1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文RURALDIVERSICATIONINTHEBALTICCOUNTRYSIDEALOCALPERSPECTIVEABSTRACTTODAYRURALDIVERSIFICATIONISHIGHONTHEAGENDAINRURALDEVELOPMENTTHISARTICLEANALYSESRURALDIVERSIFICATIONUNDERCONDITIONSOFPOSTSOCIALISTECONOMICTRANSITIONUSINGCASEAREASINLATVIAANDESTONIATHESTUDYSHOWSTHATTRANSITIONFROMCENTRALLY
2、PLANNEDECONOMYTOMARKETECONOMYHASHADANENORMOUSIMPACTINTHERURALAREASAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONANDEMPLOYMENTHASDECREASEDDRAMATICALLYANDRURALUNEMPLOYMENTISHIGHTHECONDITIONSFORRURALDIVERSIFICATIONTHEFIRSTYEARSAFTERINDEPENDENCEDEPENDEDALOTONTHELOCALPRESENCEOFNONFARMACTIVITIESBEFORETHESPLITUPOFCOLLECTIVEFARMIN
3、G,INBOTHPRODUCTIONFACILITIESBUTALSOINTHESKILLSANDRELATIONSPEOPLEHADSINCEINDEPENDENCE,MARKETSFORTRADITIONALRURALSERVICESANDPRODUCTSHAVEDECREASEDTHEEXTENTTOWHICHLOCALBUSINESSESFINDMARKETSOUTSIDETHELOCALAREAANDPEOPLEHAVEBEENABLETOINTEGRATEINTOTHENEWLABOURMARKETOFSERVICEANDCONSTRUCTIONJOBSOFTENINURBANAR
4、EASAREESSENTIALFORTHEDIVERSIFICATIONOFTHERURALECONOMYMOSTRURALINHABITANTSONLYHAVESKILLSINLARGESCALEAGRICULTUREANDLIMITEDCONTACTSTOOUTSIDETHELOCALAREAWHICHMAKESEXPLOITINGNEWOPPORTUNITIESDIFFICULTTHELOCALCAPACITYFORWITHHOLDING,DEVELOPINGANDINDUCINGNEWACTIVITIESISWEAKTHECHALLENGEFORRURALDEVELOPMENTPOLI
5、CYISTOEXTENDTHEPOSSIBILITIESOFTHERURALINHABITANTSTOEXPLOITNEWOPPORTUNITIESINTRODUCTIONDECREASINGEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESINAGRICULTUREISANALLEUROPEANPROBLEMINWESTERNEUROPETHEPROPORTIONOFTHERURALPOPULATIONDURINGMOSTOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURYHASFALLENSTEADILYINEASTERNEUROPETHISFALLHASBEENMOREDRAMATICABOUT20O
6、FTHEPOPULATIONSWEREEMPLOYEDINAGRICULTUREINTHEBALTICSTATES10YEARSAGO,ONLY5AREEMPLOYEDTODAYTHISISSIMILARTOTHEEUAVERAGEHOWEVER,STILL30OFTHEPOPULATIONLIVESINRURALAREASRURALDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMMES2004A,BINLATVIAANDESTONIAMANYRURALAREASSUFFERFROMPERSISTINGUNEMPLOYMENTANDPOVERTYALANEN2004TISENKOPFS1999RURALD
7、IVERSIFICATIONSEEMSESSENTIALTOAVOIDINCREASINGPOVERTYANDISHIGHONTHEAGENDAFORRURALDEVELOPMENTINTHEYEARSTOCOMETHEEUCOMMONAGRICULTURALPOLICY20072013FOCUSESONTHREETHEMATICAXESLAIDDOWNINTHENEWRURALDEVELOPMENTREGULATIONOFWHICHDIVERSIFICATIONOFTHERURALECONOMYISONEOFTHEMEUROPEANCOMMISSION2005THISARTICLEANALY
