1、外文翻译RETHINKINGRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALDAVIDIWALKERAMONGTHEMANYPROVISIONSOFTHEINCORPORATINGDOCUMENTSOFACLOSECORPORATION,ANITEMWILLOFTENAPPEARUSUALLYWELLTOWARDSTHEBACKLABELED“RIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSAL“BYADOPTINGTHISPROVISION,THESHAREHOLDERSOFTHECORPORATIONPROMISETHATTHEYONLYWILLSELLTHEIRSHARESAFTERNEGOTIATINGA
2、PRICEWITHATHIRDPARTYANDOFFERINGTHESHARESATTHATPRICETOTHEIRFELLOWSHAREHOLDERSALTHOUGHTHEDETAILSWILLVARY,SUCHRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALAREUBIQUITOUSINCOMMERCIALCONTRACTSANDENCUMBERASSETSRANGINGFROMGASSTATIONSTOOILPIPELINES,FROMSHARESOFSTOCKTOLIVESTOCKANDTHEYARENOTLIMITEDTOCONSTRAININGSALESOREVENTORESTRICTIN
3、GTHEDISPOSITIONOFPROPERTYINTHETYPICALRIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALARRANGEMENT,ATLEASTTHREEPARTIESAREIMPLICATEDTHEOWNERANDRIGHTHOLDERWHOHAVECONTRACTEDFORTHEGRANTOFTHERIGHTANDONEORMOREPOTENTIALTHIRDPARTYBUYERSTHISARTICLEINVESTIGATESTHEECONOMICIMPACTOFTHEGRANTONEACHOFTHESEPARTIES,ANDSEEKSTODETERMINEWHYTHECONTRAC
4、TINGPARTIESMAKESUCHCOMMITMENTSANDWHYTHEYADOPTTHISPARTICULARINSTRUMENTTHISARTICLEHASTHREEPRIMARYGOALS1DEMONSTRATETHATRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALARECOSTLYFORTHECONTRACTINGPARTIESTHEFEWCOMMENTATORSWHOHAVECONSIDEREDTHEMATTERHAVESUGGESTEDTHATRIGHTSOFFIRSTOR,BEYONDTRANSACTIONCOSTS,SIMPLYTRANSFERVALUEFROMTHEREFUS
5、ALAREECONOMICALLYINNOCUOUSGRANTORTOTHERIGHTHOLDERIF,ATWORST,ARIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALSIMPLYTRANSFERREDVALUEBETWEENTHECONTRACTINGPARTIES,LITTLEJUSTIFICATIONWOULDBENEEDEDFORITSADOPTIONTHETRANSFERCOULDBECOMPENSATEDFOREXANTE,IFNECESSARY,ANDTHEBENEFITBEYONDTRANSACTIONCOSTSARISINGFROMTHEINSTRUMENTWOULDREPRESEN
6、TADDEDVALUETOBEDIVIDEDBYTHECONTRACTINGPARTIESMYFIRSTGOAL,HOWEVER,ISTODEMONSTRATETHATPARTIESADOPTINGRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALINCURMORETHANDISPUTEANDNEGOTIATIONCOSTSRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALDISCOURAGEPOTENTIALLYHIGHVALUINGTHIRDPARTYBIDDERSFROMENTERINGACONTESTTOPURCHASE,ANDTHUSTHEINSTRUMENTREDUCESASELLERSEXPECTE
7、DREALIZATIONFORTHISREASONTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALPROVESTOBECOSTLYFORTHECONTRACTINGPARTIES,INAGGREGATE2REBUTTHEIDEATHATRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALPROVIDEEFFICIENTINSURANCEAGAINSTBARGAININGBREAKDOWNALTHOUGHTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALISDEMONSTRATEDTOCREATEANETCOSTFORTHECONTRACTINGPARTIES,THERIGHTDOESPROVIDEBENEFITSS
