1、外文文献翻译译文外文原文INDONESIAINTERRELIGIOUSMARRIAGETHE1974MARRIAGELAWAPPLIESTOALLINDONESIANCITIZENS,REGARDLESSOFRELIGIONPRIORTOTHEPASSAGEOFTHE1974MARRIAGELAWTHEREWEREDIFFERENTLAWSINPLACEFORCITIZENSOFEUROPEANORCHINESEORIGINANDFORINDONESIANCHRISTIANS,WHILETHEMUSLIMPOPULATIONWAS“SUBJECTTOUNWRITTENCUSTOMARYADAT
2、LAWANDTOMOSLEMRELIGIOUSLAW”THEKEYPURPOSESOFTHEREFORMOFMARRIAGELAWSWERE“THEDEVELOPMENTOFCODIFICATIONANDUNIFORMITYININDONESIASLEGALSYSTEMANDTHEIMPROVEMENTOFWOMENSPOSITION”AWORDINGANDINTERPRETATIONARTICLE21OFTHE1974MARRIAGELAWPROVIDESTHAT“AMARRIAGEISLEGITIMATE,IFITHASBEENPERFORMEDACCORDINGTOTHELAWSOFTH
3、ERESPECTIVERELIGIONSANDBELIEFSOFTHEPARTIESCONCERNED”THISISEMPHASIZEDINTHEIMPLEMENTINGREGULATIONS,WHICHREQUIRETHAT“THEMARRIAGECEREMONYSHALLBEPERFORMEDACCORDINGTOTHELAWSOFTHERESPECTIVERELIGIONANDFAITH”THE1974MARRIAGELAWALSOREQUIRESTHATEVERYMARRIAGEMUSTBE“REGISTEREDACCORDINGTOTHEREGULATIONSOFTHELEGISLA
4、TIONINFORCE”THEIMPLEMENTINGREGULATIONSSTATETHATNONMUSLIMMARRIAGESMUSTBEREGISTEREDWITHTHECIVILREGISTRYOFFICEFOLLOWINGTHERELIGIOUSCEREMONY,WHILEMUSLIMMARRIAGESMUSTBEREGISTEREDWITHTHELOCALOFFICEOFRELIGIOUSAFFAIRSTHESEPROVISIONSHAVEBEENINTERPRETEDASPROHIBITINGMARRIAGEBETWEENPEOPLEOFDIFFERENTRELIGIONSTHI
5、SISBECAUSE,INORDERFORAMARRIAGETOBEREGISTERED,AMARRIAGECEREMONYMUSTBECONDUCTEDINACCORDANCEWITHARECOGNIZEDRELIGION,ANDINMOSTCASESATLEASTONEOFTHEPARTIESWILLADHERETOARELIGIONTHATDOESNOTALLOWAPERSONTOMARRYSOMEONEOFADIFFERENTFAITHHOWEVER,ASTHE1974MARRIAGELAWDOESNOTEXPLICITLYFORBIDORALLOWMARRIAGEBETWEENPEO
6、PLEOFDIFFERENTRELIGIONS,THEREISCONSIDERABLEDEBATEREGARDINGITSINTERPRETATIONANDAPPLICATIONFOREXAMPLE,ANALTERNATIVEINTERPRETATIONTOANABSOLUTEPROHIBITIONISTHATARTICLE21ONLYSTATESTHATMARRIAGEMUSTBECONDUCTEDACCORDINGTORELIGIOUSLAWAND,THEREFORE“IF,ACCORDINGTOTHERELIGIOUSLAW,THEREISNOHINDRANCETOTHEMARRIAGE
7、,THEMARRIAGECANTAKEPLACE”SEPARATEFROMTHE1974MARRIAGELAW,A“COMPILATIONOFISLAMICLAWSININDONESIA”PUBLISHEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTIN1997SETSOUTTHEELEMENTSTHATMUSTBESATISFIEDINORDERFORMARRIAGESTOBECONDUCTEDACCORDINGTOTHEMUSLIMFAITHARTICLE40ACOFTHISCOMPILATIONPROHIBITSAMUSLIMMANFROMMARRYINGANONMUSLIMWOMAN,ANDARTI