8、SESTHERURALDIVERSIFICATIONUNDERCONDITIONSOFPOSTSOCIALISTECONOMICTRANSITIONANDDISCUSSESOPPORTUNITIESANDCONSTRAINTSFORRURALDIVERSIFICATIONTHEPROJECTISANEXPLORATORYSTUDYINTOHOWPEOPLEMAKEALIVINGANDRURALBUSINESSDEVELOPMENTINTWOSTUDYREGIONSINLATVIAANDESTONIARESPECTIVELYTHEORETICALBACKGROUNDANDAPPROACHINDI
9、VERSIFICATIONSTUDIESTHECENTREOFATTENTIONISDOMINANTLYTHEFARMHOUSEHOLDANDITSABILITIESFORFINDINGNEWACTIVITIESANDEMPLOYMENTTHEREARETWOTYPESOFACTIVITIESFARMDIVERSIFICATIONWHICHAREONFARMACTIVITIESLIKETOURISMACTIVITIESORALTERNATIVEFARMPRODUCTIONANDEMPLOYMENTDIVERSIFICATIONWHICHISEMPLOYMENTAWAYFROMTHEFARMBR
10、YDENETAL1992CHAPLINETAL2004POLICYMAKERSASSUMETHATFARMDIVERSIFICATIONMAKESASIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONTORURALDEVELOPMENTALTERNATIVEACTIVITIESONFARMSAREEXPECTEDTOHELPABSORBINGSOMEOFTHEEXCESSFARMLABOUR,ALLEVIATEPOVERTYANDCONTRIBUTETOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFEMPLOYMENTINRURALAREASEGCOUNCILREGULATION1999THEFUNDINGFOR
11、DIVERSIFICATIONWITHINTHEEUFOCUSESDOMINANTLYONFARMDIVERSIFICATIONSTIMULATINGTOURISMACTIVITIESANDALTERNATIVEFARMPRODUCTSATINDIVIDUALFARMSHOWEVER,MOSTEMPIRICALSTUDIESSTILLSHOWSTHATFARMDIVERSIFICATIONARESMALLSCALEACTIVITIESRELATEDTOCONVENTIONALAGRICULTURESUCHASMACHINERYSERVICESANDADDLITTLEINCOMESEMPLOYM
12、ENTDIVERSIFICATIONISMUCHMOREWIDESPREADEGMCNALLY2001ASMYFOCUSISRURALDEVELOPMENT,MYWORKINGDEFINITIONOFRURALDIVERSIFICATIONANDTHENONFARMECONOMYALSOINCLUDESTHEBROADERRURALECONOMYNOTCONFINEDTOAGRICULTUREANDTHEFARMHOUSEHOLDSOMERURALAREASINWESTERNEUROPE,PARTICULARLYAROUNDCITIESANDPOPULARRESORTS,HAVEEXPERIE
13、NCEDANINCREASEINPOPULATIONANDECONOMICACTIVITIESNOTINVOLVEDORRELATEDTOTHEFARMSECTORITHASOFTENBEENCONNECTEDTOANINCREASINGMOVEMENTOFPEOPLE,TOURISTSANDINVESTMENTSFROMURBANTORURALAREASTHISOBSERVEDTRENDHASBEENDESCRIBEDASTHEURBANRURALSHIFTORTHERURALTURNAROUNDEGMURDOCHETAL2003NORTH1998THETRANSITIONANDDIVERS
14、IFICATIONRESEARCHINTORURALISSUESINPOSTSOCIALISTCOUNTRIESHASMAINLYFOCUSEDONAGRICULTURALRESTRUCTURINGTHEFOLLOWINGPARTEXAMINESTHEEMERGINGRESEARCHONPOSTSOCIALISTRURALCHANGEANDTRIESTOPOINTTOFEATURESTHATCHARACTERISETHERURALAREASINTRANSITIONANDAREIMPORTANTFORTHEUNDERSTANDINGOFDIVERSIFICATIONTHEFARMHOUSEHOL