8、EVERALBOOKSANDARTICLESDEALINGWITHRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALINTHECLOSECORPORATIONCONTEXTSUGGESTTHATTHEDEVICEISUSEDTOASSURECOMPATIBLEMANAGEMENT,MAINTAINFAMILYCONTROL,OROTHERWISEPROTECTTHEREMAININGSHAREHOLDERSFROMANINTERLOPERTHEEXISTENCEOFSUCHGOALS,HOWEVER,EXPLAINSONLYWHYANINSIDERMIGHTVALUEPROPERTY,INTHISCAS
9、ESHARES,MOREHIGHLYTHANANOUTSIDERWOULDITDOESNOTEXPLAINWHYTHEENCUMBRANCEISNECESSARYPRESUMABLY,IFTHEINSIDERPLACESTHEHIGHESTVALUEONSHARESOROTHERPROPERTY,HEWILLBUYTHEMWHENTHEYAREOFFEREDFORSALEUNDERLYINGTHISRATIONALE,THEN,MUSTBEAFURTHERARGUMENTABOUTBARGAININGBREAKDOWNFULLYSPELLEDOUT,THEARGUMENTISTHATANINS
10、IDERMAYPLACEAHIGHIDIOSYNCRATICVALUEONAPROPERTYANDTHAT,ABSENTTHEINSURANCEPROVIDEDBYARIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSAL,SUCHVALUECOULDBELOSTINAFAILEDNEGOTIATIONALTHOUGHHELPFUL,THEBARGAININGBREAKDOWNEXPLANATIONISNOTFULLYPERSUASIVETHESECONDAIMOFTHISARTICLEISTOREBUTTHISJUSTIFICATIONBYDEMONSTRATINGTHATEQUALLYEFFECTIVEIN
11、SURANCEAGAINSTBARGAININGBREAKDOWNCANBEPROVIDEDATLOWERCOSTTHROUGHANINSTRUMENTTHATICALLACOMMITMENTTOAUCTION3SUGGESTTHATRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALAREPRIMARILYMOTIVATEDBYADESIRETOINHIBITEXITHAVINGREJECTEDTHEBARGAININGBREAKDOWNINSURANCEHYPOTHESISASINADEQUATE,MYTHIRDGOALISTODEVELOPALTERNATIVEEXPLANATIONSFORTHEP
12、ERSISTENCEOFRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALIARGUETHATMOSTRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALSPRINGFROMADESIRENOTJUSTTOENSURETHAT,IFASELLS,BGETSANOPPORTUNITYTOPURCHASETHEPROPERTY,BUTFROMADESIRETOINHIBITAFROMSELLINGINTHEFIRSTPLACEINOTHERWORDS,THESELECTIONOFTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALOVERTHECOMMITMENTTOAUCTIONMUSTBEEXPLAINEDBYADESIR
13、ETORESTRAINALIENABILITYANDPRESERVETHESTATUSQUOALTHOUGHCREDIBLEINTHECONTEXTOFCLOSECORPORATIONSANDOTHERCOVENTURINGRELATIONSHIPS,THISJUSTIFICATIONDOESNOTMAKESENSEINALLCIRCUMSTANCESINWHICHTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALISADOPTEDINCONTEXTSINWHICHINHIBITINGEXITISANUNPERSUASIVEJUSTIFICATION,HOWEVER,THERIGHTOFFIRSTR
