1、本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译原文THEINFLUENCEOFJOBSATISFACTIONONSOCIALWORKERSRELATIONSHIPSWITHCLIENTSYMELLERANDDMACAROVHEBREWUNIVERSITYOFJERUSALEM,ISRAELINTRODUCTIONTHEGRADUALSHIFTFROMINDUSTRIALTOSERVICEECONOMIESWHICHHASBEENCHARACTERISTICOFALLTHEWESTERNDEMOCRACIESFORATLEASTTHELASTCENTURYHASNOTBEENREFLECTEDINRESEARCH
2、ONTHESERVICESINAMANNERCOMMENSURATEWITHTHEPACEANDIMPORTANCEOFTHATSHIFTALTHOUGHTHEREARESEMANTICANDPRACTICALDIFFICULTIESINDEFININGEXACTLYWHATISMEANTBYSERVICES1,ONECANDISCERNAROUGHCONTINUUMRUNNINGTHROUGHMOSTDEFINITIONSANDCATEGORISATIONS,WITHCREATING,ALTERING,ORCOMBININGMATERIALOBJECTSONONEENDOFTHECONTIN
3、UUM,ANDDEALINGWITHANINDIVIDUALSPROBLEMSANDNEEDSTHROUGHTHEUSEOFAHELPINGRELATIONSHIPONTHEOTHERUSINGTHISMODEL,ITISCLEARTHATTHEOVERWHELMINGMAJORITYOFRESEARCHSTUDIESINTOWORKATTITUDES,PATTERNS,INFLUENCES,PRODUCTIVITYANDSOFORTH,HAVEBEENTOWARDSTHEMATERIALSALTERING,ORINDUSTRIAL,ENDOFTHECONTINUUMCOMPARATIVELY
4、LITTLEOFTHISTYPEOFRESEARCHHASBEENDONEINTHESERVICESECTORASAWHOLE,ANDEVENLESSNEARTHATENDOFTHECONTINUUMREFERREDTOASTHEHUMANSERVICES2THERESEARCHWHICHHASBEENDONEINTHESERVICESHASSUFFEREDFROMUSEOFINSTRUMENTSDEVISEDFORINDUSTRIALSETTINGS3,WHICHIGNOREIMPORTANTDIFFERENCESBETWEENWORKINTHESERVICESECTORANDTHATINI
5、NDUSTRY,INCLUDING,FOREXAMPLE,DIFFERENCESINTHEVERYCONCEPTOFPRODUCTIVITY4,5DESPITEAWIDESPREADASSUMPTIONINTHEINDUSTRIALSECTORTHATSATISFACTIONANDPRODUCTIVITYARELINKEDANDCONSEQUENTFOCUSONWAYSOFINCREASINGWORKERSSATISFACTIONSRECENTRESEARCHINTHEINDUSTRIALSECTORHASFOUNDLITTLECONNECTIONBETWEENJOBSATISFACTIONA
6、NDPRODUCTIVITY6THEQUESTIONTHUSRAISED,WHICHBECOMESINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTASTHESERVICESECTORCONTINUESTOEXPAND,ISTHEEXTENTIFANYTOWHICHWORKSATISFACTIONSORTHEIRLACKINSERVICEJOBSAFFECTTHEAMOUNTORQUALITYOFTHESERVICEOFFEREDITISTOTHISQUESTIONTHATTHERESEARCHREPORTEDHEREWASADDRESSED。BACKGROUNDTHEINDUSTRIALSECTOR
7、ATTEMPTSTOACHIEVEGREATERPRODUCTIVITYININDUSTRYARECOEVALWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDUSTRYITSELF7ATLEASTSINCETHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONTHEREHAVEBEENATTEMPTSTOARRIVEATGREATERPRODUCTIONEITHERTHROUGHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFNEWTECHNOLOGIES,OR“MOTIVATING“PEOPLETOWORKMORE,HARDER,ORBETTER,ORBOTHTHEHAWTHORNEEXPERIMENTS,BEGU