8、CLE44PROHIBITSAMUSLIMWOMANFROMMARRYINGANONMUSLIMMANARTICLE4CONFIRMSTHAT“MARRIAGEISLEGALWHENITISDONEBASEDONTHEISLAMICLAWUNDERARTICLE2VERSE1LAWNO1OF1974REMARRIAGE”INTERMSOFOFFICIALRECOGNITIONOFINTERRELIGIOUSMARRIAGES,IN1983APRESIDENTIALDECISIONINSTRUCTEDTHECIVILREGISTRYTOREFUSETOFORMALIZEMARRIAGESINVO
9、LVINGMUSLIMS,ANDIN1984THEMINISTRYOFRELIGIONISSUEDGUIDANCETOMARRIAGEREGISTRYOFFICIALSATTHEOFFICEOFRELIGIOUSAFFAIRSSTATINGTHEYCOULDONLYREGISTERMARRIAGESBETWEENMUSLIMSBCOURTDECISIONSTHE1974MARRIAGELAWREPEALEDRELEVANTCOLONIALREGULATIONSONLYTOTHEEXTENTTHATTHEYWEREINCONSISTENTWITHITPREVIOUSLY,AN1898REGULA
10、TIONTHATEXPRESSLYALLOWEDMARRIAGEBETWEENPARTIESOFDIFFERENTRELIGIONSHADBEENUPHELDBYTHEINDONESIANCOURTS,DESPITEMUSLIMSGENERALLYBELIEVINGTHATINTERRELIGIOUSMARRIAGESWEREAGAINSTISLAMICLAWEVENFOLLOWINGTHEPASSAGEOFTHE1974MARRIAGELAW,THECOURTSCONTINUEDTOHOLDTHATTHE1898REGULATIONAPPLIEDBECAUSETHENEWLAWDIDNOTE
11、XPLICITLYCOVERINTERRELIGIOUSMARRIAGESHOWEVER,A1989DECISIONOFTHEINDONESIANSUPREMECOURTFOUNDTHATTHISREGULATIONWASNOLONGERAPPLICABLETHECASEINVOLVEDAMARRIAGEBETWEENAMUSLIMWOMANANDAPROTESTANTMANOFFICIALSATTHEOFFICEOFRELIGIOUSAFFAIRSHADREFUSEDTOFORMALIZETHEMARRIAGEBECAUSETHEMARRIAGEDIDNOTACCORDWITHISLAMIC
12、LAWDUETOTHEMANNOTBEINGMUSLIMTHEMARRIAGEALSOCOULDNOTBEREGISTEREDATTHECIVILREGISTRYOFFICEBECAUSETHEWOMANWASMUSLIMTHESUPREMECOURTHELDTHAT“THEMARRIAGELAWDIDNOTREGULATEMARRIAGESBETWEENPARTNERSOFDIFFERENTRELIGIONS”,INESSENCE,THECOURTCONSIDEREDTHAT“THEREWASALEGALVACUUM,WHICHMADEACLEARDECISIONONTHEMATTEROFI
13、NTERFAITHMARRIAGEIMPOSSIBLE”THECOURTDIDFINDALEGALBASISFORTHEMARRIAGETOBEFORMALIZED,HOLDINGTHATBECAUSETHECOUPLEHADSOUGHTTOREGISTERTHEIRMARRIAGEWITHTHECIVILREGISTRYOFFICETHEWOMANMUSTNOTHAVEWISHEDTOMARRYINACCORDANCEWITHISLAM,ANDHADTHEREFOREESSENTIALLYABANDONEDHERRELIGIONTHECOURTHELDTHATTHECOUPLECOULDTH