14、EFUSALGENERALLYCARRIESALOWERINCREMENTALCOST,ANDTHEINSTRUMENTSPERSISTENCEMAYBEPARTIALLYEXPLAINEDBYNETWORKEXTERNALITIESPARTIDESCRIBESTHEUSESOFRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSAL,THEIRVARIATIONS,ANDALTERNATIVES,ASWELLASTHEASSETSTYPICALLYENCUMBEREDANDTHEPARTICIPANTSUSUALLYINVOLVEDBECAUSETHETERMINOLOGYASSOCIATEDWITHTHE
15、SERESTRICTIVEDEVICESISNOTUSEDCONSISTENTLY,ONEOFTHEPURPOSESOFTHISPARTISTOCLOSELYIDENTIFYTHE“TRUE“RIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALTHATWILLBETHEFOCUSOFTHISARTICLEPARTIIANALYSESTHECOSTOFTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALGRANTINTHISPART,IARGUETHATCONTRACTINGPARTIESWHOENCUMBERASSETSWITHRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALREDUCETHEEXPECTEDGAINSOF
16、THIRDPARTIESCONSIDERINGBIDDINGONTHEASSETSTHISPHENOMENON,IARGUE,DETERSBIDDERSANDREDUCESTHEEXPECTEDREALIZATIONONTHESALEOFSUCHPROPERTYPARTIIIDEVELOPSTHEBARGAININGBREAKDOWNJUSTIFICATIONIARGUETHATTHEPOTENTIALFORHIGHINSIDERIDIOSYNCRATICVALUEINRELATIONSHIPSINWHICHRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALARETYPICALLYFOUNDMAKETH
17、ESERELATIONSHIPSPARTICULARLYSUSCEPTIBLETOBARGAININGBREAKDOWNTHISFINDING,HOWEVER,ONLYJUSTIFIESTHEPROVISIONOFSOMEINSURANCEITDOESNOTNECESSARILYSUPPORTTHECREATIONOFARIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALACCORDINGLY,PARTIVUNDERCUTSTHISJUSTIFICATIONASITDEMONSTRATESTHATTHEADOPTIONOFACOMMITMENTTOAUCTIONTHEENCUMBEREDPROPERTYPR
18、OVIDESTHESAMEINSURANCEATALOWERCOSTLIKEARIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSAL,ACOMMITMENTTOAUCTIONAVOIDSTHEPOSSIBILITYOFLOSTINSIDERIDIOSYNCRATICVALUETHROUGHFAILEDNEGOTIATIONS,BUTTHIRDPARTYBIDDERSAND,THUS,THEEXPECTEDREALIZATIONONTHESALEOFTHEPROPERTYARENOTASADVERSELYAFFECTEDBYTHEUSEOFTHEAUCTIONDEVICETHECLOSECORPORATIONM
19、ODELISTHEFOCUSOFPARTVTHERE,IARGUETHATCOVENTURERSOFTENWOULDWISHTOINHIBITTHEEXITOFMEMBERSASWELLASTOVETONEWADDITIONS,ANDTHATTHERELATIVELYHARMLESSLOOKINGRIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALHASBECOMETHELEGALLYACCEPTABLETOOLOFCHOICEFORACHIEVINGTHISGOALPARTVI,HOWEVER,SUGGESTSTHATINHIBITIONOFEXITDOESNOTADEQUATELYEXPLAINALLR
20、IGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSAL,ANDTHISPARTDEVELOPSOTHEREXPLANATIONS,CHIEFLYNETWORKEXTERNALITIES,TOFILLTHEGAPTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHEANALYSISAREBRIEFLYREVIEWEDINPARTVIIGIVENTHEPRESUMPTIONOFEFFICIENTCONTRACTINGINTHEPRIVATESECTOR,THEFOCUSOFTHISPARTISONSTATUTORYGRANTSOFRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSAL1ATYPICALRIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALT
21、HEFOLLOWINGARRANGEMENTISTYPICALOFTHECLASSICRIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALTHEOWNERANDLESSOROFAPROPERTYGRANTSTOTHELESSEEARIGHTTOMATCHTHETERMSOFANDPREEMPTANYSALEOFTHEPROPERTYNEGOTIATEDBETWEENTHEOWNERANDAPOTENTIALTHIRDPARTYBUYERDURINGTHETERMOFTHELEASETHISPREEMPTIONRIGHTESSENTIALLYALLOWSTHELESSEETOSTEPINTOTHESHOESO
22、FTHEPOTENTIALBUYERANDMAKETHEPURCHASEIF,AFTERRECEIPTOFNOTICEANDWITHINASPECIFIEDTIME,THELESSEEELECTSNOTTOEXERCISETHERIGHT,THEOWNERANDTHIRDPARTYBUYERHAVEAFIXEDTERMINWHICHTOEXECUTETHETRANSACTIONIFTHELESSEEELECTSNOTTOEXERCISEAND,FORSOMEREASON,THESALEISNOTCONSUMMATEDWITHTHETHIRDPARTYORISNOTCOMPLETEDWITHIN
23、THESPECIFIEDPERIOD,THERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALISREACTIVATEDANDTHELESSEEMUSTAGAINBEGIVENNOTICEANDTHERIGHTTOPREEMPTBEFORETHEPROPERTYMAYBESOLDBECAUSETHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALCOULDBECIRCUMVENTEDBYTHEOWNERSNEGOTIATIONOFASWAPOFTHEPROPERTYFORAUNIQUEPROPERTYOWNEDBYTHETHIRDPARTYBUYER,THECONTRACTPROVIDINGTHERIGHTOFFI
24、RSTREFUSALGRANTOFTENWILLCONFINETHEOWNERTONEGOTIATINGASALEFORCASHTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALDEVICEAPPARENTLYSERVESTWOPURPOSESFIRST,ITPROVIDESSOMESECURITYTOTHELESSEEALTHOUGHTHESALEOFTHEPROPERTYWOULDNOTDISRUPTTHELEASE,THELESSEEMAYCAREABOUTTHEIDENTITYOFHISLESSORUNDERTHISARRANGEMENT,IFTHEOWNERDECIDESTOSELL,TH
25、ELESSEEWILLATLEASTBEGIVENTHEOPPORTUNITYTOPURCHASESECOND,ALTHOUGHTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALMAYRESTRICTTHEOWNER,SHEISNOTLOCKEDINTOOWNERSHIPOFTHEASSETFORTHEFULLTERMOFTHELEASE2DIVERSITYINRIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALTERMSA“RIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSAL”ISSIMPLYAFANCYNAMEFORASMALLBUNDLEOFCONTRACTTERMSASSUCH,THEAPPLICATIONSANDVA
26、RIATIONSOFTHERIGHTARESEEMINGLYINFINITEINCONTRASTTOTHEGRANTOFARIGHTTOPURCHASE,THERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALMAYBEUSEDTOGRANTAPREEMPTIVERIGHTTOSELL,ARIGHTTOLEASE,ARIGHTTOEMPLOY,ORARIGHTTOBEEMPLOYEDTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALMAYBEGRANTEDFORALIMITEDDURATION,ASINTHERIGHTTOPREEMPTIVELYPURCHASEDURINGTHETERMOFALEASE,OR,