8、NIN19298,INDICATEDTHATSATISFIEDPEOPLEWORKEDHARDER,ANDTHISWASREINFORCEDBYTHERESEARCHOFHERZBERG9,10WHOCALLEDSATISFIERS“MOTIVATORS“MASLOWSHIERARCHYOFHUMANNEEDS11WASINVOKEDTOPOSTULATETHATPEOPLEWORKEDBETTERIFTHEIR“HIGHERORDER“NEEDSWEREBEINGMETHENCE,THEGREATBULKOFRESEARCHCONCERNINGPRODUCTIVITYININDUSTRYSO
9、UGHTTHEORIESANDMETHODSOFINCREASINGWORKERSATISFACTIONSASAWAYTOINCREASEPRODUCTIVITYIN1976LOCKELOCATEDOVER3,000SUCHPUBLISHEDSTUDIES12,ANDIFONETAKESINTOCONSIDERATIONTHEUNPUBLISHEDSTUDIES,ANDTHOSEWHICHHAVETAKENPLACEINTHEINTERVENINGTENYEARSPUBLISHEDANDUNPUBLISHEDTHEREHAVEPROBABLYBEENABOUT10,000SUCHSTUDIES
10、,PLUSORMINUSAFEWTHOUSANDHOWEVER,ASEARLYAS1955THEREWERESOMEDISSENTINGVOICESCONCERNINGTHECONNECTIONBETWEENSATISFACTIONANDWORKPATTERNS13,ANDINTHE1970SSUCHSCEPTICISMAMONGRESEARCHERSWASFOUNDTOBEINCREASINGLYJUSTIFIEDWHENTHEVOLUMEOFSATISFACTION/PRODUCTIVITYSTUDIESMADEITPOSSIBLE,REVIEWSOFSUCHRESEARCHBEGANTO
11、APPEAR,ANDTHENREVIEWSOFTHEREVIEWS14ASARESULT,THEREISNOWAGROWINGCONSENSUSTHAT,EXCEPTINISOLATEDCASESFORRELATIVELYSHORTPERIODS,THEREISNOGENERALISABLE,RELIABLE,FUNCTIONALLINKBETWEENWORKSATISFACTIONSANDPRODUCTIVITYININDUSTRIALSETTINGS12,15,16,17,18INDEED,THEREISCONSIDERABLEEVIDENCEOFAREVERSECONNECTIONTHA
12、TSOMEPEOPLEARESATISFIEDBYTHEOPPORTUNITYTOWORKHARD19,20,21GROWTHOFTHESERVICESECTORJUSTASTHEAGRICULTURALSECTORDECLINEDFROM90PERCENTTO5PERCENTOFEMPLOYMENTDUETOTHERISEOFINDUSTRY,SOTHESERVICESECTORHASBEENGROWINGATTHEEXPENSEOFINDUSTRYFOREXAMPLE,IN192940PERCENTOFALLJOBSINTHEUNITEDSTATESWEREINSERVICES,BUTTH
13、ISGREWTOOVER50PERCENTBY1950,TO55PERCENTIN1967,ANDBY1980SERVICEEMPLOYMENTWASESTIMATEDTOBEOVER80PERCENT22,23,24WITHPREDICTIONSTHATITWILLREACH95OR97PERCENTBYTHEENDOFTHISCENTURY25,26INSWEDEN,SERVICEPRODUCINGJOBSGREWFROM45PERCENTOFALLJOBSIN1965TO59PERCENTIN197627BY1980,SERVICEEMPLOYMENTACCOUNTEDFORMORETH
14、AN50PERCENTOFALLJOBSINJAPAN,BELGIUM,FRANCE,THEUNITEDKINGDOMANDTHENETHERLANDS,ANDWASLARGERTHANEITHERINDUSTRIALORAGRICULTURALEMPLOYMENTINBOTHWESTGERMANYANDLTALY28OFTHENEWJOBSCREATEDBETWEEN1973AND1980INTHEUNITEDSTATES,70PERCENTWEREINTHESERVICES29RESEARCHINTHESERVICESECTORDESPITETHISCONSTANTGROWTHINTHES
