1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文JOBSECURITYINTHEBUILDINGINDUSTRYANDHIGHQUALITYLOWRENTHOUSINGTHISARTICLEISCONCERNEDWITHTHELABORANDTHEURBANRENEWALASPECTSOFTHEPROBLEMSOFJOBSECURITYINTHEBUILDINGINDUSTRYANDHIGHQUALITYLOWRENTHOUSINGTHEAUTHORISANASSISTANTUNITEDSTATESATTORNEYINTHESOUTHERNDISTRICTOFNEWYORKHESUPREMECOURTDECI
2、SIONTHATCOLLECTIVEBARGAININGAGREEMENTSINTHEBUILDINGTRADESMAYPERMITEMPLOYEESTOREFUSETOWORKONPREFABRICATEDMATERIALSFOCUSESATTENTIONONTHEPROBLEMOFJOBSECURITYINTHEBUILDINGINDUSTRYANDHOWITCANBEPROTECTEDATTHESAMETIMETHATHIGHQUALITYHOUSINGATLOWRENTSISPROVIDEDFORTHOSENOTNOWABLETOOBTAINITGROUPSINVOLVEDINTHIS
3、PROBLEMBUILDINGTRADESEMPLOYEESAREVITALLYCONCERNEDABOUTTHESECURITYOFTHEIRJOBSWHICHMAYBETHREATENEDBYBUILDINGMETHODSWHICHUSELESSLABORTHISCONCERNCOMESONTOPOFJOBINSECURITYDUETOTHEUPSANDDOWNSOFCONSTRUCTION,THESEASONALNATUREOFSOMETYPESOFCONSTRUCTIONWORK,ANDTHEFACTTHATTHEREISUSUALLYNOPERMANENTEMPLOYER,BUTME
4、RELYJOBSONPARTICULARPIECESOFCONSTRUCTIONWORKCITIZENSLIVINGINOVERCROWDEDORDILAPIDATEDHOUSINGWHOCANNOTAFFORDTOPAYLUXURYAPARTMENTRENTSAREVITALLYAFFECTEDBYTHEHIGHLEVELOFBUILDINGCOSTSTHISISPARTICULARLYTRUEOFTHOSEWHOSEACCESSTOTHEHOUSINGMARKETISLIMITEDBYRACIALDISCRIMINATIONALLCITIZENSINMETROPOLITANAREASARE
5、AFFECTEDBYBLIGHTCAUSEDINPARTBYSUBSTANDARDHOUSING,WHICHIFNOTELIMINATED,TENDSTOSPREADTAXPAYERSARENECESSARILYAFFECTEDBYTHEAMOUNTOFHOUSINGWHICHCANBEOBTAINEDINRETURNFORPUBLICINVESTMENTINHOUSINGPROGRAMSTHENATIONASAWHOLEISAFFECTEDBOTHBYTHEDEGREETOWHICHHIGHANDSTEADYEMPLOYMENTATGOODRATESOFPAYCANBEASSUREDINMA
6、JORINDUSTRIESOFWHICHCONSTRUCTIONISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANT,ANDBYTHEDEGREETOWHICHTHEPROBLEMSOFOURCENTRALCITIESCANBEEFFECTIVELYDEALTWITHFORTHEBENEFITOFALLANDASANEXAMPLEPERTINENTTOTHESTRUGGLEFORMENSMINDSTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDTHEVITALCHARACTEROFEACHOFTHESEINTERESTSISCLEARTHEIMPORTANCEOFJOBSECURITYTOEMPLOYEESHA
7、RDLYNEEDSUNDERLININGANDONEOFTHEPRIMARYPURPOSESOFTRADEUNIONISMHASALWAYSBEENTOPROMOTEJOBPROTECTIONTHISFUNCTIONISPARTICULARLYCRUCIALINTHEBUILDINGINDUSTRYBECAUSEOFSEASONALANDOTHERCHANGESINCONSTRUCTIONACTIVITYANDTHEABSENCEOFANYSINGLELONGTERMEMPLOYERFORTHEPARTICULAREMPLOYEEEMPLOYEESINWIDELYDIFFERINGINDUST
