1、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译THECOMPARISONOFHOUSINGSAFEGUARDSYSTEMBETWEENCHINAANDJAPANWITHASERIESOFGOVERNMENTREGULATIONOFTHEREALESTATEMARKET,POLICYIMPLEMENTATION,PEOPLECONCERNEDABOUTTHE“PRICESROSETOOFAST,“REALESTATELOCALOVERHEATING“,BUTALSOINCREASINGLYAWAREOFLETTHELOWINCOMEPEOPLEACHIEVETHE“HOMEOWNERSHIP,“INFACTISTHE
2、GOVERNMENTREGULATIONOFTHISQUESTIONINTHEPROPERMEANING,ANDBECOMECHINASSOCIALSECURITYSYSTEMISANIMPORTANTCOMPONENTHOUSINGSECURITYSYSTEMINTHISREGARD,OURLATESTART,STILLINTHEEXPLORATION,PRACTICESTAGEPROPUPTHE“LEGALUMBRELLA“JAPANSHOUSINGSECURITYLAWUPTO40FILMSJAPANISANISLANDSURROUNDEDBYTHESEA,TYPICALLYLESSPE
3、OPLEANDMORECOUNTRIES,HOUSINGHASALWAYSBEENTENSE,PARTICULARLYAFTERWORLDWARII,FACEMORESEVEREHOUSINGSHORTAGEFIRST,THEJAPANESEGOVERNMENTCARRIEDOUTINTHELEGISLATIONSYSTEMOFSUPPORTSUCHASTHEJAPANESEGOVERNMENTHASFORMULATEDANDIMPLEMENTEDTHE“HOUSINGFINANCECORPORATIONLAW“1950,“PUBLICHOUSINGLAW“1951,“JAPANHOUSING
4、PUBLICCORPORATIONLAW“1955,“URBANHOUSINGSCHEMEACT“1966ANDSOONSINCETHENTHEYHAVEWORKEDOUTASERIESOFRELEVANTLAWSANDREGULATIONS,ANDGRADUALLYESTABLISHANDIMPROVEHOUSINGSECURITYSYSTEMOFLAW,SUCHLAWSWEREENACTEDMORETHAN40CHINASHOUSINGSECURITYSYSTEM,STARTUPSIN1998,THESTATECOUNCILDOCUMENTNO23,“THESTATECOUNCILONFU
5、RTHERDEEPENINGTHEURBANHOUSINGSYSTEMREFORM,SPEEDUPHOUSINGCONSTRUCTIONINTHENOTICE“CLEARLYSTATED“THEESTABLISHMENTANDIMPROVEMENTOFAFFORDABLEHOUSINGBASEDHOUSINGSUPPLYSYSTEMLOWESTINCOMEHOUSEHOLDSORUNITSLEASEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTPROVIDELOWRENTHOUSINGINLOWINCOMEFAMILIESBUYAFFORDABLEHOUSINGOTHERHIGHINCOMEFAMILIES
6、TOPURCHASE,LEASEMARKETPRICEOFCOMMODITYHOUSING“THUS,WITHTHEHOUSINGSUPPLYSYSTEMDEVELOPMENT,CHINASHOUSINGSECURITYSYSTEMINTOTHEREALOPERATIONSTAGEGOVERNMENT“VISIBLEHAND“TOSHOWTHEEFFECTJAPANESESTRONGADMINISTRATIVEMEASURESJAPANESEGOVERNMENTSETUPASPECIALCOORDINATINGBODYTHEDECISIONMAKINGMINISTRYOFCONSTRUCTIO