27、SUBJECTONLYTOCERTAINRULESBARRINGPERPETUITIES,THERIGHTMAYBEPERPETUAL,ASINTHECASEOFASHAREHOLDERSAGREEMENTTHATGRANTSACLOSECORPORATIONARIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALONANYSALEOFSHARESBYTHESHAREHOLDERSGENERALLY,THERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALISGRANTEDASONEELEMENTOFALARGERTRANSACTIONINMYFIRSTEXAMPLETHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALWASIN
28、CIDENTALTOTHELEASEOFPROPERTYITISCONCEIVABLE,HOWEVER,THATPARTIESMIGHTCONTRACTSOLELYFORTHEGRANTOFTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSAL3FIXEDPRICERIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALINMYEXAMPLEINVOLVINGTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALHELDBYTHELESSEE,THECONTRACTSPECIFIEDTHATTHERIGHTTOPREEMPTWOULDBEATTHEPRICENEGOTIATEDBETWEENTHEOWNERANDTHETHIRD
29、PARTYBUYERTHIS,INDEED,ISTHESTANDARDAPPROACHADOPTEDBYCONTRACTINGPARTIES,ANDITISANINTUITIVELYAPPEALINGARRANGEMENT,ASTHEOWNERISREQUIREDTODEVELOPANEXECUTABLEDEALANDTHEPRICEISASSUMEDTOBEATORNEARMARKETANALTERNATIVETOTHISARRANGEMENTISTHEGRANTOFARIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALATAFIXEDPRICEALTHOUGHRARELYSEENTODAY,SOMECO
30、NTRACTSHAVESPECIFIEDTHATIFTHEGRANTORCHOSETOSELLPARCELXWITHINACERTAINPERIOD,THEGRANTEEWOULDHAVETHERIGHTTOPURCHASETHEPARCELFORYBECAUSEAPARCELWOULDUNDOUBTEDLYBEWORTHSOMETHINGOTHERTHANYATTHETIMEARIGHTISTRIGGERED,SUCHAGRANTGENERALLYWOULDEITHERBEWORTHLESSTOTHEGRANTEEWHENTHEMARKETPRICEISBELOWYORWOULDPREVEN
31、TTHEGRANTORFROMSELLINGORCAUSEHERCONSIDERABLELOSSIFFORCEDTOSELLWHENTHEMARKETPRICEISABOVEYTHUS,THERARITYOFTHISVARIATIONISNOTSURPRISING4DISTINGUISHINGRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSALFROMOPTIONSALTHOUGHOFTENASSOCIATEDWITHOPTIONS,THERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALISNOTATRUEOPTIONTHEHOLDEROFANOPTIONTOPURCHASE,FORINSTANCE,HASAUNI
32、LATERALRIGHTTOTRIGGERTHEPURCHASEATTHEOPTIONPRICEDURINGTHETERMOFTHEOPTIONTHEHOLDEROFTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSAL,BYCONTRAST,HASONLYACONTINGENTOPTIONCONTINGENTUPONTHEGRANTORSDECISIONTOSELL,THERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALGRANTEEHASANOPTIONTOPURCHASE5ALTERNATIVESTOTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALISAMEANSOF
33、DEALINGWITHFORESEEABLE,BUTUNPREDICTABLE,CHANGESINBUSINESSRELATIONSHIPSTHEOPTION,DISCUSSEDABOVE,ISANALTERNATIVEMECHANISMFORMANAGINGACHANGEABLEENVIRONMENT,ANDTHERIGHTOFFIRSTOFFERISANOTHERTHERIGHTOFFIRSTOFFERISESSENTIALLYARIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALINREVERSEITSUSECANBEDEMONSTRATEDBYSUBSTITUTINGARIGHTOFFIRSTOFF