15、DMANYSMALLFARMSAREACOMMONFEATUREINTHEEASTERNEUROPEANCOUNTRYSIDETODAYTHESOCIALISTAGRICULTURALSYSTEMCOMPRISEDOFLARGESCALEAGRICULTURALENTERPRISESANDSMALLHOUSEHOLDPLOTSTHATFARMWORKERSCULTIVATEDDURINGTHETRANSITIONLANDHASBEENRESTITUTEDTOFORMEROWNERSANDPRIVATISEDBYFARMWORKERSTHEAIMOFTHERESTITUTIONOFLANDWAS
16、INTHEBALTICCOUNTRIESBASEDONTHEIDEAOFCREATINGFAMILYFARMSSIMILARTOTHETRADITIONALWESTERNEUROPEANMODEL,HOWEVER,THEFAMILYFARMS,ARETODAY,UNCOMMONADUALSTRUCTUREOFFARMSHASREEMERGEDLARGESCALEPRIVATISED,OFTENCORRESPONDINGTOTHEFORMERSOCIALISTFARMS,ANDSMALLHOUSEHOLDFARMSDOMINATINGLYORIENTEDTOWARDSSELFSUBSISTENC
17、EALSOMANYURBANDWELLERSRECEIVEDLANDBACKINRESTITUTIONWHICHMOSTOFTENISLEFTTOGROWWILDBALDOCKETAL2001THERURALBUSINESSINTHEPOSTSOCIALISTCOUNTRYSIDE,THERURALBUSINESSACTIVITIESOTHERTHANFARMINGCANBEDIVIDEDINTOPRIVATISEDENTERPRISESANDSELFEMPLOYEDSERVICEBUSINESSESNONAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONLIKEPROCESSINGPLANTS,D
18、ISTILLERIESANDBAKERIESWERECONNECTEDTOTHELARGEFARMSSUCHUNITSHAVEBEENCALLEDTHERESILIENTUNITSANDOR1997BECAUSEWHILETHELARGEFARMSHAVECLOSED,THEYHAVEOFTENCONTINUEDTHEIROPERATIONS,ALTHOUGHATAMUCHLOWERLEVELOFACTIVITYTHANBEFORENIKULA2004THERURALPOPULATIONCHARACTERISTICFORTHEPOSTSOCIALISTCOUNTRIESISTHATALARGE
19、RSHAREOFTHEPOPULATIONLIVESINRURALAREASTHANINWESTERNEUROPEUNDERURBANISATIONISOFTENEMPHASISEDASACENTRALFEATUREOFSOCIALISTRURALURBANRELATIONSSZELENYI1996UNDERURBANISATIONMEANSTHATHOUSINGCONSTRUCTIONINURBANAREASDIDNOTKEEPPACEWITHINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTWORKERSCONTINUEDTOLIVEINVILLAGESWHERETHEYALSOCOULDBENE
20、FITFROMPLOTFARMINGWHILECOMMUTINGTOWORKTHISGROUPOFPEOPLEHASBEENCALLEDTHEWORKERPEASANTSANDOR1997THERURALAREASHAD,HOWEVER,APOPULATIONTHATWASALMOSTENTIRELYMADEUPOFLOCALFARMERSANDWORKERSANDTHEREDIDNOTEXISTANEXURBANMIDDLECLASSGROUPTHEREGIONALDIFFERENCESADISTINCTIONINCEECLITERATUREISOFTENMADEBETWEENFORMERA
21、GRICULTURALREGIONSANDINDUSTRIALREGIONSRAAGMAA1997SWAIN2000INTRADITIONALLYHEAVILYINDUSTRIALISEDREGIONSINDUSTRIESHAVEOFTENCLOSEDANDTHEREAREFEWEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESAGRICULTURALREGIONSWEREOFTENSPECIALIZEDPRODUCINGFORLARGEMARKETSINTHESOVIETUNIONANDOTHEREASTERNEUROPEANCOUNTRIESSINCETHEIRTRADITIONALMARKE