7、NHOUSINGBUREAU,HOUSINGCONSTRUCTIONBEHALFOFTHEGOVERNMENTTOEXERCISETHEFUNCTIONSOFDECISIONMAKINGANDMANAGEMENTOVERSIGHTCONSTRUCTIONOFTHECONCRETEIMPLEMENTATIONOFPUBLICHOUSINGAGENCIESFORHOUSINGCORPORATION,ASWELLASTHEPOLICYOFHOUSINGFINANCEINSTITUTIONSHOUSINGFINANCECORPORATION,HOUSINGCONSTRUCTIONANDPURCHASE
8、OFHOUSINGFORTHELONGTERMLOWINTERESTFINANCINGCHINAHASNOTYETFULLYESTABLISHEDGOVERNMENTFUNCTIONSINCHINA,REFORMOFTHEHOUSINGMARKET,HOUSINGSECURITYSYSTEMSUITEDTOTHECONSTRUCTIONHASMADENOSMALLACHIEVEMENT,BUTOBJECTIVELYSPEAKING,ISSTILLSLOWRELEVANTDEPARTMENTSOFCITYGOVERNMENTHOUSINGSUPPORTFUNCTIONSHASNOTBEENFUL
9、LYESTABLISHED,THEREISSTILLAPARTOFTHEBASICHOUSINGNEEDSOFLOWINCOMEFAMILIESHAVENOTBEENRESOLVEDAPRIL30,2005,THEMINISTRYOFCONSTRUCTIONANDOTHERSEVENMINISTRIESISSUED“ONEFFORTSTOSTABILIZEHOUSINGPRICESWORK“,INRELATIONTOHOUSINGSUPPORTREEMPHASIZEDTOSTRENGTHENPLANNINGCONTROL,TOIMPROVETHEHOUSINGSUPPLYSTRUCTUREST
10、RENGTHENTHEAFFORDABLEHOUSINGCONSTRUCTION,THESTRICTGOVERNMENTGUIDANCEIMPROVELOWRENTHOUSINGSYSTEMTOEXPANDCOVERAGEOFLOWRENTHOUSINGSYSTEMENCOURAGETHEDEVELOPMENTOFANDREGULATETHERENTALHOUSINGINDUSTRY,THEMULTIPLECHANNELSTOINCREASEHOUSINGSUPPLYANDIMPROVEHOUSINGSECURITYCAPABILITIESWHOPROVIDESPUBLICHOUSINGJAP
11、ANPUBLICLIBRARYCORPORATIONCOMMUNEMODEOFSUPPLYOFPUBLICHOUSINGINJAPAN,MAINLYINTHEJAPANESEHOUSINGFINANCECORPORATION,JAPANHOUSINGCORPORATIONANDLOCALURBANINTEGRATIONOFHOUSINGSUPPLYCORPORATIONASTHEMAINBODYHOUSINGFINANCECORPORATIONWHICHASSUMESTHEDUTIESOFRESIDENTIALFINANCING,THELATTERTWOAREDIRECTLYRESPONSIB
12、LEFORBUILDINGANDPROVIDINGHOUSINGCHINATOSUPPORTTHECONSTRUCTIONOFAFFORDABLEHOUSINGHOUSINGNEEDSFORLOWINCOMEGROUPS,THECHINESEGOVERNMENTADOPTEDMARKETORIENTEDSEMIPROTECTIONSYSTEM,THEMAINWAYISTOBUILDAFFORDABLEHOUSINGMAY2004,THEMINISTRYOFCONSTRUCTION“URBANCONSTRUCTIONANDMANAGEMENTOFAFFORDABLEHOUSING,“CLEARL