34、ERFORTHERIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALINTHELEASEEXAMPLETHELESSORGRANTSTHELESSEEARIGHTOFFIRSTOFFERIFTHELESSORDECIDESTOSELLTHEPROPERTYDURINGTHETERMOFTHELEASE,PERHAPSAFTERPRELIMINARYDISCUSSIONSWITHPOTENTIALBUYERS,THELESSEEWILLBEGIVENNOTICEANDASPECIFIEDPERIODDURINGWHICHTOMAKEANOFFERTOPURCHASETHEOWNERMAYACCEPTTHEOF
35、FERORMAY,WITHINASPECIFIEDPERIOD,SELLTOATHIRDPARTYHOWEVER,THEOWNERMAYNOTSELLTOATHIRDPARTYFORAPRICELESSTHANTHATOFFEREDBYTHELESSEEANOTHERALTERNATIVETOEMPLOYINGARIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSALISTHEADOPTIONOFACOMMITMENTTONEGOTIATEOFTENSEENINTHEEMPLOYMENTCONTEXT,THECOMMITMENTTONEGOTIATESPECIFIESAPERIODDURINGWHICHEACH
36、PARTYTOTHECONTRACTCOMMITSTONEGOTIATEEXCLUSIVELYWITHTHEOTHERSANDINGOODFAITHIFTIMEISCRITICAL,THEEXISTENCEOFANEXCLUSIVENEGOTIATINGPERIODPUTSSOMEPRESSUREONTHEPARTIESTOREACHAGREEMENTTHEVALUEOFANENTERTAINERWHOSESERVICESARESOENCUMBERED,FOREXAMPLE,MAYBEERODEDIFHEISKEPTOFFTHEMARKETFORSEVERALMONTHSPROPERTYTRA
37、NSACTIONS,HOWEVER,OFTENARELESSTIMESENSITIVE,ANDACOMMITMENTTONEGOTIATEMAYONLYDEFERATRANSACTIONWITHATHIRDPARTYATNOMINALCOSTTOTHEOWNERNOTEDAVIDIWALKER“RETHINKINGRIGHTSOFFIRSTREFUSAL”DISCUSSIONPAPERNO2618/99HARVARDLAWSCHOOLCAMBRIDGE,MA02138优先购买权的再思考大卫沃克一一间公司的紧密结合文件的许多条款,往往会出现一个项目(通常也向后)标记的“优先购买权。“通过这项规定
38、时,该公司承诺,将股份出售后,他们只与第三方谈判的价格,提供给他们的同胞在该股东的股份价格的股份的股东。尽管细节会有所不同,首次拒绝这种权利是商业合同,从加油站输油管抵押资产无处不在,从牲畜股股票,他们不局限于限制销售,甚至限制财产的处置。在第一拒绝权安排典型,至少有三个政党有牵连谁拥有者和权利人拥有的权利授予和一个或更多的潜在签约第三方买家。本文考察了各方对这些经济影响的补助金,并试图确定为什么缔约各方作出这样的承诺以及它们为什么采取这种特殊手段。本文有三个主要目标1、证明第一拒绝权成本上对缔约各方。曾考虑的几个问题的论者认为,第一次或以后的交易成本,权利,只要转让价值因拒绝在经济上的权利人
39、无害保人。如果在最坏的情况,一个简单的第一拒绝权转让合同当事人之间的价值,没有什么理由,将需要予以通过。传输可以得到补偿事前,如有必要,以后的交易从仪器将代表附加值的利益将产生的费用由缔约双方分歧。我的第一个目标,但是,要证明当事人采用第一拒绝权比招致争议和谈判成本。第一拒绝权劝阻潜在的高估价第三方投标人比赛进入购买,从而降低仪器卖家的预期实现。基于这个原因,优先购买权证明是成本上对缔约双方合计。2、反驳第一的思想,拒绝对谈判破裂的权利提供有效的保险。虽然第一拒绝权证明创建一个缔约方的净成本,并提供福利的权利。若干书籍和文章的第一拒绝权在公司范围内处理建议关闭该装置是用来保证兼容的管理,维护家
40、族控制,或以其他方式保护,从第三者的其余股东。这种目标的存在,但是,只能解释为什么内幕可能价值的财产,在这种情况下,股票,更高度比局外人,它没有解释为什么产权负担是必要的。据推测,如果内幕地方对股份或其他财产的最高价值,他会买他们当他们出售。这个理论基础,那么,必须有一个关于谈判的破裂进一步论证。充分阐述的那样,理由是内幕可能对一个属性和说,由于未能通过第一拒绝权提供的保险,这种价值可能是一个失败的谈判中失去了一个高公司特有的价值。虽然乐于助人,谈判击穿的解释是不完全具有说服力。本条的第二个目的是要反驳证明同样有效的谈判破裂对保险可以通过提供一个工具以较低的成本,我称之为一本拍卖承诺的理由。3
41、、表明,第一拒绝权,主要是希望抑制出口的动机。经拒绝了谈判击穿保险假说不足,我的第三个目标是开发的优先受让的权利持久性的替代解释。我主张从一个愿望不仅要确保,如果一个销售,B得有机会购买的财产,而是从一个愿望,以抑制从一开始销售的第一春,大多数拒绝的权利。换言之,在第一拒绝承诺在拍卖右选择必须解释他的愿望让渡来约束和保护现状。虽然在企业范围内可信的,并关闭其他共同创业的关系,这个理由并不能使所有在其中的优先购买权采用情况的感觉。在上下文中是抑制出口的理由没有说服力,但是,一般的第一取舍权进行增量成本较低,和仪器的毅力可以部分解释了网络外部性。第一部分介绍了第一次拒绝,他们的变化,和选择的权利,