15、ERVICESECTOR,GROUNDEDKNOWLEDGECONCERNINGPERSONNELNEEDS,WORKPATTERNS,WORKSATISFACTIONS,ETC,INTHESERVICESLAGSFARBEHINDPARTOFTHEREASONFORTHISSITUATIONISTHATJUDGINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFSERVICES,ANDEVALUATINGSERVICEWORKERS,HASBEENFOUNDTOBEFRAUGHTWITHDIFFICULTIES30,ANDTERMED“THEMOSTPERPLEXINGANDTROUBLESOMEIS
16、SUE“INPRODUCTIVITYSTUDIES31IMPORTANCEOFTHERESEARCHIFSOCIALWORKERSLACKOFJOBSATISFACTIONSIMPACTNEGATIVELYONTHEQUALITYOFTHESERVICEWHICHTHEYOFFER,THENTHEPROFESSIONOFSOCIALWORKCONCERNEDFORTHEWELLBEINGOFCLIENTSSHOULDPAYAGREATDEALMOREATTENTIONTOIMPROVINGTHOSECONDITIONSATWORKWHICHCAUSESOCIALWORKERSTOBEDISSA
17、TISFIEDSIMULTANEOUSLY,SOCIALWORKEDUCATIONSHOULDTHENREDOUBLEITSEFFORTSTOGRADUATEONLYTHOSESTUDENTSWHOCANISOLATETHEIRPERSONALFEELINGSFROMTHEIRPROFESSIONALROLESBYEXTENSION,ALLOFTHEHUMANSERVICESMAYBEFACEDWITHTHESAMEPROBLEM,ANDASTHESERVICESECTORCONTINUESTOEXPAND,THESEARCHFORSATISFYINGJOBCONDITIONS,ONTHEON
18、EHAND,ANDEDUCATIONINSELFCONTROL,ONTHEOTHER,MAYBEPREREQUISITESFOREFFECTIVESERVICESHOWEVER,IFTHEREISNORELATIONSHIPBETWEENSOCIALWORKERSPERSONALFEELINGSANDTHEQUALITYOFTHESERVICEWHICHTHEYOFFER,THENIMPROVEMENTSINWORKCONDITIONSTOMAKEWORKERSMORESATISFIEDFORTHEIROWNSAKESTHATIS,TOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFWORKLIFEAS
19、PROPOSEDBYGLICKEN58MAYBEINDICATED,BUTEFFORTSTOIMPROVESERVICESCANCONCENTRATEONOTHERAREASANDSUBJECTS,SUCHASBETTERDIAGNOSES,MORERESOURCES,EASIERORMOREEFFECTIVEPROCEDURES,ETCMETHODOLOGYHYPOTHESISALTHOUGHITWOULDHAVEBEENDESIRABLETOSTUDYTHEEFFECTSOFSOCIALWORKERSJOBSATISFACTIONSONTHETOTALITYOFTHESERVICEOFFE
20、RED,BOTHINTERMSOFPROCESSANDFINALRESULT,THEVERYNATUREOFSOCIALWORKPRACTICEMAKESTHISEXTREMELYDIFFICULT,ANDTHEOUTCOMEQUESTIONABLE59SUCCESSINSERVICEGIVINGISDEPENDENTONMANYFACTORS,MANYOFWHICHARENOTWITHINTHESOCIALWORKERSCONTROLTHEAVAILABILITYOFRESOURCES,AGENCYPOLICIESANDRESTRAINTS,THENATUREOFTHEPROBLEM,CLI
21、ENTSPERSONALITIESANDMOTIVATIONS,ALLHAVETRADITIONALLYMADEEVALUATIONSOFSOCIALWORKPRACTICEANAREAOFCONSIDERABLEDIFFICULTYANDDISAGREEMENTCONSEQUENTLY,ITWASDECIDEDTOCONCENTRATEONTHATAREAOFPRACTICEWHICH,ITWASFELT,ISCOMPLETELYWITHINTHECOMPETENCEOFTHESOCIALWORKERIETHERELATIONSHIPWITHTHECLIENTTHEJOBSATISFACTI