13、YSTATESAFFORDABLEHOUSINGREFERSTOLOWINCOMEFAMILIESINHARDSHIPFORTHESUPPLYOFTHENATUREOFTHEOBJECTWITHTHESECURITYPOLICYOFCOMMERCIALHOUSINGAFFORDABLEHOUSINGTOTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFHOUSINGPRICES,HOUSESIZE,SOLDTHREECONTROLSCONSTRUCTIONUNITTOCONTROLTHEPROFITSOFLESSTHAN3COUNTRIESTOSUPPORTAFFORDABLEHOUSINGPROJECT
14、S,REDUCEDEVELOPMENTANDCONSTRUCTIONCOSTSTOTHEENDOF2004,CONSTRUCTIONOFAFFORDABLEHOUSINGHASREACHED750BILLIONYUANTOTALINVESTMENTHOWEVER,AFFORDABLEHOUSING,THEPROPORTIONOFTOTALHOUSINGCONSTRUCTIONISSTILLTOOLOW,AVERAGINGLESSTHAN15FINANCIALSUBSIDIESTOKNOWTWOFORMSOFSUBSIDIESINJAPANONEISGOVERNMENTFUNDSONEFORLO
15、WINCOMEFAMILIESRENT,HOUSINGSUBSIDIES,ONTHEOTHERHANDUSEDTOFINANCEPUBLICHOUSINGTHESECONDISTHEGOVERNMENTSFINANCIALINVESTMENTLOANS,ONEISFORRESIDENTIALHOUSINGCONSTRUCTIONINURBANINTEGRATIONCORPORATIONSINVESTMENTLOANS,ONTHEOTHERHANDISTHEFUNDSTOLENDTOHOUSINGFINANCEPUBLICLIBRARY,ANDTHENBYTHELATTERFORTHECONST
16、RUCTIONOFPUBLICHOUSINGANDTOGRANTINGHOUSINGLOANSTOLOWINCOMEDISADVANTAGEDGROUPSINCHINAFORTHEPROTECTIONOFNONMARKETATPRESENT,THELOWESTINCOMEFAMILYHOUSINGSECURITYWORKPROGRESSIN35DIFFERENTCITIES,MANYCITIESINTHEPAYMENTOFRENTALHOUSINGSUBSIDIES,SUCHASNOWLIVEINPUBLICHOUSINGRENTRELIEFMODEOFEXPLORATIONTHECURREN
17、TPRACTICEISTOPROVIDELOWCOSTHOUSINGTHEMOSTIMPORTANT2004“ISSUEDBYTHELOWESTINCOMEURBANFAMILIESRENTHOUSINGMANAGEMENTAPPROACH“,LOWRENTHOUSINGTOPROTECTTHEWAYOFGRANTINGHOUSINGRENTALSUBSIDIESTOHIGHLIGHTTHEMAINSHIWUPEIZUANDSUPPLEMENTEDBYRENTDEDUCTIONTOENJOYLOWRENTHOUSINGFORFAMILIESWITHPERCAPITAHOUSINGPROTECT
18、IONAREASTANDARDS,INPRINCIPLE,THELOCALPERCAPITAHOUSINGAREAOFMORETHAN60IMPLEMENTTAXBREAKSPARTOFTHEJAPANESEGRANTEXEMPTIONFROMGIFTTAXTHEJAPANESEGOVERNMENTPROMULGATEDTHE“HOUSINGMADEFORTHETAXSYSTEM“PROVIDESTHATUSEOFSELFBUILTHOUSINGLOANS,SINCETHEPURCHASEOFTHERESIDENTS,IN5YEARSYOUCANDEDUCTFROMANNUALINCOMETH