42、以及一般担保的资产,通常涉及的参与者的用途。由于这些限制装置相关的术语不统一使用,本部分的目的之一是密切确定“真正的”第一拒绝权,这将是本文的重点。第二部分分析了第一次拒绝给予适当的成本。在这部分,我认为,缔约双方谁抵押权与优先购买权资产减少的资产竞标考虑第三方的预期收益。这种现象,我认为,阻碍投标者减少了对这种财产转让的预期实现。第三部分发展讨价还价击穿的理由。我认为,对高的内幕,其中第一拒绝权通常是找到使这些关系特别容易受到谈判破裂的关系特有的价值潜力。这一发现,但是,只有证明了一些保险方面,它并不一定支持第一拒绝权的设定。因此,第四部分削弱这个理由,因为它表明,一个承诺,通过拍卖抵押财产
43、提供了以较低的成本相同的保险。像第一拒绝权,以拍卖承诺通过谈判失败避免内幕特有的价值损失的可能性,但第三方的投标人,因此,对物业的销售并不如预期实现的使用而受到不利影响拍卖设备。该公司的模式是关闭的第五部分的重点在那里,我认为,合作合营往往会想抑制出口的成员以及新增加的否决权,而且相对无害的第一拒绝前瞻性权已成为法律上可以接受的首选工具,为实现这一目标。第六部分,不过,暗示出境抑制不充分解释第一拒绝所有权利,而这部分开发其他的解释,主要是网络外部性,填补了国内空白。根据分析的影响进行了简要回顾了第七部分。由于工程在有效私营部门推定,这部分的重点是第一拒绝权法定的赠款。1、一个典型的第一拒绝权。
44、下面的安排是第一拒绝权典型的经典业主和物业津贴出租人向承租人有权匹配的任何条款和抢占之间的所有者和潜在的第三方购买者谈判期间出售物业在租赁期限。这优先购买权基本上允许承租人步入潜在买方的鞋和购买。后,如果通知并在规定的时间后,承租人不行使选举的权利,业主和第三方买方有一个固定的任期来执行交易。如果承租人选择不行使,出于某种原因,没有完善的销售与第三方或者是没有在指定时间内完成,第一拒绝权被重新激活,承租人必须再次发出通知,并有权抢占财产以前可能被出售。由于第一拒绝权可以由业主规避由第三方买方拥有一个独特的财产的一种财产交换的谈判,合同的第一拒绝提供授予权往往会限制业主谈判出售现金。优先受让的权
45、利显然装置有两个目的。首先,它提供一些安全的承租人。虽然出售的物业不会破坏租赁,承租人可以关心他的出租人的身份。根据这项安排,如果业主决定出售,承租人将至少有机会购买。第二,虽然第一拒绝权可能限制的老板,她没有被锁定到了在租赁资产所有权足月。2、多样性在第一拒绝权的条款。一个“优先拒绝权”只是一种一小束合同条款的花哨名称。因此,应用程序和权利的变化似乎是无限的。与此相反的一种权利购买津贴,优先受让的权利可能被用来授予优先购买权出售,出租的权利,有权聘用或拟聘用的权利。优先受让的权利可能被授予有限的时间,如在购买的权利先发制人期间,租赁,或在符合一定的规则只禁止恒继,可能是永久的权利而言,如在股
46、东情况的协议,授予ACLOSE公司第一拒绝在任何股东转让股份的权利。一般来说,被授予第一拒绝权作为一个元素一个更大的交易在我的第一个例子中的第一取舍权是附带的,财产租赁。可以想象,但是,合同当事人可以在第一拒绝权出让金支付。3、第一拒绝定价权利。在我的例子涉及承租人,明确了权利,抢先将在与业主和第三方买方谈判价格的合同举行的第一取舍权。这实际上是标准的做法,缔约方通过,它是一个直观吸引人的安排,作为所有者的要求制定一个可执行的交易和价格假设为达到或接近市场。就这种安排的选择是第一拒绝权授予在一个固定的价格。虽然今天很少见到,一些合同有规定,如果设保人选择在一定期限内出售包裹X上,持证人将有权购
47、买美元的包裹因为包裹华无疑是值得其他东西比Y在该权利是触发时,这种资助一般要么是不值钱的承授人(当市场价格低于Y是),或者将防止销售让与人或造成大量损失,如果她被迫卖掉(当市场价格美元以上)。因此,这种变化稀有是不足为奇的。4、区分权利首先从选项拒绝虽然常常与方案相关,优先受让的权利是不是真正的选择。期权的购买者,例如,有一个触发单方面权利在期权期限在期权价格购买。在第一拒绝权人,相比之下,只有一个队伍的选择。经让与人或然出售的决定,首次拒绝专营权购买选择权。5、替代品的优先购买权。第一拒绝权是在可预见的业务关系,但不可预测的,改变处理方式。该选项,上面的讨论,是管理一个多变的环境中替代机制,
48、以及第一个报价的权利是另一回事。第一要约权本质上是反优先购买权。它的使用被证明可以通过替换为优先受让权的租赁例如第一个报价的权利出租人赋予承租人以第一次报价的权利。如果出租方决定出售在租赁期间财产或许,在与潜在买家进行初步讨论,承租人将发出通知,并在指定的期间作出要约购买。业主可以接受要约或可在指定时间内,出售给第三方。但是,所有人不得出售给第三方的价格不是由承租人所提供的少。另一种选择聘用第一拒绝权是通过谈判的承诺。通常在就业方面来看,谈判的承诺指定的期间每年向合同当事人协商承诺与其他(S)和真诚完全。如果时间很关键,对存在的独家谈判期间提出一些有关各方施加压力,以达成一致意见。一个艺人,他们的服务是如此的拖累,例如,值可能会受到削弱,如果他保持了数月的市场。产权交易,然而,常常是更短的时间敏感,并承诺谈判只能推迟与以象征式的费用向业主第三方的交易。注一,大卫沃克“反思优先申请权”的讨论文件第261号8/99哈佛法学院,剑桥,MA02138