22、TSOFTENHAVEDISAPPEAREDSUCHREGIONSALSOSUFFERFROMUNEMPLOYMENTRAAGMAA1997ARGUESTHATTHEREARENOREALPERIPHERALAREASINTHEBALTICSTATESASTHECOUNTRIESARESMALLANDPEOPLECANCOMMUTEBYCARTOTHEURBANCENTRESFROMANYWHEREINTHECOUNTRYANDTHEREFOREALLRURALAREASHAVETHEPOSSIBILITYOFBECOMINGARECREATIONALREGIONSWHEREPEOPLEREC
23、REATEANDLIVEAPPROACHINGDIVERSIFICATIONTHELOCALPERSPECTIVETHEBALTICCOUNTRIESARENOLONGERPARTOFTHESOVIETUNIONBUTAREREINTEGRATINGWITHTHEEUROPEANANDGLOBALECONOMYTHEFRAMECONDITIONSFORRURALAREASHAVECHANGEDDRAMATICALLYTRANSITIONRESEARCHHASLARGELYBEENWRITTENINTERMSOFTHEMARKETISATIONOFECONOMICRELATIONSANDTHEP
24、RIVATISATIONOFPROPERTYTHELEVELOFRESEARCHHASMAINLYBEENMACROSCALETHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHISRESEARCHPROJECTISFROMTHEMICROSCALEEXPLORINGTHEACTIVITIES,EXPERIENCESANDCAPACITIESOFRURALINHABITANTSWITHINTHECHANGINGRURALLOCALEINTHETRANSITIONCONTEXTABOTTOMUPAPPROACHSEEMSINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTASTHELOCALTRANSITIONISNOT
25、ASTRAIGHTFORWARDEXPRESSIONOFNEWFRAMECONDITIONSANDMACROSTRUCTURESASTHECOLLAPSEOFTHESYSTEMHAVEMADECHANGEEVENMOREDEPENDENTONTHESPECIFICAREAANDONINDIVIDUALCAPACITIESMETHODSTHELOCALAREASANDTHEIRPOPULATIONSAREFOCUSEDONWITHTHEHELPOFCASESTUDIESEXPLORINGTHESITUATIONOFTHERURALINHABITANTSANDTHELOCALBUSINESSACT
26、IVITIESINTWOSPECIFICREGIONSTHETYPOLOGYOFPOSTSOCIALISTRURALREGIONSDISCUSSEDINTHETHEORETICALBACKGROUNDAGRICULTURALREGIONSANDINDUSTRIALREGIONSFORMEDTHEBASISFORTHESELECTIONOFTHESTUDYREGIONSTHEINTENTIONWASNOTTOSELECTREPRESENTATIVECASESFORTHEAVERAGERURALAREAINTHEBALTICSTATES,ANDTHEINTENTIONISNOTTOMAKEGENE
27、RALISATIONSFORTHEWHOLECOUNTRIESORFORALLRURALAREASHOWEVER,THECASESTUDIESREPRESENTDIFFERENTTYPESOFAREASANDTHERESULTSSHOULDHAVEHIGHRELEVANCEFORRURALDEVELOPMENTANDDIVERSIFICATIONINSIMILARAREASANDSITUATIONSTHECASESTUDIESAREINDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESBECAUSETHEINITIALSETUPOFTHERESEARCHPROJECTINVOLVEDPARTNERSFROM
28、ALLBALTICSTATESINCLUDINGLITHUANIAINESTONIAVILJANDICOUNTYWASSELECTEDASANAGRICULTURALREGIONREZEKNECOUNTYWASSELECTEDASANINDUSTRIALREGIONINCONNECTIONWITHBOTHSTUDYREGIONSPARALLELDATACOLLECTION,INCLUDINGSURVEYS,INTERVIEWS,ANDCOLLECTIONSTATISTICALDATA,HASBEENCONDUCTEDTHISHASINCLUDEDASURVEYONHOUSEHOLDINCOME