14、EREFOREREGISTERTHEIRMARRIAGEATTHECIVILREGISTRYOFFICEASITWASANONMUSLIMMARRIAGECPRACTICALIMPACTONECOMMENTATORSTATESTHAT,ASACONSEQUENCEOFTHE1898REGULATIONBEINGFOUNDTOBENOLONGERAPPLICABLE,“MARRIAGECANDIDATESOFDIFFERENTRELIGIOUSCONVICTIONSHAVESINCEHADSERIOUSDIFFICULTIESINFINDINGAPROPERFORUMTOBEMARRIEDAND
15、ACIVILREGISTRYTHATISWILLINGTOREGISTERTHEMARRIAGE”INPRACTICE,HOWEVER,MARRIAGEBETWEENPEOPLEOFDIFFERENTRELIGIONSDOESOCCUR,ANDTHESEMARRIAGESPARTICULARLYTHOSETHATINVOLVEINDONESIANCELEBRITIESSEEKINGTOMARRYFOREIGNERSOFADIFFERENTRELIGIOUSBACKGROUNDAREOFTENTHESUBJECTOFMEDIAREPORTSANDPUBLICDISCUSSIONITHASBEEN
16、STATEDTHAT“UNCERTAINTYOVERTHEAPPLICABILITYOFTHEMARRIAGELAWTOINTERFAITHMARRIAGESHASNEVERDISCOURAGEDTHEPRACTICE”HOWEVER,THEREARELEGALANDPRACTICALCOMPLEXITIESINVOLVEDANDPEOPLEMAYTRYTOUSEDIFFERENTMETHODSTOENSURETHATTHESEMARRIAGESAREABLETOBEREGISTEREDDDIVORCELAWSTHE1974MARRIAGELAWALSOREGULATESTHEDISSOLUT
17、IONOFMARRIAGETHEIMPLEMENTINGREGULATIONSSETOUTPARTICULARREQUIREMENTSANDPROCESSES,INCLUDINGTHELEGALGROUNDSFORDIVORCEDIVORCEMUSTBECARRIEDOUTBEFOREACOURTIFTHEMARRIAGEWASCONDUCTEDINACCORDANCEWITHISLAMICLAWTHENAREQUESTFORDISSOLUTIONWOULDNEEDTOBESUBMITTEDBYTHEHUSBANDTOANISLAMICOR“RELIGIOUS”COURTIFTHEMARRIA
18、GEWASREGISTEREDASANONMUSLIMMARRIAGETHENTHEGENERALCOURTSWOULDHAVEJURISDICTIONASEPARATELAWRELATINGTOTHERELIGIOUSCOURTSINCLUDESPROVISIONSTHATAPPLYTOMUSLIMDIVORCEPROCEEDINGSEENDINGALTHOUGHINTERRELIGIOUSMARRIAGEDOESOCCURININDONESIA,THELEGALSITUATIONSURROUNDINGITISCOMPLEXTHEFACTTHATTHE1974MARRIAGELAWDOESN
19、OTEXPLICITLYADDRESSTHEISSUEOFINTERRELIGIOUSMARRIAGEMAYBESEENASCREATING“ALEGALVACUUM”ASIDEFROMTHISLEGALUNCERTAINTY,ANUMBEROFSOURCESSTATETHATITISDIFFICULTTOREGISTERINTERRELIGIOUSMARRIAGESANDTHEREFORETHATPEOPLEFINDITNECESSARYTOCONVERTTOTHEIRPARTNERSRELIGIONORTOGETMARRIEDOVERSEASINPARTICULAR,THERULESREL
20、ATINGTOMARRIAGESCONDUCTEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHEMUSLIMFAITHPRECLUDEINTERRELIGIOUSMARRIAGES,ANDANONMUSLIMPARTYMAYTHEREFORESEEKTOCONVERTTOISLAMINORDERTOMARRYAPERSONWHOADHERESTOTHEMUSLIMFAITHINTHISSITUATION,WHERETHEMARRIAGEISREGISTEREDWITHTHEOFFICEOFRELIGIOUSAFFAIRS,DISSOLUTIONOFTHEMARRIAGEWOULDALSOBECONDU