19、EYEAR1OFRESIDENTIALLOANS,WHILE,ONTHEPROPERTYREGISTRATIONTAX,REALESTATETAX,URBANCONSTRUCTIONTOTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTAXRELIEF,ANDEVENSOMEOFTHEHOUSINGGRANTFUNDSEXEMPTFROMGIFTTAXWHATARETHEFINANCIALPOLICIESJAPANSMONETARYPOLICYMODELOFHYBRIDTHISMODELISCHARACTERIZEDBYTHECENTRALBANKFORTHELEADERSHIP,PRIVATEFINA
20、NCIALINSTITUTIONSASTHEMAINPOLICIESOFFINANCIALINSTITUTIONS,ANDSUPPLEMENTEDWITHOFFICIALSANDPEOPLEGOVERNMENTHOUSINGFINANCEINSTITUTIONSHAVERESIDENTIALFINANCECORPORATION,HOUSINGCORPORATION,HOUSINGASSOCIATIONSANDOTHERFINANCIALGUARANTEETHEPRIVATESECTORHOUSINGFINANCEINSTITUTIONS,INCLUDINGHOUSINGFINANCEBYTHE
21、PROFESSIONALCOMPANY,LABORTREASURY,HOUSINGASSOCIATIONSANDSOONINHOUSINGLOANS,THEAGENCIESHAVEDIFFERENTAPPROACHES,HERE,ONLYTHEPUBLICLIBRARYANDTHEHOUSINGFINANCECOMPANYHOUSINGFINANCECOMPARISONSHOWSANEXAMPLECHINASSOCIALHOUSINGFUNDTOBENEFITTHELARGESTSURFACETHEFACEOFMIDDLEINCOMESTRATUMOFTHEHOUSINGACCUMULATIO
22、NFUNDSYSTEM,CHINAHASBECOMETHEBIGGESTSOCIALBENEFITSIDEHOUSINGSECURITYSYSTEMTHISISACOMBINATIONOFFORCEANDTOENCOURAGETHESYSTEMISTOPROTECTTHEORDINARYPEOPLETHEMOSTIMPORTANTMARKETORIENTEDPOLICYOFPURCHASECHANNELSFORPARTICIPATION1999“HOUSINGFUNDMANAGEMENTREGULATIONS“THEPROMULGATIONOFTHEHOUSINGPROVIDENTFUNDMA
23、NAGEMENTINTOTHELEGALSYSTEMANDSTANDARDIZEDDEVELOPMENTTRACKPROVIDENTFUNDINTERESTRATE,THEMAXIMUMAMOUNTANDOTHERSPECIFICSTANDARDSARECONSTANTLYDYNAMICADJUSTMENTMARCH2005,THEMINISTRYOFCONSTRUCTIONINCREASEDTHELEVELOFINDIVIDUALHOUSINGPROVIDENTFUNDLOANINTERESTRATES018PERCENTAGEPOINTSAMONGTHEM,5YEARSINCLUDINGT
24、HEFOLLOWINGLOANSFROMTHECURRENT378ANNUALINTERESTRATEADJUSTEDTO3965YEARS423INTERESTRATELOANSFROMTHECURRENTADJUSTEDTO441中日住房保障制度比较随着我国政府对房地产市场一系列的调控政策实施，人们在关注“房价涨幅过快”、“房地产局部过热”的同时，也越来越意识到让中低收入者实现“居者有其屋”，其实也是政府本次调控的题中应有之义，并成为了我国社会保障体系中的一个重要组成部分。在住房保障体系建设这方面，我国起步较晚，还处于摸索、实践阶段。撑起“法律保护伞”日本住房保障法律多达40余部日本是一个