8、RIESHAVEREACTEDTOTHETHREATPOSEDBYJOBINSECURITYINAVARIETYOFWAYS,INCLUDINGFORMALANDINFORMALRESTRICTIOSONTHEAMOUNTOFWORKANEMPLOYEEMAYDOINORDERTHATTHEEMPLOYEESDONOT“WORKTHEMSELVESOUTOFAJOB,“ADANGERWHICHCANAFFECTTHELIVELIHOODOFEACHMEMBEROFTHEGROUPREFUSALTOWORKONPREFABRICATEDMATERIALSWHICHPOSEATHREATTOJOB
9、SORTOUTILIZETECHNOLOGICALDEVICESSUCHASPAINTROLLERSWHICHMIGHTELIMINATETHENEEDFORLABORUSEOFINFLUENCETOOBTAINLEGISLATIONREQUIRINGSTANDARDSOFVARIOUSKINDSWHICHMAXIMIZETHEAMOUNTOFLABORNEEDEDOFWHICHTHE“FULCREWLAWS“INTHERAILROADFIELDAREANEXAMPLEINCLUSIONOFRESTRICTIONSINUNIONLAWSANDCONSTITUTIONSDEALINGWITHWH
10、OISTOBEALLOWEDTODOPARTICULARTYPESOFWORKANDHOWITISTOBEDONELIMITATIONSOFVARIOUSKINDSONTHEPOSSIBILITYOFOUTSIDEEMPLOYEESCOMPETINGFORSCARCEJOBSEFFORTSTOCOMPENSATEFORPERIODSOFLACKOFAVAILABILITYOFWORK,INCLUDINGSEASONALSLACKPERIODS,BYOBTAININGHIGHHOURLYWAGERATESFORWORKPERFORMEDGOVERNMENTACTIONUNSUCCESSFULGO
11、VERNMENTALACTIONHASBEENATTEMPTEDFROMTIMETOTIMETOBREAKUPTHESEPRACTICES,BUTITHASNOTBEENACCOMPANIEDBYANYSUBSTITUTEMEANSOFASSURINGJOBSECURITYTOTHEEM,PLOYEESINVOLVEDPERHAPSINPARTFORTHISREASON,ITHASPROVEDUNSUCCESSFULONTHEOTHERHAND,INSEVERALINDUSTRIESINDIFFERENTSITUATIONS,WAYSOFPROTECTINGEMPLOYEESTHREATENE
12、DWITHJOBLOSSDUETOTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEHAVEBEENWORKEDOUTSOASTOPERMITANENDTOPRACTICESOTHERWISECONSIDEREDNECESSARYTOMAINTAINTHENUMBEROFAVAILABLEJOBSTHEARBITRATIONAWARDINTHE1963RAILWAYDISPUTERENDEREDUNDERAFEDERALSTATUTEPROVIDINGFORCOMPULSORYARBITRATIONLIMITEDTOTHESPECIFICDISPUTEPROVIDEDFORELIMINATIONOFSOM
13、ERAILWAYJOBSBUTPROTECTIONOFJOBSOFEXISTINGEMPLOYEESTHEADDITIONALPOSITIONSWHENVACANTWERE,INGENERAL,SIMPLYNOTTOBEFILLEDSUCHANAPPROACHCOULDBECONSIDEREDBECAUSERAILROADSARESTRONGLYSTABLEINSTITUTIONSWITHIDENTIFIABLEEMPLOYEESWHOHAVEBUILTUPSENIORITYWITHPARTICULARCARRIERSPRESENTMETHODSLACKINGTHEVITALANDLEGITI