29、SANDACTIVITIES,INTERVIEWSWITHHOUSEHOLDSANDBUSINESSES,INTERVIEWSWITHKEYINFORMANTSANDCOLLECTIONOFSECONDARYDATADATAWASCOLLECTEDIN2001AND2002THEDATACOLLECTIONISMAINLYBASEDAROUNDAHOUSEHOLDSTUDYANDABUSINESSSTUDYTHEHOUSEHOLDSTUDYISCONDUCTEDINONEPARTICULARRURALMUNICIPALITYINEACHCOUNTYTHEBUSINESSSTUDYTHENCOV
30、ERSBUSINESSESINTHESAMEMUNICIPALITYBUTALSOINCLUDES5MORERURALMUNICIPALITIESINTHERESPECTIVECOUNTIESTOGETAWIDERREPRESENTATIONOFBUSINESSESTHEHOUSEHOLDSTUDYISMADEUPOFAQUESTIONNAIRESURVEYWITH95HOUSEHOLDINEACHMUNICIPALITY,WHICHISAROUND1/5OFALLHOUSEHOLDSINEACHMUNICIPALITYHOUSEHOLDSWEREPICKEDOUTRANDOMLYBYKNOC
31、KINGONTHEDOORINEVERYFIFTHHOUSEORAPARTMENTBLOCKABOUT2025OFTHESEHOUSEHOLDSWERETHENINTERVIEWEDEMPIRICALFINDINGSINBOTHSTUDYAREASDURINGTHESOVIETPERIODALLLANDANDPROPERTYWERENATIONALISEDANDONELARGECOLLECTIVEFARMAPPROXIMATELYCOVEREDWHATISTHERURALMUNICIPALITYTERRITORIESTODAYTHECOLLECTIVEFARMSWERETRANSFORMEDI
32、NTOCOOPERATIVEFARMSINTHEEARLY1990SINTHEESTONIANAREATHECOOPERATIVESTOPPEDOPERATIONIN1995BECAUSEOFGOVERNMENTPRESSURETOSPLITUPTHEFARMINTHELATVIANAREAITSTILLEXISTS,HOWEVER,ONAMUCHSMALLERSCALETHANBEFOREASBOTHMUCHOFTHELANDANDMACHINERYHAVEBEENPRIVATISEDANDGIVENBACKTOFORMEROWNERSTHERURALBUSINESSSMALLSCALEFA
33、RMDIVERSIFICATIONINBOTHAREASPRIORTOTRANSITION,LARGESCALEAGRICULTUREWASTHEBACKBONEOFTHERURALECONOMYMOSTOFTHENONFARMINGACTIVITIESWEREENTERPRISESSERVICINGTHELOCALFARMSECTORORPROCESSINGFARMPRODUCTSFROMTHISDIVERSIFIEDLARGESCALEAGRICULTURALPRODUCTION,FARMRELATEDACTIVITIESARESMALLSCALELIKEHOMEBREWING,AGROS
34、ERVICESORSAUSAGEMAKINGFOREXCHANGEANDOWNSUBSISTENCEINTHELOCALAREATRANSFORMINGBUSINESSESTHESPLITTINGUPOFTHELARGEFARMSRESULTEDINSEVERALPRIVATIZEDBUSINESSESTHATPRIORWEREPROCESSINGORSERVICINGUNITSINTHECOLLECTIVEFARMSTHEREWEREEGSOMEINDUSTRIALBAKERIES,BREWERIES,CANNERIES,SLAUGHTERHOUSES,FISHPROCESSING,DAIR
35、IES,GRAVELEXTRACTIONANDMANUFACTURINGOFBUILDINGMATERIALSANDFARMSERVICESLIKEAGROSERVICESTATIONSANDMECHANICALWORKSHOPSTHESEWEREINALLCASESPRIVATIZEDBYTHEIRFORMERMANAGERSORTHECOLLECTIVEFARMMANAGERAFTERINDEPENDENCETHESETRANSFORMINGBUSINESSESINITIALLYHADBUILDINGS,APRODUCTTOBUILDONANDCONTACTSTOMARKETSINTHEF