22、ONSFELTBYSOCIALWORKERSCANHAVELITTLEEFFECTONTHERESOURCESAVAILABLETOTHEAGENCY,INTHENEIGHBOURHOOD,ORINSOCIETYTHEYCANHARDLYAFFECTAGENCYPOLICIESINDEALINGWITHCLIENTSNORCANTHEYCHANGETHENATUREOFTHEPROBLEM,WHICHMAYBEWELLNIGHINSOLUBLEHOWEVER,WHETHERTHEWORKERCREATESANDMAINTAINSARELATIONSHIPWITHTHECLIENTTHATISW
23、ARM,POSITIVE,ACCEPTINGANDSUPPORTING,EVENWHENTHECLIENTISRESISTANT,ISPRIMARILYAFUNCTIONOFTHESOCIALWORKERHIMSELFORHERSELFTHISISWHYITWASDECIDEDTOCONCENTRATETHEMAJORPARTOFTHISRESEARCHONTHECONNECTIONBETWEENWORKERSJOBSATISFACTIONSANDTHEIRRELATIONSHIPSWITHCLIENTSINORDERTOARRIVEATTHEQUALITYOFTHERELATIONSHIP,
24、ITWASSEENASESSENTIALTOPROBETHECLIENTSPERCEPTIONSOFTHESOCIALWORKERSATTITUDESTHEIMPORTANCEOFSEEINGTHESERVICEFROMTHECLIENTSPOINTOFVIEWHASBEENSTRESSEDINANUMBEROFPLACES60,61,62,63,ANDTHEWIDESPREADLACKOFSUCHAPROCEDUREHASBEENTERMED“CURIOUS“64ASPRAGER60POINTSOUT,“IFTHEOUTCOMESARETOBEDETERMINEDONLYBYWHATHELP
25、ERSREGARDASIMPORTANT,NOTBYWHATCLIENTSFEELISIMPORTANT,THENEVALUATIONOFTREATMENTANDOUTCOMEAREOFLITTLEMORETHANACADEMICINTERESTIFTREATMENTANDITSEVALUATIONARETOBERESPONSIVETOCLIENTSREALITIES,THECLIENTSVOICEMUSTBEHEARD“TOBASEFINDINGSCONCERNINGSOCIALWORKERSRELATIONSHIPSWITHCLIENTSONTHEIMPRESSIONSOFTHEFORME
26、R,ONINFORMATIONWHICHTHEYHAVETHEMSELVESRECORDED,ORONTHEIRSUPERVISORSASSUMPTIONS,DRAWNFROMSOURCESOTHERTHANTHECLIENTSTHEMSELVES,ISTOIGNORETHEMOSTIMPORTANTPARTOFTHECONFIGURATIONTHECLIENTSPERSPECTIVECLIENTS,FOREXAMPLE,TENDTOEMPHASISEWEAKNESSESWHILEWORKERSFOCUSONSTRENGTHS49THUS,IFTHEREAREDIFFERENCESBETWEE
27、NWORKERSANDCLIENTSPERCEPTIONS,ITISPOSSIBLETHAT,OBJECTIVELY,THEWORKERISMORECORRECT,MOREPERCEPTIVE,ORMORESOPHISTICATEDHOWEVER,ASTHOMASANDZNANIECKI65POINTEDOUTMANYYEARSAGO,THINGSSEENASREALAREREALINTHEIRCONSEQUENCESTHATIS,CLIENTSREACTTOTHEWAYTHEYPERCEIVETHERELATIONSHIP,REGARDLESSOFWHETHERTHEIRPERCEPTION
28、ISCORRECTCONSEQUENTLY,PROBINGCLIENTSASSESSMENTSOFWORKERSATTITUDESWASSEENASESSENTIALFORTHEVALIDITYOFTHISSTUDYTHENULLHYPOTHESIS,THEN,WASTHEREISNORELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEAMOUNTOFJOBSATISFACTIONEXPRESSEDBYSOCIALWORKERSANDTHEQUALITYOFRELATIONSHIPBETWEENWORKERSANDCLIENTSASEXPRESSEDBYTHELATTERTHESAMPLEALTHOU
