1、外文翻译外文WASTINGTHECORPORATEWASTEDOCTRINEHOWTHEDOCTRINECANPROVIDEAVIABLESOLUTIONINCONTROLLINGEXCESSIVEEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONINTHEMIDSTOFTHEGLOBALRECESSIONOFTHELATE2000S,THEREWASANOUTCRYAGAINSTCORPORATEEXECUTIVESANDWHATTHEPUBLICDEEMEDTOBETHEIREXCESSIVECOMPENSATIONALTHOUGHTHISANGERISSTILLFEATUREDINTODAYSH
2、EADLINES,ITISNOTHINGNEWINFACT,EXCESSIVEEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONCOMPLAINTSAROSEWHENTHEVERYCONCEPTOFACORPORATIONWASSTILLNEWMOSTOFTHECOMPLAINTSTHATTHEPUBLICHASLEVELEDHAVEHADLITTLEEFFECTONBOARDSOFDIRECTORSDECISIONSOCCASIONALLY,HOWEVER,THEOUTCRYISSOGREATTHATTHEPUBLICCOMPELSACOMPANYSLEADERSHIPTOTAKEACTIONTHI
3、SHAPPENEDEARLYIN2009WHENAMERICANINTERNATIONALGROUP“AIG”STATEDTHATITWASPAYINGITSTOPEXECUTIVES165MILLIONINBONUSESWITHINDAYS,AIG,ACOMPANYMOSTAMERICANSHADNOTHEARDOF,WASATTHECENTEROFTHEEXCESSIVECOMPENSATIONDEBATEUNDERENORMOUSPOLITICALANDPUBLICPRESSURE,FIFTEENOFTHETOPTWENTYAIGEXECUTIVESAGREEDTOGIVEBACKTHE
4、IRBONUSESTHISCOMPROMISEISNOTTYPICAL,HOWEVERFOREVERYAIGTYPECONTROVERSY,MANYOTHERPAYMENTPLANSSOMECONSIDEREXCESSIVEARENEVERPUBLICLYDISCUSSEDBOTHPRIVATEANDPUBLICPROPOSALSARECURRENTLYUNDERCONSIDERATIONTHATWILLLIMITEXCESSIVEEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONINONEWAYORANOTHERTHISNOTECONTENDSTHATTHEALREADYEXISTINGCORPOR
5、ATEWASTEDOCTRINECANSERVEASAPREFERABLEALTERNATIVETOLEGISLATIVEOREXECUTIVEACTIONSWHILETHECORPORATEWASTEDOCTRINEISRARELYUSEDBYPLAINTIFFS,ITCOULDBEEFFECTIVELYENFORCEDBYUSINGALEGISLATIVETOOL,THESAYONPAYPROVISION,ASAGATEKEEPERFORTHECOURTSTHISJUDICIALSOLUTIONUSINGALEGISLATIVEACTWOULDALLOWTHOSEWHOAREACTUALL
6、YAFFECTEDBYTHEEXCESSIVECOMPENSATIONTHESHAREHOLDERSTOPURSUEEFFECTIVELEGALACTIONAGAINSTTHECORPORATIONTHECORPORATEWASTEDOCTRINEWOULDBEENFORCEDMORENARROWLYTHANASTATUTORYSCHEME,AVOIDINGTHEPOSSIBLEUNINTENDEDCONSEQUENCESOFABROADLYAPPLICABLELEGISLATIVEORREGULATORYACTION“INANUMBEROFINSTANCES,EXECUTIVESHAVERE