36、ORMERSOVIETUNIONRURALINDUSTRIALISATIONINVESTMENTSINTOTHEPRODUCTIONFACILITIES,FINDINGNEWMARKETSANDNEWPRODUCTSARENEEDEDINORDERTOSTAYINPRODUCTIONTHISNEWDEMANDHASLEFTMOSTPRODUCTIONCOMPANIESSAWMILLSASWELLASPRIVATIZEDPROCESSINGUNITS,TORELYONDECREASINGLOCALMARKETSORCLOSEBUTINTHEESTONIANAREASOMEWOODANDFOODP
37、ROCESSINGINDUSTRIESAPPROXIMATELY5HAVECOMEINTOTHERURALAREAWITHCAPITALANDPRODUCTSFROMOUTSIDETHEREARETWOFURNITUREMAKERS,ASAWMILL,ACOMPANYPRODUCINGCARBONATEDSPRINGWATERANDACANDLEMANUFACTURERTHEYAREPARTOFURBANINDUSTRIESORFOREIGNCOMPANIESORTHEYHAVELARGEFOREIGNINVESTMENTSANDPRODUCEFORTHENATIONALMARKETOREXP
38、ORTABROADTHECOMPANIESUSESOMELOCALSUPPLIESSUCHASMOULDINGSANDLOCALWATERFORSPRINGWATERWHILETIMBERANDOTHERSUPPLIESAREFROMTALLINNANDABROADTHEINCOMINGBUSINESSESHAVELOCATEDINTHEAREAMAINLYBECAUSETHEYCOULDBUYFORMERCOLLECTIVEBUILDINGSCHEAPOFTENTHROUGHPERSONALCONTACTSTOLOCALMAYORSANDBECAUSETHEREAREGOODROADSTOT
39、ALLINNRETAILTHEREARETWOTHREEGROCERYSTORESINEACHRURALMUNICIPALITYMANYWERESTARTEDBYFORMERCOLLECTIVEMANAGERSALEADEROFACOLLECTIVEFARMNOWRUNSAWHOLESALEMARKETINTHECOUNTYCAPITALANDTWORURALSTORESIHADTHROUGHMYPOSITIONASLEADEROFACOLLECTIVEFARMGOODCONNECTIONSTOWHOLESALEMARKETSANDIMPORTBUSINESSESINRIGATHESEWERE
40、IMPORTANTINORDERTOSTARTINRETAILANOTHERFORMERCOLLECTIVEMANAGERSAYSITWASEASYTOBUYTHESHOPPREMISESCHEAPIGOTTHEMFORNOTHINGIKNEWTHECOLLECTIVEMANAGERWELLTHESELEADINGPOSITIONSGAVEGOODLOCALNETWORKSANDTHEBUSINESSMENHAVEALLRELIEDONPERSONALCONTACTSFOROBTAININGINEXPENSIVEBUILDINGSANDPRODUCTIONFACILITIESTHEREWERE
41、ALSOSMALLERFAMILYBUSINESSESTHATSTARTEDINRETAILOFTENBASEDONPARTICULARSKILLS,CONTACTSORMEANSFROMSALEOFTIMBERINTHEFIRSTYEARSAFTERINDEPENDENCETOURISMANDBUSINESSSERVICESITHASALSOBEENSAWMILLOWNERSTHATUNTILRECENTLYHAVEBEENINVESTINGINTOURISMTHEREARESOMETOURISTSCOMINGTOTHEAREASBUTMOSTTOURISMPROVIDERSDEPENDON
42、THELOCALMARKETTHETOURISMBUSINESSESAIMATAMARKETOFTOURISTSFROMTHECAPITALAREAS,BUTUNTILNOWITHASMAINLYBEENPEOPLEFROMTHECOUNTIESTHATHOLDPARTIESORONWEEKENDSUSETHESAUNASORFISHINTHELAKESONTHELANDOFTHETOURISMBUSINESSTHEYBRINGTHEIROWNFOODANDDRINKSANDGIVELITTLEINCOMEFORTHEBUSINESSOWNERSATTHEMOMENTTHEREAREMORET
