1、直接引语和间接引语详解与习题 一、直接引语和间接引语的定义1. 直接引语：别人直接说的话，一般直接放在引号内。如：(1) My mother told me, “You should finish your homework first, then you can play with your friends.”(2) Our teacher said, “Class is over, we should have a rest.”2. 间接引语：用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是：(1) My mother told me that I should
2、finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends.(2) Our teacher said class was over and we should have a rest.二、直接引语与间接引语的变化直接引语变成间接引语时，由于引述动词（said，told 等）一般都是过去时形式，因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况：1. 现在时间推移到过去时间所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变成过去进行时，现在完成
3、时变成过去完成时。例如：She said, “I am hungry.” She said (that) she was hungry.Vince said, “I have found whats wrong with the computer.” Vince said he had found what was wrong with the computer.在下列场合，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变，即：(1) 当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时：He said, “The word laser is an acronym(首字母缩略词)
4、.” He said the word laser is an acronym.(2) 当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时：“Im forty,” he said. He said he is forty.(3) 当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时：He said, “It must be pretty late. I really must go.” He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go.He said, “You mustnt smoke in the room.” He said I mustnt smo
5、ke in the room.2. 过去时间推移到过去的过去这里需要注意以下几点：(1) 当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时，一般过去时要变成过去完成体。例如：He said, “I didnt know you.” He said he hadnt known me.当“过去的过去”已经不言自明，或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现，或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时，一般过去时形式可以不变。例如：Ann said, “She was born in 1981.” Ann said she was born in 1981.(2) 过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时，也可以不变。例如：Robert said
6、, “I was joking with Mary.” Robert said he had been joking with Mary.Robert said he was joking with Mary.(3) 过去完成时仍为过去完成时，不需改变。例如：He said, “We hadnt returned to the store when she came.” He said they hadnt returned to the store when she came.(4) 时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如：John said, “When I lived i
7、n London I often saw Jane.” John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane.3. 将来时间推移到过去将来时间最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如：He said, “Were spending next weekend at home.” He said they were spending the next weekend at home.They said, “Were going to Hawaii this summer vacation.” They said t
8、hey were going to Hawaii that summer vacation.但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间，那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间。例如：He said, “Ill be waiting for you tomorrow.” He said he will be waiting for me tomorrow.4. 人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化由上面的例子可以看出，当直接引语变成间接引语时，除动词时态变化外，人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。(1) 人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二人称变为第三
9、人称，或者第二人称变为第一人称；限定词也作相应的变化。例如：He said, “We love our country.” He said they love their county.(2) 指示代词 this，these 分别变成 that/it，those/they 或 them；指示限定词this，those 通常变为 that，those 或 the。例如：“This house is very expensive,” she said. She said that house was very expensive.(3) 时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况：a. 时间状语和动词时
10、态两者都变。例如：He said, “It was completes a year ago.” He said it had been completed a year before.b. 时间状语不变，动词时态可变可不变。例如：She said, “We left Paris at 8 a.m.” She said they had left Paris at 8 a.m.She said they left Paris at 8 a.m.c. 时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定，如果引述时间和说话时间（如同一年、同一月、同一天等），时间状语可不变。例如：Mr. Black said, “W
11、e started learning Chinese last month.” Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese last month. （同一月引述） Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese the previous month. （可在同一月引述，也可不在同一月引述）直接引语 间接引语today that day this morning/afternoon that morning/afternoonyesterday the day before, the prev
12、ious day(the) day before yesterday two days beforetomorrow the next day, the following day(the) day after tomorrow two days after, in two days timenext week/month the next week/monthlast week/month the week/month beforenow then(4) 地点状语 here 通常变为 there；但若说话人所在地也就是引述人所在地，可仍用here，也可用具体地点代替 here。例如：She
13、said, “I first met your brother here.” She said she first met my brother there.“Are the children here?” Father asked. Father asked whether the children were here.三、直接引语和间接引语正误例析1. “Speak English more often in and out of class,” our English teacher said to us. Our English teacher suggested us to spea
14、k English more often in and out of class. (误) Our English teacher told /asked us to speak English more often in and out of class. (正) Our English teacher suggested that we (should)speak English more often in and out of class. (正) 简析：直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带 to 的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据语气需要使用 ask, tell,
15、order 等动词，其句型是：ask/tell/order someone to do sth.，但是 suggest 不能接不定式作宾补，只能接-ing 形式或从句(从句用虚拟语气)作宾语。 2. “Dont play football on the street, little boys,” the policeman said. The policeman told the little boys did not play football on the street. (误) The policeman told the little boys not to play football
16、 on the street. (正) 简析：如果直接引语是祈使句的否定式，变为间接引语时,要将其改为不定式的否定形式作宾补，不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加 not，而不是加 do not, does not, did not等。 3. “Would you please do me the favor to carry the box upstairs?” the young woman said to me. The young woman ordered me to carry the box upstairs for her. (误)The young woman asked me
17、to carry the box upstairs for her. (正) 简析：直接引语是一些表示请求、建议的疑问句，变为间接引语时，也变为不定式作宾语补足语。需要注意的是应根据原句的语气选用恰当的动词。因为此处原来的疑问句用的是很客气的语气，改写后不宜用 order。 4. “You clean the classroom after class today, Tom,” said the monitor. The monitor said that Tom cleaned the classroom after class that day.(误) The monitor told T
18、om to clean the classroom after class that day. (正) 简析：一般而言，祈使句是以动词原形开头的，但是如果说话人有意强调动作执行者，也可以在句首加上主语。我们在将其变为间接引语时不能将带有主语的祈使句与陈述句混淆起来。 5. “Its a fine day. Lets go to the country for a picnic,” Peter said to me. Peter told me that it was a fine day and let us go to the country for a picnic. (误) Peter