7、CEIVEDCOMPENSATIONSOLARGEASTOCAUSEDISSATISFACTIONAMONGFACTORYANDOFFICEWORKERS,ANDTOLEADSTOCKHOLDERSTOFEELTHATTHEYHAVEBEENUNJUSTLYDEPRIVEDOFFUNDSDISTRIBUTABLEASDIVIDENDS”THISSTATEMENTCOULDHAVEEASILYBEENMADEIN2010INSTEAD,ITWASWRITTENIN1941,WHENEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONWASAHOTTOPICWITHTHEGREATDEPRESSIONNEA
8、RINGITSENDINTHEUNITEDSTATESASTHISSTATEMENTSUGGESTS,EXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONHASBEENCONTROVERSIALSINCETHEEARLYDAYSOFCORPORATELAWALTHOUGHEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONREFORMISNOTAMODERNISSUE,THECALLSFORREFORMAREGREATERNOWTHANEVERBEFORETHEREAREMANYPOSSIBLEREASONSFORTHERENEWEDFOCUSONEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONREFORMCURREN
9、TLY,ACHIEFEXECUTIVEOFFICEREARNSROUGHLY400TIMESTHATOFANAVERAGEWORKERINHISORHERRESPECTIVEINDUSTRYADISPARITYTWENTYTIMESGREATERTHANIN1965THISGAPISPROBLEMATICNOTMERELYFROMASOCIALJUSTICESTANDPOINT,BUTALSOFROMANECONOMICSTANDPOINTBENBERNANKE,CHAIRMANOFTHEFEDERALRESERVE,CALLEDTHEPROBLEMOFEXCESSIVEEXECUTIVECO
10、MPENSATIONATHREATTOTHE“DYNAMISM”OFCAPITALISMCORPORATIONSEXACERBATETHISPROBLEMWHENTHEYPAYEXECUTIVESLARGEBONUSESEVENWHENTHECOMPANYLOSESMONEYSHAREHOLDERSVIEWITASFUNDAMENTALLYUNFAIRWHENEXECUTIVESAREHIGHLYCOMPENSATEDWHILETHESTOCKPRICEPLUMMETSTHERECESSIONTHATBEGANIN2008HASSTOKEDFRUSTRATIONEVENMOREALTHOUGH
11、PREVIOUSCONCERNSOVERTHISISSUEFAILEDTOGENERATEEFFECTIVEREFORM,THECURRENTITERATIONOFTHEDEBATEISDIFFERENTFIRST,ASPREVIOUSLYPOINTEDOUT,THELEVELOFECONOMICDISPARITYISGROWINGRAPIDLYSECOND,THEPOLITICALCLIMATEFAVORSSOMEFORMOFCOMPENSATIONREFORMWITHDEMOCRATICMAJORITIESINBOTHTHESENATEANDHOUSEASWELLASADEMOCRATIC
12、PRESIDENT,THEREISASTRONGPOSSIBILITYTHATSOMEREFORMWILLEMERGEFROMTHEFEDERALGOVERNMENTINTHENEARFUTUREFINALLY,THECURRENTGLOBALECONOMICCRISISISTHEMOSTSEVERESINCEWORLDWARIIITISUNLIKELYACOINCIDENCETHATTHESUPREMECOURTFIRSTRECOGNIZEDTHECORPORATEWASTEDOCTRINEINTHEMIDSTOFASIMILARECONOMICCRISISTHEGREATDEPRESSIO