21、CTEDUNDERISLAMICLAWANDWOULDINVOLVEANAPPLICATIONTOTHERELIGIOUSCOURT翻译印尼宗教间的婚姻印尼婚姻是受法律1974年1号婚姻法(1974年婚姻法)。1974年婚姻法适用于所有印度尼西亚公民,不分宗教。该法通过之前,1974年结婚的华裔有不同的法律或地方公民的欧洲和印度尼西亚的基督徒,而穆斯林人口“除不成文的习惯(阿达特)法律,穆斯林宗教法律。”婚姻法律的关键改革的目的是“在印尼的法律制度的发展编纂和均匀性和提高妇女地位的。”一、措辞和解释1974年婚姻法第2条(1)规定“婚姻是合法的,如果它执行了根据各自的宗教和信仰有关各方的法律。
22、”在实施条例中还要求,“在婚礼上则应依据法律和信仰宗教的分别。”1974年的婚姻法还规定,每一个婚姻必须是按照“依法登记的现行法例的规定。”非穆斯林婚姻登记处必须与公务员注册表中以下的宗教仪式,而穆斯林婚姻登记必须与当地宗教事务办公室。这些规定被解释为禁止不同宗教的人民之间的婚姻。这是因为,为了使婚姻登记,婚姻仪式必须按照规定进行认可的宗教,在大多数情况下,至少一方的意志坚持宗教不容许任何人结婚是不同信仰的人。然而,由于1974年婚姻法没有明确禁止或允许不同宗教的人民之间的婚姻,有相当大的辩论,关于其解释和适用。例如,另一种解释是绝对禁止,只有国家的婚姻,婚姻必须按照法律,宗教,因此“如果根据
23、宗教法律,没有任何障碍,婚姻才能进行。”从1974年的婚姻法,由政府设置的一个“伊斯兰法律编纂印尼”于1997年出版了,按照穆斯林的信仰,必须在裁定不服的婚姻要素进行分开。第40A条(三)本汇编禁止结婚的非穆斯林妇女穆斯林男子和第44条禁止嫁给非穆斯林男子一穆斯林妇女。第4条确认,“婚姻是合法的,当它的工作基础上,根据伊斯兰法一法第二条诗没有。1974年1重新结婚。”在宗教间的婚姻正式承认,条款在1983年总统决策指示民事登记处正式拒绝婚姻涉及穆斯林,和1984年教育部发出指导宗教对宗教事务办公室的官员在婚姻登记处的人说他们只能婚姻登记穆斯林之间。二、法院的裁决1974年婚姻法的有关废除殖民地
24、规例的范围内,只有他们与其不一致。以前,1898年法令,明确允许不同宗教的当事人之间的婚姻已被法院支持,印度尼西亚,一般认为,尽管穆斯林宗教间的婚姻法律是针对伊斯兰。即使法通过后,1974年结婚的,法院仍然认为,1898年规例应用,因为新的法律并没有明确包括宗教间的婚姻。但是,最高法院1989年作出决定,印度尼西亚发现这条规定已不再适用。个案涉及一名穆斯林的女人和一个男人结婚新教。在宗教事务局官员拒绝正式的婚姻,因为婚姻不符合伊斯兰法,由于该名男子没有被穆斯林。他们的婚姻也不能登记在民事登记处,因为女人是穆斯林。最高法院认为“婚姻法没有规范不同宗教之间的合作伙伴的婚姻。”从本质上讲,法院认为,
25、“有一个法律真空,使婚姻不可能作出对此事的信仰的明确决定。”法院确实发现这为婚姻法律依据正规化,认为因为这对夫妻不得不设法登记他们的办公室与民事登记结婚的女人不能有希望按照伊斯兰教结婚,并因此基本上抛弃了她的宗教。法院认为,这对夫妇就可以办结婚登记,因此,在民事登记处,它是一个非穆斯林通婚。三、实践的影响一位评论家指出,作为1898年的调控结果被发现不再适用,不同宗教信仰的“结婚候选人一直以来在寻找一个合适的论坛,是一个公民登记结婚,就是愿意登记的严重困难婚姻。“然而在实践中,不同宗教的人民之间的婚姻确实发生,而这些婚姻(尤其是那些涉及寻求结婚不同宗教背景的外国人印度尼西亚名人)往往是媒体报道
26、和公众讨论的主题。据指出,“婚姻不明朗婚姻法律的适用性以信仰从来没有气馁的做法。”但是,也有复杂的法律和实际注册参与和人民可能会尝试用不同的方法,以确保这些婚姻能够如此。四、离婚法1974年的婚姻法还规定了解除婚约的实施条例订明的特殊要求和离婚程序的法律依据,包括离婚前必须进行法庭。如果婚姻是按照伊斯兰法律进行,然后在解散请求将需要丈夫提交的一个伊斯兰(或“宗教”)法院。如果婚姻注册为一个非穆斯林结婚,那么一般法院拥有管辖权。另一项法律有关规定,包括宗教法庭适用于穆斯林离婚诉讼。结束语虽然宗教间的婚姻确实发生在印尼,围绕它的法律状况是复杂的。事实上,1974年的婚姻法没有明确处理宗教间的婚姻问题,这可能被看作是创造一个“法律真空”。除了这一法律的不确定性,来源国家数目,这是很难登记宗教间的婚姻,因此,人们觉得有必要将转换为自己的伴侣的宗教或结婚海外。特别是,有关规则进行穆斯林的信仰根据排除宗教之间的一段新的婚姻,和一个非穆斯林政党可能因此寻求皈依伊斯兰教为了结婚的人坚持到穆斯林的信仰。在这种情况下,这里的婚姻与宗教事务办公室登记,婚姻解体也将根据伊斯兰法律进行,并会涉及申请,宗教法庭。