43、OURISMBUSINESSESTHANTHEREARETOURISTSTHEFEWTHATMAKEANINCOMEHAVESPECIALISEDINSPECIFICMARKETSLIKEHUNTINGTOURISTORRELIGIOUSGROUPSFROMABROADBASEDONSPECIFICPERSONALCONTACTSANESTONIANHOTELOWNERSAYSIHADBEENINFINLANDTHROUGHTHECHURCHHEREIMADECONTACTSWITHRELIGIOUSGROUPSTHATNOWCOMEEVERYYEARHOLDINGRELIGIOUSCAMPS
44、THERURALLABOURMARKETINTHELOCALAREASMOSTJOBSPEOPLEALSOHADBEFOREINDEPENDENCETHESEJOBSAREINTHETRANSFORMINGBUSINESSES,THEMUNICIPALADMINISTRATION,THELOCALSCHOOLSANDKINDERGARTENSHOWEVER,THISEMPLOYMENTOFTENHASATEMPORARYCHARACTERAMANWORKINGINTHELATVIANCOOPERATIVEFARMDESCRIBESHISJOBLIKETHISIHAVEWORKEDHEREALL
45、MYLIFEBEFOREWEGOTPAIDALLYEARNOWWEJUSTGETPAIDWHENTHEREISSOMETHINGTODOMANYPEOPLEDONOTSEELOCALJOBOPPORTUNITIESBESIDESKEEPINGSUCHIRREGULAROLDEMPLOYMENTASTHEYONLYHAVESKILLSINAGRICULTUREWHICHARENOTVERYSOUGHTAFTERTODAYEMPLOYMENTPOSSIBILITIESINPUBLICSERVICESHAVEALSODECREASEDAFORMERTEACHERSSAYSTHEREARENOJOBS
46、FORTEACHERSINTHECOUNTRYSIDEAGRICULTURALSPECIALISTS,TEACHERSANDFARMWORKERSALLFIGHTFORTHESAMEJOBSINCONSTRUCTIONANDSAWMILLSOURGOODEDUCATIONSAREOFNOUSEANYMORETHELOCALLABOURMARKETINTRADITIONALRURALINDUSTRIESANDUNSKILLEDWORKHAVEDIMINISHEDMARKEDLYWHILETHEREHASBEENSOMEINCREASEINEMPLOYMENTFORSKILLEDPEOPLEINW
47、OODPROCESSING,BOOKKEEPINGANDCOMPUTERSCONCLUSIONTHERURALECONOMYHASCHANGEDDRAMATICALLYDURINGTRANSITIONBEFOREINDEPENDENCETHERURALECONOMYINTHETWOSTUDYREGIONSWASCENTREDAROUNDLARGESCALEFARMINGDURINGPRIVATISATIONASSETSFROMTHELARGEFARMSANDSTATEENTERPRISESWEREDISTRIBUTEDAMONGTHERURALPOPULATIONMOSTPEOPLEGOTLA
48、NDBACKINRESTITUTIONORPRIVATISEDTHEIRHOUSEHOLDPLOTWHILESOMEPRIVATISEDBUILDINGS,WORKSHOPSORPROCESSINGPLANTSAFTERPRIVATISATIONTHERURALPOPULATIONWASDOMINATEDBYSMALLFARMERSWITHVARYINGASSETSANDINCOMEOPPORTUNITIESANDSOMEPEOPLERUNNINGPRIVATISEDBUSINESSESHOUSEHOLDINCOMESARETODAYDIVERSIFIEDFORSOMEPEOPLETHEINC
49、OMEINTHECOLLECTIVEFARMHASBEENSUBSTITUTEDBYPRIVATEBUSINESSACTIVITIESORASTEADYWAGEJOB,BUTMANYPEOPLEHAVEONLYFOUNDUNSTABLEEMPLOYMENTORSELFEMPLOYMENTPROVIDINGLITTLEINCOMESANDOFTENDEPENDONPENSIONSMORELIKEADOWNWARDADAPTATIONRURALDIVERSIFICATIONWASEXPECTEDTOBEABLETOALLEVIATEPOVERTY,BUTDIVERSIFICATIONISNOTALWAYSANUPWARDADAPTATIONTHEPOPULATIONANDACTIVITIESAREMOREDIVERSEBUTANINCREASINGINEQUALITYBETWEENPEOPLECANALSOBEOBSERVEDCERTAININDIVIDUALSKILLSANDASSETSHAVEBEENNECESSARYTOPOSSESSINORD