13、NGIVENTHESEFACTORS,THECONDITIONSARERIPEFOREXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONREFORM,ANDREFORMAPPEARSIMMINENTTHEQUESTIONHASBECOME,WHATFORMSHOULDREFORMTAKETHISNOTEEXAMINESAVARIETYOFPOTENTIALREFORMS,INCLUDINGSOMETHATHAVEBEENIMPLEMENTEDANDOTHERSTHATAREUNDERCONSIDERATIONFORINSTANCE,ABILLCURRENTLYBEFORETHESENATE,THECOR
14、PORATEANDFINANCIALINSTITUTIONCOMPENSATIONFAIRNESSACT,HASASAYONPAYPROVISION,WHICHWOULDREQUIRESHAREHOLDERSTOVOTEANNUALLYONEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONSTRUCTURESREPRESENTATIVEBARNEYFRANK,WHOINTRODUCEDTHEBILL,STATEDTHAT“UNDERTHISBILL,THEQUESTIONOFCOMPENSATIONAMOUNTSWILLNOWBEINTHEHANDSOFSHAREHOLDERS”THISQUOTEIS
15、NOTENTIRELYACCURATE,HOWEVER,BECAUSETHESAYONPAYVOTEWOULDONLYBEADVISORYANDNONBINDINGONTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSMANYREFORMDISCUSSIONSOVERLOOKTHEFACTTHATTHEREISALREADYANEXISTINGLEGALDOCTRINEDESIGNEDTODEALWITHEXCESSIVEEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONCLAIMSTHECORPORATEWASTEDOCTRINEAWASTECLAIMISARELATIVELYSIMPLEONEITISBROU
16、GHTBYSHAREHOLDERSAGAINSTACOMPANYSBOARDOFDIRECTORSALLEGINGTHATTHEBOARDWASTEDCOMPANYASSETSWASTECANINCLUDEANYDISTRIBUTIONOFCOMPANYASSETS,BUTTHEDOCTRINE,WHENINVOKED,ISMOSTCOMMONLYEMPLOYEDFOREXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONCLAIMSTHECORPORATEWASTEDOCTRINEHASBEENDESCRIBEDASAN“EQUITABLESAFETYVALVE,”MEANINGTHATITCANBEU
17、SEDFORCASESWHERERELIEFWOULDBEOTHERWISEUNAVAILABLEUNFORTUNATELY,THISSAFETYVALVEISRARELYINVOKED,WHICHALLOWSMANYSEEMINGLYVALIDEXCESSIVECOMPENSATIONCLAIMSTOGOUNCHECKEDTHEREARESEVERALREASONSWHYTHEDOCTRINEISNOTUSEDFORONE,THESTANDARDADOPTEDFORTHECORPORATEWASTEDOCTRINEISIMPOSSIBLYHIGH,WHICHOFTENLEADSCOURTST
18、ODISMISSWASTECLAIMSATTHEINITIALSTAGESOFLITIGATIONBECAUSEOFTHEDOCTRINESINFREQUENTUSE,THEREISADEARTHOFACADEMICDEBATEOVERITSUSEANDEFFECTIVENESSCONCERNINGEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONTHEDOCTRINEHASPOTENTIALFORMEANINGAGAIN,HOWEVER,IFUSEDWITHTHEPROPOSEDSAYONPAYLEGISLATIONTHISNOTEARGUESTHAT,INCONJUNCTIONWITHTHEPRO