14、MATEINTERESTOFBUILDINGTRADESEMPLOYEESANDTHEIRUNIONSINJOBPROTECTIONISOFINESCAPABLEIMPORTANCEINCONSIDERINGHOWTOPROMOTEHIGHQUALITYLOWRENTHOUSINGBUTTHECONSEQUENCESOFOURPRESENTMETHODSOFPROMOTINGJOBSECURITYINTHEBUILDINGINDUSTRYHAVESERIOUSIMPLICATIONSWHICHARELIKELYTOENDANGERCONSTRUCTIVEPROGRESSINHOUSINGAND
15、PERHAPSINTHEENDTOENDANGERJOBSECURITYITSELFBYPREVENTINGTHEUSEOFLABORSAVINGTECHNOLOGY,PRESENTMETHODSRAISEBUILDINGCOSTSTHISTENDSTOMAKEITIMPOSSIBLETOBUILDDECENTHOUSINGATLOWOREVENMODERATERENTSHENCETHEREBUILDINGOFDILAPIDATEDAREASOFOURCITIESBECOMESMOSTDIFFICULTUNLESSTHEREBUILTHOUSINGISTOBEINACCESSIBLETOFOR
16、MERRESIDENTSOFTHEAREABECAUSEOFITSHIGHCOSTTHERESULTISEITHERTHATNEWHOUSINGFORSUCHAREASISBUILTATMINIMUMROCKBOTTOMCOSTANDISDEEMEDUNDESIRABLE,GIVINGABADNAMETOHOUSINGPROGRAMS,ORTHATFORMERRESIDENTMUSTBEOUSTEDFROMTHEIRHOMESANDCROWDEDINTOWORSEHOUSING,NEWDECENTHOUSINGBEINGUNAVAILABLEDUETOITSCOSTASWELLASTORACI
17、ALDISCRIMINATIONWHERETHERESIDENTSAREMEMBERSOFMINORITYGROUPSTHEWIDERRAMIFICATIONSOFTHEBLOCKAGEOFNEWDECENTHOUSINGATLOWRENTSAREPLAINFORMERRESIDENTSOFREBUILTAREAS,OFTENCONFINEDWITHINAGHETTOBYDISCRIMINATORYREALTYMARKETS,MUSTTAKETHEBESTHOUSINGOFFEREDASSOONASANAREABECOMESINTEGRATEDANDOPENTOMINORITYOCCUPANC
18、Y,THEPRESSUREOFDESPERATENEEDFORDECENTHOUSINGTENDSTOBRINGABOUTITSRESEGREGATIONASPARTOFTHEGHETTOBECAUSEOFTHESHORTAGEOFNEWHOUSINGATRENTSWITHINTHERESIDENTSREACH,AMONGOTHERREASONSFEAROFINCORPORATIONINTOTHEGHETTOCAUSESRESIDENTSOUTSIDETHEGHETTOTOSTRENGTHENTHEIRRESISTANCETOINTEGRATIONTHISCONFINESTHEMARKETAV
19、AILABLETORESIDENTSINTHEGHETTOANDINCREASESTHEPRESSUREUPONTHEMTOMOVEINTOANYOPENINGINPREVIOUSLYUNAVAILABLEHOUSINGWHICHMAYBECOMEAVAILABLETHUSTHEVICIOUSCIRCLECONTINUESANDEXPANDSFEARANDBITTERNESSBYOUTSIDERESIDENTSWHODONOTWANTTOBEINCORPORATEDINTOGHETTOSCOMMUNICATESITSELFANENTIRECLIMATEOFDESPAIR,FRUSTRATION
20、ANDANGERISDEVELOPEDINWHATBECOMEOPPOSINGPARTSOFACITYCRIME,VIOLENCEANDRIOTSBORNINPARTOFFRUSTRATIONBASEDUPONATTITUDESONBOTHSIDESANDUPONBITTERNESSOVERCONDITIONSINCLUDINGHOUSINGINTENSIFYTHISUNHEALTHYATMOSPHERERESISTANCETO“URBANRENEWAL“WHICHINJURESRATHERTHANHELPSRESIDENTSOFTHEAREASTOBERENEWEDMAYWELLLEADTO