29、GH91SOCIALWORKERSPARTICIPATEDINTHEFIRSTPHASEOFTHISRESEARCHCONCERNINGTHESOURCESANDAMOUNTSOFTHEIRSATISFACTIONSANDDISSATISFACTIONSATWORK,THERESULTSOFWHICHHAVEBEENPUBLISHEDELSEWHERE1,3,FORREASONSEXPLAINEDLATERONLY34OFTHESEWORKERSWEREFROMTHEAGENCIESWHOSECLIENTSPARTICIPATEDINTHESTUDYCONSEQUENTLY,THESAMPLE
30、OFSOCIALWORKERSREPORTEDONINTHEBULKOFTHISSTUDYCONSISTEDOF34WORKERSFROM5AGENCIESTHEAGENCIESINCLUDEAMENTALHEALTHCENTREMENTALHOSPITALADRUGABUSEAGENCYASERVICEFORWOMENINDISTRESSANDAMUNICIPALSOCIALWELFAREAGENCYTHENUMBEROFWORKERSINEACHAGENCYPARTICIPATINGINTHISSTUDYRANGEDFROM5TO10THECLIENTSAMPLECONSISTEDOF39
31、RESPONDENTS,THENUMBERFROMEACHAGENCYRANGINGFROM3TO14THEREWERE32WOMENAND7MENAMONGTHECLIENTGROUP,WITHAMEANAGEOF43TWENTYWEREMARRIED,7DIVORCED,6WIDOWED,AND6NOTMARRIEDTHEIRTIMEINTREATMENTWITHTHEAGENCYRANGEDFROMTWOMONTHSTOFIVEYEARS,WITHAMEANOF21MONTHSSIXOFTHERESPONDENTSHADRECEIVEDHELPFROMTHESAMEAGENCYINTHE
32、PAST,AND16HADBEENHELPEDBYANOTHERAGENCYINTHEPASTTHELATTERFIGURESINDICATETHATOVERHALFTHECLIENTSHADRECEIVEDSERVICEBEFORE,ANDWEREPRESUMABLYTHEREFOREABLETOCOMPARETHEWORKERRELATIONSHIPBEINGPROBEDWITHAPREVIOUSONECONCLUSIONSTHESTUDYREPORTEDHEREISRELATIVELYSMALLSCALE,ANDISBASEDONTOTALRESPONSESANDAVERAGES,RAT
33、HERTHANONETOONECOMPARISONSNEVERTHELESS,THEFINDINGSAREUNEQUIVOCALINSOFARASWORKERSREPORTSOFTHEIRWORKSATISFACTIONSAREVALID,ANDCANBECOMPAREDWITHCLIENTSREPORTSOFTHEIRSATISFACTIONWITHWORKERSATTITUDES,THEREISNOCONSISTENTTRENDINTHERELATIONSHIPFURTHER,CLIENTSAREMOREPOSITIVEABOUTTHEIRSATISFACTIONWITHTHESERVIC
34、ERECEIVED,ANDTHEQUALITYOFTHERELATIONSHIPWITHTHEWORKER,THANTHEWORKERSARESATISFIEDATWORKANDMORESATISFIEDWITHTHEWORKERSATTITUDESTHANTHESOCIALWORKERSTHEMSELVESAREABOUTTHEQUALITYOFTHEIRRELATIONSWITHTHECLIENTSONTHEOTHERHAND,WORKERSAREMOREPOSITIVEABOUTTHEAGENCIESGOALACHIEVEMENTANDQUALITYOFSERVICETHANARETHE
35、CLIENTSASMALUCCIO49POINTSOUT“WORKERSFREQUENTLYWERENOTAWAREOFTHEPOSITIVEIMPACTTHATTHEYMADEONCLIENTSDURINGTHECOURSEOFTREATMENT,WORKERSRARELYSOLICITEDFEEDBACKFROMTHECLIENTSABOUTTHEOUTCOMEOFTHEIRINTERVENTIONFURTHERMORE,ONCEACASEWASCLOSED,THEWORKERSINMOSTCASESDIDNOTENGAGEINANYKINDOFFOLLOWUPANDTHEREFOREHA