19、POSEDSAYONPAYRESOLUTION,AREVITALIZEDCORPORATEWASTEDOCTRINEWOULDEMPOWERSHAREHOLDERSTOCURBEXCESSIVECOMPENSATIONBYMAKINGSHAREHOLDERSSAYONPAYVOTESEFFECTIVELYBINDINGPARTIDISCUSSESTHEVIABILITYOFASERIESOFPOTENTIALSOLUTIONS,INCLUDINGTHECORPORATEWASTEDOCTRINE,THATSHAREHOLDERSCOULDUSETOADDRESSEXCESSIVEEXECUTI
20、VECOMPENSATIONPARTIIPROPOSESALITIGATIONSTRATEGYTHATWOULDINVIGORATETHECORPORATEWASTEDOCTRINEBYUSINGITINCONJUNCTIONWITHTHESAYONPAYRESOLUTION,THEREBYPROVIDINGSHAREHOLDERSWITHAVIABLESOLUTIONFORENFORCINGEXCESSIVEEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONCLAIMSEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONREFORMANDREGULATIONISVIRTUALLYCERTAINTOOCCURI
21、NTHECOMINGMONTHSANDYEARSTHECURRENTDEBATEDEALSWITHWHATTHATREFORMSHOULDLOOKLIKEASAYONPAYPROVISION,SOMEWHATHOLLOWONITSOWN,COULDBEUSEDASAGATEKEEPEROFSORTSFORCORPORATEWASTECLAIMSAREVITALIZEDCORPORATEWASTEDOCTRINEWOULDALLOWSHAREHOLDERSTOHAVESOMEMEANINGFULPOWERASASAFEGUARDAGAINSTABOARDOFDIRECTORSTHATEXCESS
22、IVELYCOMPENSATESEXECUTIVESUSINGTHESETWOTOOLSINTANDEMWOULDALLOWSHAREHOLDERSTOADDRESSEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONCONCERNSWHILENOTOVERBURDENINGCORPORATIONSWITHREGULATIONANDLITIGATIONRETURNINGTOTHEAIGSITUATIONDISCUSSEDATTHEBEGINNING,EXECUTIVESEVENTUALLYAGREEDTOPAYBACKTHEIRBONUSESFOREVERYAIGCONTROVERSYINTHENEWS
23、,THOUGH,MANYOTHEREGREGIOUSBONUSPAYMENTSFLYUNDERTHERADARCORPORATIONSTHATDONOTMAKETHEFRONTPAGEOFTHEWALLSTREETJOURNALWILLHAVENOPUBLICPRESSURETOREDUCETHEIREXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONAMOUNTSAREVITALIZEDCORPORATEWASTEDOCTRINE,INCONJUNCTIONWITHASAYONPAYRESOLUTION,WILLPROVIDESHAREHOLDERSINALLCORPORATIONSWITHAVOIC
24、EAGAINSTAWASTEFULBOARDOFDIRECTORS出处CAYWOOD,STEVENC“WASTINGTHECORPORATEWASTEDOCTRINEHOWTHEDOCTRINECANPROVIDEAVIABLESOLUTIONINCONTROLLINGEXCESSIVEEXECUTIVECOMPENSATION”,MICHIGANLAWREVIEWOCT2010,VOL109ISSUE1,P111136,26P翻译浪费了企业废旧学说如何学说可以提供控制过度行政补偿,可行的解决方案STEVENCCAYWOOD在2000年代后期的全球经济衰退之中,有一个针对企业高层强烈抗议和公众