21、LOSSOFJOBSINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYJOBSECURITYMAYSUFFERINOTHERWAYSALSOOBJECTIONTOTHECONSEQUENCESOFTHEMEASURESNOWUSEDTOPROTECTJOBSMAYRESULTINASSAULTSUPONTHESEMETHODSWHICHCOULDBESUCCESSFULINELIMINATINGTHEMWITHOUTANYTHINGELSEBEINGPUTINTHEIRPLACETHEFACTTHATFOURJUSTICESVOTEDTOHOLDAGREEMENTSNOTTOUSEPREFAB
22、RICATEDMATERIALSILLEGALUNDERPRESENTLAWISANINDICATIONOFTHISINCONGRESSIONALDEBATESONPRESENTPROVISIONSSENATORJOHNFKENNEDYHADSAIDTHATEXEMPTIONSFROMCERTAIN“HOTCARGO“PROVISIONSFORTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYDIDNOTEXEMPT“BOYCOTTSOFGOODSMANUFACTUREDINANINDUSTRIALPLANTFORINSTALLATIONATTHEJOBSITETHEDILEMMAISTHEREF
23、ORECLEARFORHIGHLYSPECIFICREASONSASWELLASFORREASONSAPPLICABLETOOTHERINDUSTRIESASWELL,MEANSTOASSUREJOBSECURITYAREVITALINTHEBUILDINGINDUSTRYATTHESAMETIME,PRESENTMETHODSOFDOINGTHISHAVECONSEQUENCESWHICHWILLBECOMEMOREANDMOREDIFFICULTTOTOLERATECOMPARISONWITHOTHERFIELDSACOMPARISONTOWHATISDONEINOTHERFIELDSMA
24、YBEHELPFULAWIDERANGEOFMEASURESRANGINGFROMSUPPLEMENTALUNEMPLOYMENTBENEFITSTORETRAININGALLOWANCESHAVEBEENESTABLISHEDINVARIOUSINDUSTRIES,BUTTHESEAREMERELYPALLIATIVESNOUNIONLEADERCOULDACCEPTSUCHMEASURESASASUBSTITUTEFOREXISTINGWORKRESTRICTIONSANDRETAINTHESUPPORTOFTHERANKANDFILEINANYEVENT,WENEEDMORERATHER
25、THANLESSWORKINTHEBUILDINGINDUSTRYIFTHECOSTCANBELOWEREDTOTHERESIDENTSOFTHEHOUSINGTOBEBUILTTHISWOULDMEANMOREJOBSANDMOREJOBSECURITY,NOTLESSHOWCANTHISPOTENTIALBEUNLOCKEDONEANSWERLIESINTHEEXPECTATIONTHATLOWERCOSTSWOULDWIDENTHEMARKET,ASTHEYDIDFORAUTOMOBILESINTHE1920SBUTAGAINTHISOFFERSNOASSURANCETOAPARTICU
26、LAREMPLOYEEORGROUPOFEMPLOYEESTHATTHEYWILLBEPROTECTEDALONEITCANNOTBEASUFFICIENTANSWEREXECUTIVESAREEMPLOYEDFORANANNUALSALARY,OFTENUNDERACONTRACTWHICHGUARANTEESTHEMPAYMENTOVERAPERIODOFMORETHANONEYEARIFABUILDINGINDUSTRYEMPLOYEEWEREOFFEREDACONTRACTGUARANTEEINGHIMPAYMENTOFWAGESOVERATHREEYEARPERIODATANANNU
27、ALRATEGREATERTHANTHETAKEHOMEPAYHEPREVIOUSLYRECEIVEDDURINGASIMILARPERIOD,HEWOULDGAINFINANCIALLYANDALSOOBTAINFARGREATERJOBSECURITYTHANBEFORESUCHATRANSITIONTOANNUALRATHERTHANHOURLYPAYMENTWOULDALSOBENEFITTHEPUBLICTHROUGHLOWERBUILDINGCOSTS,SINCETHEPUBLICNOWPAYSHIGHERHOURLYWAGESTHANINOTHERINDUSTRIESPARTLY