36、DNOWAYOFKNOWINGHOWTHEIRCLIENTSWEREFUNCTIONING“ITISUNFORTUNATETHATWIDESPREADMISUNDERSTANDINGANDORMISUSEOFTHECONCEPTOFCONFIDENTIALITYPREVENTEDTHISSTUDYFROMPROBINGTHEINDIVIDUALRELATIONSHIPSOFWORKERSWITHCLIENTSTHISISDOUBLYUNFORTUNATEINLIGHTOFTHEFACTTHATTHEFEARSOFTHEWORKERSANDAGENCIESSEEMUNFOUNDEDCLIENTS
37、WEREMOREFAVOURABLECONCERNINGTHESERVICETHEYRECEIVEDTHANTHEWORKERSWEREFURTHERSTUDIESARENEEDEDWHICHLOOKATWORKER/CLIENTRELATIONSHIPSINTHELIGHTOFWORKERSSATISFACTIONS/DISSATISFACTIONS,WITHAVIEWTOIDENTIFYINGTHEROLEOFDIFFERENTTYPESOFPROFESSIONALSOCIALISATIONSCHOOLS,COURSES,CONTINUINGEDUCATION,ACTIVITYINPROF
38、ESSIONALASSOCIATIONS,AGE,EXPERIENCE,ETCINAIDINGSOCIALWORKERSTODISASSOCIATETHEIROWNFEELINGSFROMTHEIRATTITUDES译文对社会工作者的工作满意度关系的影响与客户梅勒和耶路撒冷、以色列希伯来大学的麦克罗说明作为至少上个世纪西方民主的特征,从工业到服务经济的逐步转变。这种转变没有以相称的方式同步和重要性反应在服务的研究上。虽然很难定义服务意味着什么,人们可以通过定义和分类方法,创建,修改,结合,处理个人问题来区分粗略连续运行以及通过一项使用其他帮助的关系。使用这个模型,很明显绝大多数关于工作态度,模
39、式,影响力和生产力的研究趋向于物质的,工业,止于连续。总的说来,这种研究在服务行业很少见,甚至不接近关于人类服务的继续尽头2在服务中作研究包括工业设计中的设备设计,研究忽略了服务和工业中工作的巨大不同,包括,比如,生产力这个概念【45】尽管在工业界普遍的设想,满意率和生产力是联系的重点放在增加员工的满意度现在对工业的研究表明很少关注工作满意度和生产力【6】从某种程度上,如果有的话,工作满意度或者缺少服务工作影响了服务的总量和质量。这问题变得越来越重要因为服务行业不断的在扩大。研究报告就是关于这个问题。背景工业行业尝试去达到更高的生产力伴随着工业自身的发展。至少从工业革命开始已经尝试去获得更大的
40、生产力要么通过引进先进的技术,要么让工人工作更长时间,更努力工作或者两者皆有。1929年的霍桑实验【8】表明满意的工人工作更努力,这已经被赫茨伯格【9】【10】的实验证明过,赫茨伯格称满意为动机。马斯洛的人类需求的层次结构包括假设人们的高要求得到满足人们工作更努力。因此,大量的研究关注在生产力上,寻求理论和方法来增加工人的满意度作为提高生产力的方式。1976洛克发表了超过3000份的出版物12。如果把没有出版的关注在内,以及那些10年间产生的出版与未出版大约有10,000份,加上或减去1000份。但是,早在1955年就有一些反对的呼声关注满意度和工作模式之间的联系【13】,1970年代这种在研
41、究者中的怀疑被认为越来越合理。当满意/生产力的研究达到一定规模时,对这种研究的评论开始出现,以及对评论再进行评论【14】。结果,现在越来越多的共识认为,除非在短期孤立事件的情况下,在工业环境中,满意度和生产力上没有可靠,功能性的关联。【12,15,16,17,18】。确实,有相反的证据表明有些人因为工作困难而感到满意。【19,20,21】。服务行业的成长随着工业的发展,农业领域的雇用人数从90减少到5,因此工业正在支持服务行业的成长。比如,在1929年,美国在服务行业的雇佣人数占所有雇佣人数的40,但是到1950年就超过50,到1967年是55,到1980年,服务行业雇佣人数估计超过80,预计
42、到本世纪末,将会达到95到97。在瑞典,从事服务工作的比例从1965年的45到1976年上升到59。到1980年,在日本,比利时,英国,荷兰,服务行业雇佣人数占总雇佣人数已超过50,在西德和意大利,也分别超过工业和农业雇佣人数。在美国,1973年和1980年之间新发展的工作岗位,70是属于服务行业。服务行业的研究尽管服务行业在不断增长,但是关于人才需求,工作模式,工作满意度等的基础知识还是比较滞后的。关于这情况的部分原因是,判断服务的有效性并且评估服务工作人员存在很大的困难,在生产力研究上被定义为“最复杂和最麻烦的事情”。研究的重要性如果社会工作者缺少工作满意度,将会影响到服务的质量,以及社会