25、认为什么是他们过度补偿。虽然这种愤怒仍然在今天的头条新闻的特色,它是什么新鲜事。事实上,过多的行政赔偿的投诉时出现了一个公司的概念还是新的。大部分投诉,市民已趋于稳定已就董事局的决定影响不大。不过,有时候的呼声是如此之大,迫使公众公司的领导层采取的行动。这发生在2009年初时,美国国际集团(“美国国际集团”)表示,这是高层管理人员支付其165美元的奖金万元。几天之内,美国国际集团,一个大多数美国人并没有听说过的公司,是在过度补偿辩论的中心。在巨大的政治和公众压力,前二十AIG高管十五同意还给他们的奖金。这种妥协是不典型,但是,每个美国国际集团式的争论,很多其他的付款计划,一些人认为是从来没有公
26、开讨论过。私人和公共的建议,目前正在考虑,将限制在一个这样或那样的过度行政赔偿。这争辩说明,现有企业废旧学说可以作为一种较好的替代立法或行政行动。虽然企业废旧学说是原告很少使用,它可以通过使用一个有效执行法律的工具,说上薪的规定作为法院把关。该司法解决方案使用一个立法行为将使这些谁是真正受到过度补偿的股东对公司实行有效的反诉讼。企业废物学说将被执行更狭义比法定计划,避免了一个广泛适用的法律或管制行动可能带来的意外后果。“在一些情况下,高管们得到补偿过大,导致这些工厂和机关工作人员的不满,并导致股东感到自己被不公正地剥夺的资金作为股利分配。”这句话可以很容易地取得在2010年。相反,这是写在19
27、41年,当行政赔偿是一个伟大的接近其在美国结束萧条的热门话题。由于这一声明表明,因为公司法的初期,行政赔偿一直存在争议。虽然高管薪酬改革不是一个现代的问题,改革的呼声也大现在比以往任何时候。还有对行政赔偿的改革重新把重点放在许多可能的原因。目前,ACHIEF总裁的收入大约400倍,在他或她的个别行业,一比二十倍悬殊差距更大1965这种差距是有问题的不只是从社会正义的角度来看,而且从经济角度来看。本伯南克,联邦储备委员会主席,所谓的行政赔偿问题的过度的“活力”资本主义的威胁。企业加剧这一问题时,他们支付高管巨额奖金,即使在公司赔钱。股东不公平的看法时,它从根本上主管们的报酬,而股票价格直线下降。
28、经济衰退,在2008年开始已经引发沮丧,甚至更多。虽然以前对这个问题的关注不能产生有效的改革,在当前迭代的辩论是不同的。首先,正如以前指出的那样,经济差距的水平正在迅速增长。第二,政治气候有利于改革的一些形式的补偿。多数都与民主党在参议院和众议院,以及民主党的总统,有很大的可能性是一些改革将从THEFEDERAL政府在不久的将来出现。最后,目前的全球经济危机是第二次世界大战以来最严重的。这是不太可能是巧合,最高法院首次承认在一个类似的经济危机大萧条之中的企业废物的原则。鉴于这些因素,在条件成熟的行政赔偿的改革,改革似乎迫在眉睫。这个问题已成为,采取什么形式应该改革本说明探讨了一种潜在的改革,包
29、括一些已经实施和正在考虑其他人的不同。举例来说,目前的法案在参议院,企业和金融机构补偿公平法,说有一个上薪的规定,这将需要股东投票表决高管薪酬结构的一次。代表巴尼弗兰克,谁介绍该法案时说,“NDER这一法案,赔偿金额的问题现在将在股东的手中。”这句话是不完全准确的,但是,因为说上薪表决只会咨询和非约束性的董事会。许多改革的讨论忽略了一个事实,已经有一个现有的法律原则,旨在处理过度的行政赔偿要求企业废物的原则。废弃物索赔是相对简单的。这引起了股东对公司的指控,该公司董事会浪费资产废物可以包括任何公司资产分布董事会,但该学说,被调用时,是最常用的行政赔偿要求就业。企业废物学说被称为“公平安全阀”,
30、这意味着它可用于救灾的情况下,否则会不可用,不幸的,有理论为何不使用几个原因。其一,标准为企业所采用的废物学说不可能很高,这往往导致法院在驳回诉讼的最初阶段浪费索赔。由于该学说的频繁使用,有超过它的使用和有关行政补偿的有效性缺乏学术辩论。该学说的意义又具有潜力,但是,如果使用的建议说,在付款的立法。本说明认为,在建议中说,配合上薪决议,振兴企业废旧学说股东会授权,以遏制使股东说上粮票有效地结合过度补偿。第一部分论述了一种潜在的解决方案,包括企业废旧学说,即股东可以用它来解决一系列高管薪酬过高的可行性。第二部分提出了诉讼策略,将通过搞活结合的发言权上薪的决议,从而为执行提供了过多的行政赔偿是可行
31、的解决方案的公司股东废物的原则。行政赔偿的改革和管理几乎肯定会出现在未来的几个月或几年。与改革应该是什么样子的辩论交易。一说上薪的规定,一定程度上它自己的空洞,可以用来作为对企业各种浪费索赔把关。一个振兴企业废旧学说将让股东有一些有意义的功率为防范设董事会的过度补偿的行政人员。在串联使用这两个工具将让股东解决行政赔偿问题,同时不与监管和诉讼负担过重的公司。返回到AIG的情况,在开始讨论,经理最终同意归还他们的奖金。对于每一个在新闻AIG的争议,但是,许多其他令人震惊的奖金支付的雷达下飞行。公司不使华尔街日报头版将没有公开的压力,减少他们的行政赔偿数额。一个振兴企业废旧学说,结合发言权上薪决议,将提供一个反对浪费的董事会董事的声音所有公司股东。