19、said that it was a fine day and asked me to go to the country for a picnic with him. (正) 简析：当直接引语中有多种句子形式如陈述句、祈使句、疑问句等时，我们就要用不同的方式将各种句子进行转述。因为原句中直接引语前面部分是陈述句，故变为由 that 引导的宾语从句，后面部分是祈使句所以变为不定式作宾补。直接引语变间接引语的技巧一、如何变人称; 下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人
20、称变化如： She said. “My brother wants to go with me.“ She said her brother wanted to go with her. “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如： He said to Kate. “How is your sister now?“ He asked Kate how her sister was then。 “第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第
21、三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如： Mr. Smith said: “Jack is a good worker。“Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker。 二、如何变时态： 直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。 现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：1) She said. “I have lost a pen.“ She said she had lost a pen. 2) She said. “We hope so.“ She said they hoped so. 3) She
22、said. “He will go to see his friend。“She said he would go to see his friend。 但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。 直接引语是客观真理。 “The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
23、 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如： Jack said. “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?” Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said. “I was born on April 20, 1980。“ Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。 直接引语如果是一般现在时。
24、表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如： He said, “I get up at six every morning。“ He said he gets up at six every morning。 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例： could, should, would, might）不再变。如： Peter said. “You had better come have today。“ Peter said I had better go there that
25、 day。 三、如何变状语： 直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规则，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now 变为 then, yesterday 变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为 that),如： He said, “These books are mine.“ He said those books were his. 四、如何变句型： 直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由 that 引导的宾语从句。如：She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minu
26、tes.“ She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由 whether或 if 引导的宾语从句.如： He said, “Can you swim, John?“ He asked John if he could swim. “You have finished the homework, havent you?“ my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework. “
27、Do you go to school by bus or by bike?“ He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike. 直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。 She asked me, “When do they have their dinner?“ She asked me when they had their dinner. 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“tell(ask, order, beg 等) sb.(not) to do sth.“句型。如
28、： “Dont make any noise,“ she said to the children. She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. “Bring me a cup of tea, please,“ said she. She asked him to bring her a cup of tea. 直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如： He said, “ Lets go to the film.“ He suggested going to
29、the film.或 He suggested that they should go to see the film. 引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如： John said, “Im going to London with my father.“ 约翰说：“我要和父亲到伦敦去。“（引号内是直接引语） John said that he was going to London with his father. 约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下情况： 1、
30、直接引语是陈述句时 间接引语为 that 引导的宾语从句（口语中 that 可以省略），主句的引述动词主要say ,tell, repeat, explain, think 等。 He said, “You are younger than I.” He said (that) I was younger than him. 2、直接引语是疑问句时 间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词 say 改为 ask,或改为 wonder, do not know,want to know, be not sure, be puzzled 等。 （1） 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为 if (whether)
31、引导的宾语从句。 She said, “Do you often come here to read newspapers?“ She asked me if (或 whether)I often went there to read newspapers. She asked me, “You have seen the film, havent you?“ She asked me whether(或 if )I had seen the film. （2） 选择疑问句变为 whether.or 宾语从句。 I asked him, “Will you stay at home or go
32、 to a film tonight?“ I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night. (3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。 He asked, “Where do you live?“ He asked me where I lived. 3、直接引语是祈使句时 间接引语为不定式，作 ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise 等动词的宾语补足语（dont 变为 not ）. The teacher said to the boy, “Open the w
33、indow.“ The teacher told the boy to open the window. His father said to him, “Dont leave the door open.” His father told him not to leave the door open. 注意 （1） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用 suggest ,insist 等动词 加以转述。例如： He said, “Lets go to the theatre.“ He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或 He suggest
34、ed that we(should) go to the theatre. (2) “Would you mind opening the window?“ he asked. He asked me to open the window. “Why dont you take a walk after supper?“ he asked. he advised me to take a walk after supper. “Shall we listen to the music?“ he asked. He suggested listening to the music. 4、直接引语
35、是感叹句时 间接引语为 what 或 how 引导，也可以用 that 引导。 She said, “What a lovely day it is !“ She said what a lovely day it was .或 She said that it was a lovely day. 5、如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化： （1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时 （2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时 （3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时 （4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时 （5） 一般过去
36、时变为过去完成时 （6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时 注意 （1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如： The teacher said “The earth goes round the sun.“ The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. （2） 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如： He said to me, “I was born in 1973.“ He told me that he was born in 1973. (3
37、)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如： He said, “Im a boy, not a girl.“ He said that he is a boy,not a girl. (4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如： The girl said, “I get up at six every morning.“ The girl said that she gets up at six every morning. (5)如果直接引语中含有 since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如： He said to me, “I have taught English since he came here.“
