收入的家庭往往倾向于郊区的生活方式。但是这些“
39、野心家”和“消费者”(贝尔,1968年)又回到了上世纪80年代和90年代城市住房市场。单身工作人员和双重职业家庭喜欢住在接近他们在城市工作的地方,要充分利用附近的设施和服务的各种优势。但即使在这些群体中,有一个在郊区单户住宅(范肯普等,1994年)偏好越来越多。所有这些不同的趋势变成复杂的城市和不断转变的社会万花筒。4房屋作为竞争优势的新经济经济地理环境视为生产地点,包括所有影响一个企业运作的外部条件。其中有些是生产过程本身紧密相关的提供输入,决定盈利能力。在新的全球服务经济中,这种投入被广泛使用人力资本可以在本地创建,而其他的投入可以移动到任何便宜的站点。几个关键位置的因素似乎超出了政策范围
40、,这意味着成功的干预必须与次要因素较大。由于目前大部分地方基本满足企业的要求等特点,将天平倾斜。虽然这些因素与生产过程本身的要求可能无关,尽管用那么不太具体方式,但他们仍然计数。已成功改制的私营部门提供二次但重要的资产,城市中的小插曲,如本文开头提及的那些。良好的住房和有吸引力的居住环境不是这些资产中最小的(帕金森等,1992)。5住房和经济大多数城市提供房屋关于尺寸、价格、类型和设施的范围。它还提供了一个机会,以培养居民所需的生活方式的。它的位置决定了工作机会和获得的服务和设施。许多人选择居住的地方时对居住环境的物质和社会特征很敏感。邻居影响着生活质量和居民的社会地位。居民区也作为重要的社会
41、互动的框架,有些人因此更喜欢活泼的混合社区,他人生活在自己同类的保护中。随着城市人口的日益多样化,越来越多的人寻求保护,撤回到冲突局势的隐私之间关系亲密无间的社区。住宅的隔离程度很能说明一个社会的性质。这项研究的初步成果支持这一假设,前提是住房和一般属性可以通过直接影响和间接影响城市的竞争力。例如,个人移徙对他们在住房市场上的地位实力的决定影响了城市的能力,而这反过来影响生产力和单位劳工成本的可用性。该报告的作者们强调指出,累积因果关系可能会导致部分地区的城市之间进一步的分歧。但他们也认为这一趋势可以逆转的。对可以导致失业人口和城市环境整治可以有一个条件,随着时间的推移强大的累积效应。6住房和
42、社会公平随着时间的推移,高密度的生活如何以及为什么作为基本住房需要的供给,演变成为复杂的政策和社会管理过程,它与一种可持续的住房特点的进一步研究联系在一起。经济发展创造政策难题。对于当今的城市,一个特别引人注目的结果是他们对经济转型的持续推动。地方政府应对新经济的不断变化的现实,促进经济结构调整。他们的政策目的是为当地居民生产效益。但更难推动城市改造其经济,更多的社会不平等是可能的结果。然后,城市要面对这一切竞争空间,将在冲突达成的行动过程中,最可能广泛地协议社会团体。该政策的城市面临的困境是,他们要成长,但没有成长的痛苦。7结论在任何社会,解决居民的住房问题都是一个复杂和多层面的问题。在制定
43、住房政策时,仅有足够的土地和资金并不能保证成功。在新加坡,为了实现可持续发展的住房政策,即兼顾社会、经济、环境三个方面,要求对项目的规模进行管理评估和技术评估,制定和实施社会和环境目标和措施,包括将他们与各种经济运筹联系。在住房与其他政策领域,官员经常呼吁有限的资源竞争,以证明房屋投资的好处。目前,地方当局似乎与振兴地方经济和结构调整的任务斤斤计较。他们不是通过增加公共物品的消费和投资,来提供公共服务的质量,相反,他们认为确保市政收入优先于公共支出。然而,将他们的论点进行扩展,我们会发现对房屋的投资,可以促进社会住房的公平,还能刺激当地经济,产生经济效益。这样老市区居民就能由贫富差距的两个世界
44、成功地适应新的经济现实区域,它们就不再是新富人是工作场所和的游乐场,以及炫耀性消费的生活方式。同时,这些地方的特点是在街头腐烂的弱势族群的人少了。在福利国家的意识形态下,催生了大量的社会住房计划,这类转变就是分享经济转型带来的利益了。但是,福利国家的再分配已经输给了理想的“雄厚投注自由”的概念。它是由决策者表明,仍然有合理理由的平等政策,特别是在住房。新的“放手”的政策可能会破坏经济转型本身,因为事实上它会纵容现行的社会在城市地区对比。新的投资流动可能动摇那里的不同人口群体之间的不平等现象的增加,在城市的邻里之间和城市及其郊区之间。不平等使人们难以确定共同的利益,在人口众多地区可以跨越政府以及
45、私营部门联盟的创建。而这样的联盟,都需要重建对经济的增长和城市建设的可持续发展策略。只要住房计划早有助于财富的再分配,它们有助于经济的长期重建的成功。然而,没有特别需要恢复过去的社会住房项目。其实,那么雄心勃勃的解决方案可以减少在一个地区的社会不平等现象。但这些都必须旨在助长投资的流动。有吸引力的社区的良好住房迅速由私营部门投资。相反,住房条件差是一种社会排斥的有力指标和冲突,他们必须避免,因为他们传递一个明确的信息这些都不是新的安全的投资地方。当计算出了一个城市的成功方程式,住房不应该是福利和经济发展之间的缺失环节。出处简范威瑟普,住房和建筑环境房屋政策福利与经济发展之间的联系,15165181,2000