28、TOCOMPENSATETHEEMPLOYEEFORPERIODSWHENHEWILLNOTBEWORKINGTHISMIGHTSTILLNOTBEENOUGH,HOWEVER,TOASSURECONTINUEDJOBSECURITYFOREMPLOYEESIFTHETOTALAMOUNTOFCONSTRUCTIONTOBEDONEWERENOTGUARANTEEDTOBESUCHASTOEMPLOYTHEFULLWORKFORCEASITUATIONINWBICHSOMEWORKERSHADTHREEYEARCONTRACTSATLUCRATIVESALARIESWHILEOTHERSWER
29、EOUTOFJOBSWOULDHARDLYBEATTRACTIVEFURTHER,THEREWOULDNEEDTOBEASSURANCETHATTBEHIGHLEVELOFEMPLOYMENTWOULDBEMAINTAINEDINTOTHEFUTURECOSTSANDBENEFITSOFTHEPROGRAMWHAT,THEN,WOULDBETHECOSTSANDBENEFITSOFSUCHAPROGRAMINCONSIDERINGTHECOST,WEMUSTNOTFALLINTOTHEANCIENTERROROFASSUMINGTHATTHEREISACONSTANTSUPPLYOFMONEY
30、INEXISTENCEANDTHATIFWEUSEFUNDSFORHOUSINGWEMUSTCUTSOMEWHEREELSEONTHECONTRARY,OURMONEYSUPPLYANDFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSAREMOSTELASTICITISRESOURCESWHICHCANBESCARCEANDINELASTICIFWEEXPANDTHESUPPLYOFCURRENCYWITHOUTEXPANDINGOURRESOURCES,THEEFFECTCANBEINFLATIONARYINTHECASEOFTHEBUILDINGINDUSTRY,WEHAVEARESERVEOF
31、UNUSEDRESOURCESINTHEFORMOFUNUSEDTECHNOLOGICALADVANCESANDPARTIALUSEOFMANPOWERMEMBERSOFONETRADEARENOTALLOWEDTOFILLINONTHEWORKOFOTHERSDURINGTHEIROWNSLACKTIMESONAJOBORDURINGSEASONALUNEMPLOYMENTINTHEIROWNTRADES,ETCIFTHENEEDFORTHESERESTRICTIONSISELIMINATEDBYAPROGRAMASSURINGJOBSECURITYANDFULLUSEOFRESOURCES
32、,AGREATUNLEASHINGOFCAPABILITIESISPOSSIBLEITISALSOPERTINENTTHATTHERESOURCESINVOLVEDINAPROGRAMOFBUILDINGOFHOUSING,SCHOOLSANDOTHERSUCHFACILITIESARENOTINGENERALTHESAMEASTHOSEINVOLVEDINWHATEVERMILITARYEFFORTSTHECOUNTRYMAYFINDITNECESSARYTOSUSTAINTOOBTAINTHEMAXIMUMBENEFITSFROMSUCHANEFFORT,THEWIDESTCOMMUNIT
33、YPARTICIPATIONANDEFFORTSTOBRINGTOGETHERALLOFTHEINTERESTSATSTAKEWOULDBENECESSARYWITHAGREATLYEXPANDEDPROGRAMOFCONSTRUCTION,FOREXAMPLE,ITSHOULDBEPOSSIBLETOEMPLOYCENTRALCITYRESIDENTSPREVIOUSLYNOTINTHEBUILDINGINDUSTRYWITHOUTTHREATENINGTHEJOBOPPORTUNITIESORJOBSECURITYOFANYOFITSPRESENTEMPLOYEESITSHOULDBEPO
34、SSIBLETOPERMITEACHAREATOPARTICIPATEINPLANNINGCHANGESTOTAKEPLACEWITHINITTHELEGITIMATENEEDSOFNOGROUPAFFECTEDWOULDHAVETOBEIGNOREDCONCLUSIONPERHAPSONEOFTHEGROUPSWHICHCOULDBENEFITMOSTFROMSUCHAPROGRAMWOULDBERESIDENTSOFSUBURBSTHEOUTWARDPRESSUREOFPERSONSSEEKINGTOLEAVETHECENTRALCITYWOULDTENDTOBEOVERCOMEOVERA