25、四面环海的岛国，典型的人多地少国家，住房历来紧张，尤其是二战后，面临更严峻的住房短缺问题。日本政府首先在立法上进行了制度支持。如日本政府先后制定实施了住房金融公库法1950年、公营住宅法1951年、日本住宅公团法1955年、城市住房计划法1966年等。此后又陆续制定了一系列相关法规，逐步建立健全住房保障的法律体系，这类法律共颁布40多部。中国住房保障体制刚起步1998年，国务院23号文件国务院关于进一步深化城镇住房制度改革、加快住房建设的通知中明确提出“建立和完善以经济适用住房为主的住房供应体系。最低收入家庭租赁由政府或单位提供的廉租住房；中低收入家庭购买经济适用住房；其他收入高的家庭购买、租
26、赁市场价商品住房”。由此，伴随着住房供应体系发展，中国的住房保障体系建设进入真正意义上的运行阶段。政府“有形之手”显示作用日本行政手段强硬日本政府成立了专门的决策协调机构建设省住宅局，代表政府行使住房建设决策和管理监督的职能。具体实施公房建设的机构为住房公团，还有政策性的住房金融机构住房金融公库，为住房建设和购买住房提供长期低息资金。中国政府职能尚未完全确立在中国，与住房市场化改革相适应的住房保障制度建设已经取得不小成就，但客观而言，仍是进展缓慢。城市政府相关部门的住房保障职能还没有完全确立，仍有一部分低收入家庭的基本住房需求还没有得到解决。2005年4月30日，建设部等七部委发布的关于做好稳
27、定住房价格工作的意见中，就住房保障再次强调强化规划调控，改善住房供应结构；加强经济适用住房建设，严格实行政府指导价；完善廉租住房制度，扩大廉租住房制度覆盖面；鼓励发展并规范住房出租业，多渠道增加住房供给，提高住房保障能力。公共住房谁提供日本公库公团公社日本公共住房的供应模式，主要以日本住宅金融公库、日本住宅都市整合公团和地方住宅供给公社为主体。其中住宅金融公库承担住宅资金融通的职责，后两者直接负责建设和提供住宅。中国国家扶持经济适用房建设针对低收入群体的住房需求，中国政府采用了半市场化的保障制度，主要方式是建设经济适用房。2004年5月，建设部城镇经济适用住房建设管理办法明确指出经济适用住房是
28、指以中低收入家庭困难户为供应对象的具有保障性质的政策性商品住房。经济适用房要实行房价、户型面积、销售对象3个控制。建设单位利润要控制在3以内。国家对经济适用房项目予以扶持，降低开发建设成本。至2004年底，全国经济适用房建设累计完成投资已达7500亿元。但经济适用房占住房建设比重仍过低，平均不到15。财政补贴知多少日本两种形式补贴一种是政府财政拨款一方面用于低收入家庭的租房、购房补贴，另一方面用于资助公营住宅建设。第二种是政府的财政投资性贷款，一方面是对住宅都市整合公团住房建设的投资贷款，另一方面是将资金贷给住房金融公库，再由后者用于建设公共住房和向低收入者发放住房贷款见表一。中国针对困难群体
29、进行非市场化保障目前，中国最低收人家庭住房保障工作在35个大中城市进展不一，不少城市进行了如发放租赁住房补贴方式、现住公房租金减免方式等的探索。当前最主要做法是提供廉租住房。2004年发布的城镇最低收人家庭廉租住房管理办法规定，廉租住房的保障方式突出以发放住房租赁补贴为主、实物配租和租金核减为辅；享受廉租住房的家庭人均住房保障面积标准，原则上不超过当地人均住房面积的60。税收实行减免优惠日本赠款部分免征赠与税在日本政府颁布的住宅取得促进税制中规定利用住宅贷款自建、自购的居民，在5年内可以从每年的所得税中扣除当年的住宅贷款余额的1，另外，对财产登记税、不动产所得税、城市建设实行税等实行减免，甚至
30、对住房资金中的赠款部分免征赠与税。都有哪些金融政策日本采用混合型金融政策模式这种模式的特点是，以央行为领导，民间金融机构为主体，政策性金融机构为补充，官民结合。政府住房金融机构有住宅金融公库、住房公团、住宅融资保证协会等；民间的住房金融机构由包括住宅金融专业公司、劳动金库、住房社团等。在住房贷款方面，各机构做法各有不同，在此，仅以住房金融公库和住房金融专业公司为例进行比较说明见表三。中国住房公积金社会受益面最大这项面对中等收入者阶层的住房公积金制度，已经成为中国社会受益面最大的住房保障制度。这是一项强制与鼓励相结合的制度，是保障普通老百姓市场化购房的最重要的政策参与渠道。1999年住房公积金管理条例的颁布，使住房公积金管理纳入法制化、规范化的发展轨道。有关公积金贷款利率、最高额度等具体标准也在不断动态调整中。2005年3月，建设部上调各档次个人住房公积金贷款利率018个百分点。其中，5年含以下贷款由现行年利率378调整为396；5年以上贷款由现行年利率423调整为441。