43、工作的专业性,因此应着重关注提高工作环境,从而增长社会工作者的满意度。同时,社会工作教育应再加把力来保证社会工作者将他们的个人感受从专业角色中抽离出来。进而,所有的人类服务都会面对同样的问题,并且随着服务领域的继续发展,一方面,工作环境满意程度的研究,另一方面,自我控制的教育,是有效服务的先决条件。然而,如果社会工作者的个人感受和他们提供的服务质量之间没有联系,那么正如吉利肯提出的,提升工作环境来使工作者更满足于他们自己的工作(也就是提高了工作生活的质量)。但是提升服务的努力也会专注于其他领域和主题,比如更好的评估,更多资源,更简单或者更有效地程序等。方法论假设虽然研究社会工作者的工作满意度对
44、提供的总体服务的影响力可能会是理想的,程序中的条款和最终结果以及社会工作实践的本质使得这个研究变得异常困难并且结果是有问题的。成功地提供服务依靠很多因素,并且很多因素并不在社会工作者的控制下。资源的可用性,代理政策和约束条件,问题的本质,客户的个性和动机,传统上,所有以上已经做了社会工作执行考虑到的困难和分歧的评估。因此,我们决定集中注意实践领域,它是完全在社会工作者能力限制内,比如和客户的关系。社会工作者感受的工作满意度对代理人可利用的资源基本没有影响。在这一带或者社会,在和客户交易的时候,它们几乎不影响代理方政策,它们也不能改变问题的本质,这些问题几乎是不能解决的。然而,工人创建及和客户保
45、持关系,关系是温和的,积极的,接受的并且是支持的。即使客人是稳定的,是社会工作者本身当初的一个功能。这是为什么要决定将此研究的主要部分集中在工人的工作满意度及和顾客的关系之间的联系。为了能达到关系的质量,详细调查社会工作者态度的客户理解被视为基本的。从客户观点来看服务的重要性已经在许多地方被强调,这样一个程序的普遍缺少已经被视为“好奇”。正如皮瑞杰指出的,“如果结果只是由助理工人认为重要的事项决定,不是由顾客认为重要事项决定”然后,处理和结果的评估仅仅是学术方面。如果处理和它的评估对客户的实际情况是有应答的,那么必须要听到客户的声音。将关于社会工作者和客户之间关系的发现基于他们自己的记录或者监
46、督人的假设。客户总是强调薄弱环节而工作者注重强度。因此,如果工作者和客户的观念之间存在差异,可能是工作者更正确,更感知或者更先进。然而,正如托马斯和兹纳涅茨基在很多年前提出的,被视为真的事情他们的结果才是真的。也就是说客户对他们察觉的关系作出反应,却不管他们的察觉是否正确。因此,探查客人对工作者态度的评价被视为此份研究正确性的基础。零假设是社会工作者所表达的工作满意度和后者所表达的工作者和客人之间关系的质量之间是没有关系的。尽管91个社会工作者参加第一阶段的关于对工作的满意于不满意及其根源的调查研究,该调查结果已经发行于文献1,3,后来解释原因说(其实)只有34名从各机构来的客户在参与研究。因
47、此,社会工作者的样本报告中说这项研究的工作人员大致是由来自5个机构的34个人组成的。这些机构包括一个精神康复中心,一所精神病医院,一家研究药物滥用的机构,一个为处于困境女性提供服务的中心和一家市社会福利机构,每家机构参与这项研究的工作人员人数从5名到10名不等,客户选样包括39名受访者。从每个机构选出3到14名人选,在该客户群里有32位妇女和7名男子,平均年龄43岁。20位已婚,7位离婚,6位寡妇,他们与这机构打交道的时间从两个月到5年不等,平均21个月。其中6个受访者过去曾从同一家机构获得帮助,还有16个受访者被另外一家机构帮助过,后者指出一半以上的客户都曾经获得过帮助服务,因此想必能够把正
48、在被探讨工人关系和以前的工人关系进行比较。结论这儿报道的研究规模相对较小,并且是在总的反应和平均数的基础之上的,而不是一对一的比较。不过,结果是明确的,在迄今为止,由于工人们对于他们工作的满意度的报告还是有效的,并且可以与客户关于对工人的态度满意度的报告相比较,在该关系中没有一致的趋势,进一步讲,客户对他们收到的服务的满意度是更看好的,在与工人之间的关系的质量,要超出工人们对他们的工作的满意度,比社会工人本身更满意对工人的态度更为满意是关于质量和顾客的关系。另一方面,工人有关机构的目标的实现和服务质量的积极比是客户。正如马洛克奥指出的那样“工人常常没有产生积极的影响,他们对客户作出清楚。在治疗过程中,工人很少征求顾客对结果的反馈他们的干预。此外,一旦案件被关闭,在大多数情况下,工人没有从事任何种类的随访,因此无法知道他们的客户是如何运作的方式。不幸的是,普遍的误解和(或误用的保密观念的工人无法探测与客户个人的关系研究,这是加倍的事实,更不幸的是,工人和机构的担忧似乎毫无根据的。客户更有利的服务,他们就比工人的投诉,这需要进一步研究,在工人/客户关系,看看工人的满意度光/不满,以便确定不同类型的专业社会化的作用学校,课程,继续教育,专业协会活动,年龄,经验等社会工作者在帮助他们脱离自己的感情态度。