35、SUFFICIENTPERIODOFTIMEIFCONDITIONSINTHECITIESWEREMADEATTRACTIVETHESUBURBSWOULDTHUSBEPERMITTEDTORETAINTHEIRSUBURBANCHARACTER,WHICHWOULDOTHERWISEBELOSTANDITSHOULDNOTBEFORGOTTENTHATBLIGHTANYWHERELIKEHATRED,FEARANDDESPAIRISNOTCONFINEDBYBOUNDARYLINESANDWILLSPREADTOUSWHEREVERWEAREUNLESSITSCAUSESAREOVERCOM
36、EANEFFORTTOOVERCOMETHESECAUSESMUSTOFCOURSEINCLUDECONCERNWITHSUCHPROBLEMSASBOTHFAIRNESSANDEFFECTIVENESSINLAWENFORCEMENT,BETTEREDUCATION,ANDEXPANDINGOPPORTUNITYFORALLCITIZENSINEVERYFIELDOFLIFEREGARDLESSOFBACKGROUNDITMUSTALSOINCLUDEACONCENTRATEDATTACKONTHETWIRINEEDSOFDECENTHOUSINGFORTHECITIESATREASONAB
37、LERENTSANDJOBSECURITYINTHEBUILDINGINDUSTRYTHESETASKSAREVITALNOTFOROURSELVESALONE,BUTALSOFORTHEFUTUREOFTHECHILDRENOFALLOFUSANDASANEXAMPLETOTHEENTIREWORLDOFTHEENERGYOFAFREESOCIETYSOURCEGIVENS,RICHARDALABORLAWJOURNALISSUE8,1998（8）P468477译文建筑行业中的工作保障和高质廉租房此文旨在关注建筑行业的就业保障问题和高质廉租住房的冲突中，劳动力和城市重建方面的因素。作者系来自
38、美国纽约南部的一位助理律师。他极力推崇如下情形在建筑贸易过程中，成规模的协商为受雇者提供了拒绝在预制材料上工作的可能，转而更多的关注建筑行业中的就业保障问题同时也关注着是否保障该行业就业的同时，能够顾及到那些因为买不起房子而需要高质廉租房的人群。此问题中涉及的群体建筑业的受雇者最担心的莫过于建筑方式的革新而造成的劳动力需求量下降，是否会影响到自己的饭碗。此顾虑由于如下三个原因而攀上了工作不稳定因素榜的榜首建筑业本身的起伏，某些建筑领域本就存在的淡旺季现象和建筑行业中除了极个别领域外，打工者所具有的极大的流动性。租不起豪华住宅的市民往往居住在拥挤的或破烂不堪的居室里。此现象对于住房市场中因种族问
39、题而被歧视的人群尤为严重。在一线城市的居民中，因住房条件恶劣而导致的萎靡的现象，如果不加以控制，将日益泛滥开来。房市在住房规划的公共事业投资中受益匪浅，纳税人自然有必要在从房市中获得好处。国家，作为一个整体，将受如下两个相互制约的方面各自所占比例影响其一是在建筑质量占极重要地位的主要产业中所需要的，用以确保工程施工效率和完工质量的高薪和稳定的劳工合同；其二是一线城市中发生的，但在确保达到目标的前提下能够被迅速有效地解决的难题例如人类思想在传播过程中的艰辛。这些因素中最举足轻重的一项显而易见即是就业保障。而成立工会的主要目的也往往是保住就业边缘人群的饭碗。也正是因为建筑工程的季节限制和其他不确定
40、因素，工会的此项功能在建筑行业中尤为重要。各行的从业人员都对就业情形的恶化纷纷作出反应。这些包括正式或非正式地限制工作时间，以防“因为工作把自己弄得殚精竭力”。因为那将影响到所有的团队成员的生活；拒绝在预制材料上作业，因为那有可能危及工作；也拒绝使用高端设备例如油漆滚筒来工作，因为那将压缩就业空间；通过影响力来促进制定最大化劳动力需求量的各种法规其中铁道范畴内的即为一例；在处理规定谁可以做某项工作和具体如何完成的宪法和法律中夹以限制；对多种户外稀缺项目的员工夹以限制；尝试对可工作时间内因其他因素（如淡旺季）而造成的无法工作现象进行适当的补偿。具体措施可以是提高在工作时间内的单位时间收入。政府干
41、预并不成功政府一直都在努力破坏这些尝试，但这些尝试并没有同时解决就业保障问题的意思。或许正是因为如此，这些尝试最后都失败告终。“另一方面，在某些领域的某些工厂中，工作的稳定性受到技术革新的严峻挑战，因为技术革新意味着工厂可以用机器代替大量员工。”1963年对铁道争议的仲裁提供了联邦规约。该规约提供了限制某些争议的强制仲裁，并在铁道施工项目中对在职员工就业保障提供了严格的限制和保护。一般说来，会有额外的工作岗位空缺时，并不补充人员。这样的尝试因为铁道工业的极强的稳定性，其工作人员也是登录在案并且通常资历颇深。缺乏有效的手段建筑工业中不同集团间的员工交流重要且合法。对于促进高质廉租房的推广，他们的
42、就业保护联合会也具有无法规避的重要性。然而我们当下在该领域里采取的保护就业的手段却有一部分严肃的内涵，这些内容将阻碍甚至有可能最终破坏了整个就业保护工程。通过禁用可能导致劳动力需求量降低的技术来保证就业需求的手段，造成了建筑成本的提高。于是建低价甚至是正常价位的房子都成了奢望。因此，旧城改造通常十分困难，除非抬高房价适应高成本，但这往往又会使其超出原有居民的支付能力。结果就是，或者这些地区的新房用最低的成本建造低质房，使得该住房方案不受欢迎和饱受质疑；或者原有的居民必须搬出原有的家，挤进条件糟糕的房子，并且作为新区域的“少数派”而遭受冷眼对待。高质廉租房推广的停滞不前有显而易见的更广泛的影响。
43、重建区域内的原居民，往往被地产商看做是聚居区的难民。然而这些难民却必须要供给最好的房子。一旦某一地区建设成为综合性区域并且开放少数入住，迫切需要住进体面房子的需求就演变成为一种难民式的奢望其原因在于居民能够付得起租金的出租房十分短缺。而不愿真的住进聚居区将促使和促进原本居住条件相对较好的居民对政府的整合计划的不配合。这也使得房市对聚居区内的居民有了诸多限制，也迫使他们争着搬进那些当下并无市场但有可能增值的房子里去。于是，这样的恶性循环不断继续和扩大。不愿被整合进聚居区的居民独自忍受着痛苦。绝望、沮丧和愤怒的氛围弥漫在整个城市上空，阻碍其发展。不论是支持哪种论调的观点，都会引发犯罪，暴力乃至暴动
44、，而住房条件上的不如意则进一步恶化了这种氛围。然而，抵制城市重建的行为对于居民利益的损害，却超过了它给予的帮助，因为它可能导致了建筑行业内的失业。就业保障也可能受到其他形式的威胁。对现行保护就业手段所造成后果的质疑和反对，可能造成对这些手段的冲击。而这些手段可以有效地、不需要任何替代品顶替位置地限制他们。这从四位法官对禁用预制材料的合法性达成一致中可见一斑。如此一来，问题所在便清晰可见在建筑行业中试图保障就业率非常重要。而那些十分特殊的原因同样适用于其他工业领域。同时，现在采取的措施却将使问题的发展越来越难以控制。相比于其他领域与其他领域采用的解决方案进行比对也许会有所帮助。从失业补助津贴到在
45、培训津贴，各种手段在不同的工业领域中被应用。但是这些措施都是治标不治本的。没有哪个联合工会的领导人会接受诸如找一个取代现有的工作限制的措施，并保留对级别和文件的支持。任何工程里，在同样是减少建筑成本的情形下，我们总愿意选择需要更多劳动力的方案。因为那意味着更多的就业岗位。怎样才能使这种可能不被埋没呢有一种方法是寄希望于低成本可以拓宽市场，正如他们在20世纪20年代采取的汽车营销手段一样。但是又一次的，这种方法并不能确保受雇者的就业机会。单看它并不能成为一个满意的手段。高管们以年薪计酬，通常会有合同来承诺工作年限和工资。如果建筑工人也接到如此一份比他以往同时期薪金水平高得多的合同，他将获得更多的
46、收入，就业也受到更好的保障。这种从时薪制到年薪制的过渡，也使得公众从低成本的建筑工程中获益，因为现如今的时薪制要求给工人支付不工作时间内的补偿津贴。虽然在整个工程不能都采用全日制工时的情况下，上述方法也许无法完全保证工人们有一份持续的工作。这也使得手持一份三年的合同的工人在别人没有工作的时候总显得惹人眼红。进一步讲，我们需要一个在未来保持高水平的就业率的保证。此方案的利与弊那么，此方案的利与弊分别在哪若考虑花费，我们必须警惕不要在落到那种古老的错误总假设有一笔取之不尽的投资，或者总假设当我们投资了房产就一定要在别的地方缩减弥补。相反的，我们的资金来源和财团通常是极易波动的其价值来源是固定的。如
47、果我们扩大货币量却没有相应的价值来源，那将引起通货膨胀。回到建筑行业，我们则有了储备在案的富于人力和未使用的技术。如果这种需要被就业保障和充分利用资源的方案所淘汰，那么就有可能充分发挥现有的能力。当然，一个涉及住建、学校建设或其他工厂建设的方案的资源与国家在军事上的投资是不可同日而语的。为了获取最大的利润，就有必要与所有感兴趣投标的集团进行最广泛的交流。例如，一个大规模的施工方案，就应该尽可能地、在不会危及原工人的就业机会的同时多雇佣一些重建区域内的非施工集团的人。应当尽可能为重建区域内的人员提供就业机会。那些合法的但不影响任何团体的需求将被忽视。结语也许郊区的居民将成为此方案的最大受益者。如果城区可以变得充满诱惑，那么搬向郊区的人们才有可能需要克服相当长的一段时间。这样，郊区居民需要获得保留他们的郊区身份的承诺，否则就会失去。同时我们不该忘记，萎靡、仇恨、恐惧和绝望是不会被人设的界限隔离开的。除非被完全克服，不然它们将无所不在。克服它们的方法当然应该包括公平公正的执法、更好的教育和不计背景的更好的就业环境。集中力量解决住房和就业问题更是重中之重。这项任务并不只为我们自己而设立，更是为了造福子孙后代。出处美迪文斯查理A,劳动刑法期刊，第18卷，1998（8）468477
